亚声速全机纵横向气动特性计算方法

本文介绍了一种涡格方法,它适用于亚声速飞机的纵横向气动特性计算。该方法中,升力面用布置在中弧面的平均平面上的单涡格层,或用布置在上、下表面的平均平面上的双涡格层模拟,机身则由布置在表面上的四边形涡环或由布置在一组同轴棱柱面上的涡栅来模拟。地面效应用布置镜像涡系的办法处理。文中讨论了机翼尾涡偏斜对平尾、立尾的影响。 该方法计算的结果与有关的理论和实验进行了比较。这些比较表明,此方法计算精度满足工程设计的要求。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

柔性扑翼非定常涡格法气动计算的改进与实现

旨在快速、准确地模拟微型扑翼飞行器(Flapping-wing MAV)周边流场,根据柔性扑翼的扑动特点,提出了微型飞行器(MAV)气动力计算的一种改进非定常涡格法(UVLM)模型,该模型中充分考虑机翼的瞬时柔性变形、诱导阻力、尾迹涡环畸变以及黏性耗散等因素对气动力的影响;给出了该模型的一个可视化实现,并通过实例验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。算法仿真表明,采用该模型可使平均升力和平均推力计算精度分别提高20%和70%左右。为了提高运算效率,还研究了剔除尾涡对UVLM性能的影响,计算结果显示,剔除距翼面适当距离处的尾涡后,可在保证算法计算精度基本不下降的前提下使运行时间减少2/3,这表明改进的UVLM可作为MAV的一种快速气动力估算工具,在MAV的优化中存在显见的应用价值。     

Study of aerodynamic and inertial forces of a experimental and numerical methods

The force-generation mechanism of a dovelike flapping-wing micro air vehicle was studied by numerical simulation and experiment. To obtain the real deformation pattern of the flapping wing, the digital image correlation technology was used to measure the dynamic deformation of the wing. The dynamic deformation data were subsequently interpolated and embedded into the CFD solver to account for the aeroelastic effects. The dynamic deformation data were further used to calculate the inertial forces...     

遗传算法在机翼气动优化设计中的应用

把最优化方法与机翼的气动力求解相结合,进行跨音速机翼的气动优化设计。采用最优化方法为遗传算法,机翼的气动力由三维欧拉方程的数值解来提供。与基准机翼相比较,优化设计的机翼其气动性能有较大幅度的提高,表明遗传算法在机翼优化设计中的可行性和有效性     

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

耦合多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼设计

以某型手抛式太阳能无人机(UAV)模型为对象进行考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼平面形状设计研究。首先,基于升力面理论发展了准定常求解多螺旋桨/机翼相互气动干扰问题的涡格法(VLM)程序,并采用建立参考翼型气动特性数据库的形式发展了相关低雷诺数修正(LRC)方法;然后,通过对翼型、低雷诺数机翼及单螺旋桨/机翼算例的数值模拟及与相关实验结果的对比,验证了本文数值方法具备模拟低雷诺数复杂流动问题的可靠性及准确性;最后,对某型手抛式太阳能无人机简化拉力多螺旋桨/机翼模型进行了直接优化设计及反设计,并通过具有较高精度的CFD准定常求解技术对优化结果进行了验证。结果表明:以CFD方法计算结果为参考,本文涡格法程序及低雷诺数修正方法能够准确高效地计算相关低雷诺数复杂流动问题;传统未考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的设计机翼在实际螺旋桨工作状态下将偏离设计点,机翼气动特性得不到提高;考虑螺旋桨滑流影响的优化设计方法能够有效改善机翼阻力特性,相对应地,在设计状态下优化机翼总阻力能够降低19.52counts。     

Pressure distribution guided supercritical wing optimization

Pressure distribution is important information for engineers during an aerodynamic design process. Pressure Distribution Oriented (PDO) optimization design has been proposed to introduce pressure distribution manipulation into traditional performance dominated optimization. In previous PDO approaches, constraints or manual manipulation have been used to obtain a desirable pressure distribution. In the present paper, a new Pressure Distribution Guided (PDG) method is developed to enable better pressure distribution manipulation while maintaining optimization efficiency. Based on the RBF-Assisted Differential Evolution (RADE) algorithm, a surrogate model is built for target pressure distribution features. By introducing individuals suggested by sub-optimization on the surrogate model into the population, the direction of optimal searching can be guided. Pressure distribution expectation and aerodynamic performance improvement can be achieved at the same time. The improvements of the PDG method are illustrated by comparing its design results and efficiency on airfoil optimization test cases with those obtained using other methods. Then the PDG method is applied on a dual-aisle airplane’s inner-board wing design. A total drag reduction of 8 drag counts is achieved.     

基于非定常面元/黏性涡粒子法的低雷诺数滑流气动干扰

针对太阳能无人机螺旋桨滑流与机翼的气动干扰,考虑了低雷诺数流动下气体黏性和压缩性影响,并根据黎曼边界条件和涡量等效原则建立了能够快速计算分析螺旋桨-机翼气动干扰的非定常面元/黏性涡粒子的混合方法。首先使用有试验数据的风洞模型以及数值模拟技术对混合方法进行验证,在此基础上研究了不同安装位置与工况下螺旋桨与机翼的气动干扰。结果表明:螺旋桨对轴向气流的加速以及滑流诱导的上洗和下洗效应使机翼气动力呈现出增升增阻的现象,机翼升阻比有所下降。较大的弦向间距以及较高的垂直安装位置在减缓机翼升阻比下降的同时也使得螺旋桨拉力有所减小。对于多个螺旋桨的气动干扰,不同的桨叶旋转方向导致机翼气动力不同的变化规律,当旋转方向与机翼翼尖涡反向时,螺旋桨滑流能够抑制翼尖涡的强度,提高机翼气动效率。     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Deep Belief Network (DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method. For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aerodynamic parameters as output, and it is trained using the k-step contrastive divergence algorithm. The established PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is validated through predicting lift-to-drag ratios of a set of airfoils, and the results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is reliable and obtains more accurate predictions than three other surrogate models. Then the efficient optimization method is established by embedding the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model into an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) framework, and applied to the robust aerodynamic design optimizations of Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) airfoil and transonic wing. The optimization results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model works very well as a prediction model in the robust optimization processes of both NLF airfoil and transonic wing. By employing the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model, the developed efficient method improves the optimization efficiency obviously.     

侧风环境下行驶的直背式轿车气动力计算

分别对直背式简化轿车模型在无侧风、稳态侧风、非稳态侧风三种条件下汽车周围流场进行了数值模拟,并对汽车受到的气动力进行了计算.结果表明,定常侧风会产生较大侧向力,阻力和升力也有一定增加;在非定常侧风作用下,气动力变化趋势与侧风速率变化趋势基本相同.阻力增大幅度较为平缓,侧向力增大较为显著,升力处于两者之间.当侧风增大到一定速率后,车外流场会发生较大变化,尾涡会转变为侧向涡.      

机翼大迎角涡破裂时气动特性计算方法的研究

本文计算了小展弦比机翼纵向和横侧气动特性,并计及涡破裂的影响。本方法以Purvis升力面理论和Polhamus吸力比拟为基础。并参照Lan方法进行大迎角特性修正。算例表明,本方法适用于小展弦比机翼气动特性的计算。     

MDO环境下的BWB气动模型及在概念设计中的应用

提出了MDO环境下分析亚音速BWB布局的气动模型建立途径,以升力面理论为基础,修正型阻、波阻与涡升力的影响,来分析非常规布局的气动特性,实现了比传统概念设计方法更高的分析精度和比CFD快得多的计算速度。通过与大展弦比平直机翼和小展弦比三角翼实验数据的对比,验证了分析模型的有效性;并将其应用于一个亚音速BWB布局的概念设计优化过程,实现了基本的气动／结构一体化设计。可靠的分析模型的建立将成为BWB布局飞机多学科设计优化的坚实基础。     

Numerical study of a supercritical airfoil/wing with variable-camber technology

Variable-camber technology is considered an effective way to adaptively improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft under various flight conditions. This paper studies the aerodynamic characteristics of the trailing-edge variable-camber technology by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a drag decomposition method. Trailing-edge variable-camber technology can be simply realized by the continuous deflection of the flaps and ailerons of a wing. A supercritical airfoil is used to study the two-dimensional effect of variable-camber technology, and a wide-body airplane model is used to validate the three-dimensional improvement in the wing's airfoil made by variable-camber technology. An optimization strategy for airfoil that incorporates variable-camber technology is proposed. The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain better results than the traditional segregated shape optimization.     

基于机翼气动设计准则的超临界机翼气动优化研究

 机翼的气动特性决定了一架飞机的经济性、安全性、舒适性以及环保性,而机翼的气动设计问题十分复杂,需要满足合理的机翼气动设计准则,才具有工程实用价值。基于计算机辅助工程(CAE)的机翼优化设计方法需要较少的人力成本,但无法保证气动设计准则得到满足,其结果仍需大量的后续修改工作。因此,当前实际工程应用中,机翼的设计仍然在很大程度上依赖于设计人员的经验,需要大量的人力。为了提高机翼优化设计结果的工程实用价值,进而减少后续人工设计工作量,提高机翼气动设计的效率。首先对机翼表面压力分布进行分析;然后根据机翼气动设计准则,在传统升阻特性目标函数的基础上,构造新的目标函数;最后将这个新的目标函数代入优化过程。研究结果表明:升阻特性难以全面地描述机翼的气动特性,以其为目标函数无法保证设计结果满足气动设计准则,不具工程实用价值;而根据机翼气动设计准则构造的目标函数能够在优化过程中保证设计准则得到满足,有效提高设计结果的工程实用价值;同时,与传统直接以升阻特性为优化目标的优化过程相比,该方法引入的额外计算量可以忽略不计。     

翼梢小翼的气动特性计算和实验验证

 本文用有限基本解法,对带翼梢小翼后掠翼的亚音速升阻特性进行了计算,并计算了其俯仰力矩和翼根弯矩。通过各种形式翼梢小翼的计算,分析了翼梢小翼气动特性的一般规律。计算结果与实验数据的比较表明,本方法可满足翼梢小翼初步设计和选型的需要。     

地效翼风洞试验支架干扰数值分析

对地效翼移动地面风洞试验研究中的支架干扰进行了数值模拟和分析。分别对独立地效翼,带支架的地效翼及独立支架进行了数值模拟,计算采用可实现的κ-ε模型,通过求解定常不可压N-S方程,得出地效翼及支架周围流场分布情况。对几组计算结果比较分析了支架和地效翼的空气动力及由于干扰引起的空气动力,发现支架与地效翼之间的相互干扰随着地效翼迎角的增大而增强,如果忽略流动干扰造成的空气动力变化,地效翼升力误差很小,但阻力误差相对较大。同时对有干扰下和没有干扰下的流场进行了对比,分析了支架对翼尖涡流动及绕机翼流动的干扰。翼尖涡在地效翼翼尖附近的发展在0．5犮范围内基本不受支架的干扰;除支架对流场产生干扰外,移动带区域以外的固定地面附近粘性流动也对绕地效翼流动有一定的影响。本研究分析了风洞试验结果的可靠性,为地效翼风洞试验优化设计和地面效应风洞试验研究提供了参考。     

地面效应下前/后掠翼气动特性研究

针对飞行器在地效区飞行时复杂的流场特性,通过求解定常可压N-S方程,改变机翼后掠角和地效区飞行高度,研究不同前/后掠角机翼在地效区内的气动特性。结果表明:在地效区内,随着后掠角的增大,机翼的升力系数和阻力系数呈现先增后减的变化规律,后掠角在0°附近时升力系数达到最大值,阻力系数在10°附近达到最大值;俯仰力矩系数随着后掠角增加而减小;展向流动在后掠角为0°时最小,展向流动随着后掠角增大或减小剧烈变化;机翼下洗角随着后掠角增大而减小,随着离地高度的减小而减小。研究结果可为地效飞行器的概念方案设计和优化提供理论依据。     

旋翼螺旋桨/机翼巡航状态气动干扰规律研究

为优化倾转旋翼机气动布局,研究旋翼螺旋桨与机翼间复杂的气动干扰,在考虑有限翼展三维效应、翼尖小翼情况下,通过改变机翼外翼段的长度,研究了旋翼螺旋桨与机翼间的气动干扰规律。使用计算流体力学的三维非定常计算方法获得了巡航状态下旋翼螺旋桨与机翼的流场特征及气动特性参数,研究了螺旋桨滑流对机翼的上洗、下洗作用,以及机翼对螺旋桨滑流的阻塞作用。计算结果表明,随着机翼外翼段的增长,阻塞作用加大,螺旋桨的拉力系数、功率系数均有增大,并且存在周期性波动,波动幅值在5%~6%;机翼受螺旋桨滑流上、下洗作用,其升力系数和阻力系数都减小,但升力系数减小更为明显,升力系数和阻力系数都出现了1%左右的波动。计算同时也反映了有限翼展的三维流动特点。     

A Structured Mesh Euler and Interactive Boundary Layer Method for Wing/Body Configurations

To compute transonic flows over a complex 3D aircraft configuration, a viscous/inviscid interaction method is developed by coupling an integral boundary-layer solver with an Eluer solver in a ＂semi-inverse＂ manner. For the turbulent boundary-layer, an integral method using Green＇s lag equation is coupled with the outer inviscid flow. A blowing velocity approach is used to simulate the displacement effects of the boundary layer. To predict the aerodynamic drag, it is developed a numerical technique called far-field method that is based on the momentum theorem, in which the total drag is divided into three component drags, i.e. viscous, induced and wave-formed. Consequently, it can provide more physical insight into the drag sources than the often-used surface integral technique. The drag decomposition can be achieved with help of the second law of thermodynamics, which implies that entropy increases and total pressure decreases only across shock wave along a streamline of an inviscid non-isentropic flow. This method has been applied to the DLR-F4 wing/body configuration showing results in good agreement with the wind tunnel data.