基于双树复小波变换的风力叶片监测研究（英文）

对风力发电系统而言,结构服役期间的健康监测非常重要。由于布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber Bragg grating,FBG)传感器的中心波长随应变或温度呈线性变化,因此FBG传感器广泛应用于结构测试。本文提出了基于FBG传感器的风力叶片监测方法,并通过实验验证该方法。沿着叶片长度方向粘贴5个FBG传感器进行应变测量。由于环境及测试噪声会掩盖结构真实信号,文中采用双树复小波变换(Dual-tree complex wavelet transform,DT-CWT)方法,进行数据处理,滤去噪声信号。实验验证结果表明,当其中一根叶片出现损坏时,测量应变出现明显波动,给定工作条件下,旋转周期为1 s,而结构完好时的周期为0.3 s。因此,利用布拉格光纤光栅传感系统进行应变测量,可以预测风力叶片系统的损坏。进一步研究表明,可以通过监测其中一根叶片,从而对整个风力发电系统进行故障预测。     

固体火箭发动机喷流噪声测量及声场分析

为了研究分析固体火箭发动机喷流噪声特性及其声场分布规律,设计实验发动机,采用LMS数据采集系统及噪声处理软件通过传感器对固体火箭发动机喷流噪声进行实验采集和测量分析.实验结果表明:同一测量位置处,随着推进剂燃温的降低,噪声峰值降低;随着燃烧室压力及喷管出口马赫数的增高,噪声峰值升高;该实验工况下,发动机喷流噪声声压级分布在120~140dB,峰值频率4500~5000Hz.实验结果对固体火箭发动机喷流噪声场的预测提供了实验依据.     

基于光纤光栅的风机叶片应变与振动监测技术

为满足某型塔架式风电机组叶片的监测需求，提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅（Fiber Bragg grating,FBG）传感网络的结构监测方法。建立叶片三维模型并进行有限元仿真，获得其工作状态下的应变分布。设计FBG封装及布局方案，实时监测各传感点应变数值及变化规律。通过快速傅里叶变换分析其振动特性，探究温度、风速等环境因素对该监测系统可靠性的影响。结果表明，基于FBG的应变-振动测试方法能有效监测叶片对风压的载荷响应及振动频率，误差范围在0.04 Hz以内，满足实际工程需求。     

无源无线射频识别传感器及其在结构健康监测中的应用

针对无损检测与结构健康监测技术的发展趋势与挑战,介绍了一种无源无线射频识别(Radio frequency identification,RFID)监测传感器,并揭示了其在结构健康监测,特别是在航空航天领域的潜在应用。然后,从传感机制、信号测量、特征分析与提取等多角度对RFID传感技术在结构健康监测领域应用和存在的问题进行了全面阐述。最后,对RFID传感技术的发展前景和研究方向做了展望。本文为RFID传感技术在结构健康监测领域的研究和应用提供了理论指导和设计依据。     

光纤智能结构的传感网络敏感区域探测

实用的传感网络控制决策以及相应的控制系统保证了智能结构的使用可靠性,而传感网络敏感区域的确定影响到传感网络信号的有效性和传感网络覆盖位置的正确性.本文利用了与光纤智能结构匹配性较好的粗糙集理论粒度计算方法,对光纤智能结构的传感器网络敏感区域进行探测.在研究了机翼盒段光纤智能夹层传感网络后,得出了敏感区域分布和传感网络的覆盖位置,经过分析认为,此法可对光纤智能结构传感网络敏感区域进行探测并可以简省传感网络信号.     

光纤表面等离子体波传感器用于固化监测的研究(英文)

光纤表面等离子体波传感器在理论上具有较高的研究价值 ,并且因为结构简单、灵敏度高等特点在工程上得到广泛应用。使用光纤表面等离子体波来测试折射率 ,方法简单、灵敏。本文介绍了利用光纤表面等离子体波传感器使用这种方法对环氧树脂复合材料进行固化监测。文中对不同折射率的溶液进行了折射率测试的研究 ,并设计了一种用于折射率测量的性能稳定、操作方便的光纤传感探头及整套的测试系统 ,用以对固化过程中环氧树脂在不同阶段的折射率变化进行实测。测试结果表明 ,该系统工作稳定、可靠 ,测试结果符合实际情况     

固体火箭发动机绝热层脱粘的红外热像检测规律

闪光灯激励的红外热像检测法是一种非接触式的光学无损检测技术,有望应用于固体火箭发动机绝热层脱粘的在线检测。为了推进该技术在固体火箭发动机绝热层脱粘检测中的应用,用数值模拟和实验方法研究了固体火箭发动机绝热层脱粘脉冲热像检测的规律,得到了决策参数与结构参数之间的定量关系;提出了检测极限的确定准则,并计算了脱粘大小和深度(绝热层厚度)的检测极限;提出了脱粘尺寸的测量方法及误差修正公式。所得的方程、数据和结论为固体火箭发动机绝热层脱粘的红外无损检测提供了科学依据和操作准则。     

固体推进剂药柱的近似不可压缩粘弹性随机有限元

采用Monte-Carlo粘弹性随机有限元法,分析了药柱的结构可靠度。针对固体火箭发动机药柱材料近似不可压缩的问题,基于Herrmann粘弹性有限元以提高计算的精度,考虑泊松比和松弛模量的随机性,采用拉丁超立方(LHS)技术计算了固体火箭发动机药柱结构的可靠度。算例表明该方法的有效性。     

光纤涡轮流量传感器及检测系统研究

介绍一种利用光学方法检测涡轮转速的光纤涡轮流量传感器及检测系统。它具有信噪比高、量程比大的优点．试验表明，光纤涡轮流量传感器的量程比高达４０：１，比常用的磁电式涡轮流量计大３倍，可满足航空发动机过渡态燃油流量的宽量程测量要求．还详细介绍了光纤涡轮流量传感器的结构和工作原理、温度修正原理，以及检测系统的硬件电路。最后给出传感器标定结果，并讨论了在航空发动机燃油测量中的应用。     

光纤光栅传感器与机械结构预处理胶接方法

结构应力应变高精度测量对于实现直升机动静态强度监测与评估具有至关重要的意义。由于光纤光栅传感器具有柔韧性好、芯径细、抗电磁干扰能力强以及便于实现分布式监测等显著优点,使得其在航空航天器结构强度监测领域受到广泛重视。为提升直升机应变监测精度与灵敏度,本文研究了光纤光栅传感器应变感知原理和精度影响因素,构建了基于光纤光栅传感器的板结构应变监测系统。在此基础上,提出剥离光栅栅区涂覆层、施加预应力及其双层胶接等预处理集成方法,实现对板结构光纤光栅传感器应变测量精度的有效提升。     

Loading Localization by Small-Diameter Optical Fiber Sensors

Structural health monitoring(SHM)in service has attracted increasing attention for years.Load localization on a structure is studied hereby.Two algorithms,i.e.,support vector machine(SVM)method and back propagation neural network(BPNN)algorithm,are proposed to identify the loading positions individually.The feasibility of the suggested methods is evaluated through an experimental program on a carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminate.The experimental tests involve in application of four optical fiber-based sensors for strain measurement at discrete points.The sensors are specially designed fiber Bragg grating(FBG)in small diameter.The small-diameter FBG sensors are arrayed in 2-D on the laminate surface.The testing results indicate that the loading position could be detected by the proposed method.Using SVM method,the 2-D FBG sensors can approximate the loading location with maximum error less than 14 mm.However,the maximum localization error could be limited to about 1 mm by applying the BPNN algorithm.It is mainly because the convergence conditions(mean square error)can be set in advance,while SVM cannot.     

分布式光纤微弯应变传感器

分布式应变传感器对大型重要工程结构的应变状态的实时测量具有重要的应用价值.本文研究了一种基于光时域反射技术的准分布式光纤应变传感器系统,沿光纤分布各局部点的应变信息由一种新颖结构的微弯应变传感器提取.实验研究表明,此微弯应变传感器在一定的工作范围内有较高的灵敏度、较好的线性度和重复性.     

空间柔性充气结构分布式光纤裂纹损伤监测方法

空间柔性充气结构作为一种航天器基本组成单元,在气闸舱、空间居住舱等领域受到越来越多关注。针对此类结构损伤状态的智能辨识,对于目前正在开展的深空与星际探测具有重要意义。为此,本文提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感器的空间充气结构裂纹损伤实时监测技术。借助ANSYS有限元分析方法,数值模拟得到含裂纹损伤的充气结构模型在不同内压载荷作用下的应变响应与分布规律。在此基础上,通过由芳纶编织而成的柔性充气结构表面布置分布式光纤光栅传感网络,实时采集不同位置与程度损伤对应的表面应变分布与变化信息。提取能够表征结构裂纹特征的辨识参量,建立光纤传感器应变响应差值与裂纹损伤长度之间的关系模型,实现裂纹损伤区域定位与损伤长度识别。研究结果表明,本文所提方法具有非视觉测量、实时性好以及多种功能复用等优点,能够为未来空间柔性充气结构服役状态辨识与在轨快速维护提供技术支撑。     

Performance Improvement Method of CFRP with Embedded Optical Fiber

Optical fiber-based sensors are usually applied in structural health monitoring(SHM)as part of smart materials.The weak interface between the optical fiber and the host material will reduce the mechanical performance of the smart materials.Normally,the principal parts of the optical fibers are inorganic,while the matrix of host material is organic.These two kinds of materials can not be combined.Micro-fracture can be found in smart materials.Two methods for improving the interface are proposed.Firstly,the influence of the interface size on the strength is studied.Secondly,interfacial treatment before embedding the optical fiber into the composite is analyzed.Compressive tests of composite laminated specimens are conducted to evaluate the proposed methods.The specimens are produced from T300Carbon/epoxy prepreg,with different treated optical fiber embedded inside.The experimental results indicate that smaller interface size and proper treatment will strengthen the whole structure.     

Resistance Spot Welding Method for Metal-Based Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Aiming at the requirements of installation and work environment of metal-based fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensor,a resistance spot welding method is presented.Firstly,the effect of welding parameters on welding quality is discussed theoretically,and a suitable resistance spot welding method for the metal-based FBG sensor is proposed for the first time.Then through serial resistance spot welding tests,the feasibility and practicability of the method are verified,and optimal welding parameters for two different tested metals are obtained.Fatigue performance test validates FBG sensors installed by the proposed method with good fatigue properties and long-term stable measurement performance.The research results can provide technical guidance for engineering structure long-term safety monitoring.     

Simulation Tools for a Fiber-Optic Based Structural Health Monitoring System

Probability of detection(POD)graphics allow for a change from qualitative to quantitative assessment for every damage detection system,and as such it is a main request for conventional non-destructive testing(NDT)techniques.Its availability can greatly help towards the industrialization of the corresponding Structural health monitoring(SHM)system.But having in mind that for SHM systems the sensors are at fixed positions,and the location of a potential damage would change its detectability.Consequently robust simulation tools are required to obtain the model assisted probability of detection(MAPOD)which is needed to validate the SHM system.This tool may also help for the optimization of the sensor distribution,and finally will allow a probabilistic risk management.INDEUS,simulation of ultrasonic waves SHM system,was a main milestone in this direction.This article deals with the simulation tools for a strain based SHM system,using fiber optic sensors(FOS).FOS are essentially strain/temperature sensors,either with multi-point or with distributed sensing.The simulation tool includes the finite element model(FEM)for the original and damaged structure,and algorithms to compare the strain data at the pre-established sensors locations,and from this comparison to extract information about damage occurrence and location.The study has been applied to the structure of an all-composite unmanned aircraft vehicle(UAV)now under construction,designed at Universidad Politecnica de Madrid for the inspection of electrical utilities networks.Distributed sensing optical fibers were internally bonded at the fuselage and wing.Routine inspection is planned to be done with the aircraft at the test bench by imposing known loads.From the acquired strain data,damage occurrence may be calculated as slight deviations from the baselines.This is a fast inspection procedure without requiring trained specialists,and it would allow for detection of hidden damages.Simulation indicates that stringer partial debondings are detected before they become critical,while small delaminations as those produced by barely visible impact damages would require a prohibited number of sensing lines.These simulation tools may easily be applied to any other complex structure,just by changing the FEM models.From these results it is shown how a fiber optic based SHM system may be used as a reliable damage detection procedure.     

单端固支铝合金结构应变监测与反演方法

针对直升机主承力结构,如桨叶关 键区域应力应变场监测需求，研究相应分布式在线监测技术及其应变场反演方法，从而为直升机结构健康状态评估与结构变形实时辨识提供依据。借助Patran/Nastran仿真软件分别对单端固支铝合金梁与板结构进行有限元仿真，给出基于光纤光栅传感器与电阻应变式传感器的基本配置规则，提出了基于三次B样条函数插值算法的单端固支铝合金结构应变场反 演方法。在此基础上，构建了基于光纤布拉格光栅和电阻应变片的分布式应变在线监测系统。研究表明，本文监测方法合理、可行。     

基于级联长周期光纤光栅的光纤布拉格光栅解调系统

提出了一种基于级联长周期光纤光栅的光纤布拉格光栅解调系统.级联长周期光纤光栅作为边沿滤波器,利用它的一个线性区监测单个光纤布拉格光栅传感信号.该系统具有结构简单、价格低等优点,但易受光源抖动及系统其他不稳定因素等带来的系统噪声的影响.为消除系统噪声带来的不利影响,对该系统进行了改进.改进系统利用级联长周期光纤光栅的两个线性区同时监测两个光纤布拉格光栅传感信号.分别用原系统及其改进系统对温度进行监测,实验的温度测量范围为-70～-115℃.原系统的灵敏度为0.49 mV/℃,温度分辨率为0.5℃;改进系统的灵敏度为0.86 mV/℃,温度分辨率为0.3℃.实验结果表明改进系统能有效消除系统噪声,提高系统的精度.     

Optimized Fuzzy Clustering Method for Health Monitoring of Shield Tunnels

Since health monitoring of shield tunnels generally employs multiple sensors belonging to different types,a fine analysis on massive monitoring data,as well as further quantitative health grading,is really challenging.An optimized fuzzy clustering analysis method based on the fuzzy equivalence relation is proposed for health monitoring of shield tunnels.Clustering results are auto-generated by using fuzzy similarity-valued map.The results follow the idea of unsupervised classification.Moreover,a convenient new health index HI is proposed for a fast tunnel-health grading.A case study on Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel is presented to validate this method.Three types of indicators,namely soil pressure,pore water pressure and steel strain,are used to develop the clustering model.The clustering results are verified by analyzing the engineering geological conditions;the validity and the efficacy of the proposed method are also demonstrated.Further,the fuzzy clustering analysis also represents a potential for identifying abnormal monitoring data.This investigation indicates the fuzzy clustering analysis method is capable of characterizing the fuzziness of tunnel health,and beneficial to clarify the tunnel health evaluation uncertainties.     

智能材料结构在民用上的应用

主要介绍智能材料结构在民用中的最新研究进展及其在民用方面的一些实际应用。首先介绍光纤传感器在土木工程中的应用，接着叙述建筑及桥梁结构的主动控制及采用信息调整公路实现远地监测的智能民用结构。智能材料结构具有广泛的应用前景，这一新技术在民用上的应用研究也正在不断深入，相信不久的将来，这一技术会在越来越多的实际民用场合发挥优势。