高分辨率TDICCD相机轻量化技术

高分辨率可见光相机是航天侦察最重要的手段之一。随着用户对分辨率的要求不断提高，光学系统的焦距不断增长。长焦距TDICCD相机代表着长焦距传输型相机的发展方向，而焦距的增长意味着相机尺寸和质量的增加。文章介绍了国外轻量化技术的一些成果，从结构、材料、探测器等方面讨论了我国高分辨率相机轻量化的技术途径。     

大口径长焦距相机主次镜支撑结构方案初步研究

随着航天技术的迅猛发展,为了实现高分辨率的对地观测,大口径、长焦距的空间相机已成为发展趋势。连接相机主镜和次镜的支撑结构,很大程度上影响相机的成像性能和稳定性,是光学系统的敏感环节。为了得到更好的成像品质,文章选择了筒式、三杆式与桁架式这3种支撑方案作为研究对象,通过工程分析软件对每种结构的设计参数进行优化并进行有限元分析,通过对结构的力学稳定性、热稳定性以及质量等因素的综合考虑,最终选择桁架式支撑结构为最优方案,更适合于大口径、长焦距相机的发展趋势,并提出了该种结构进一步优化的空间与方向。     

“高分二号”卫星轻小型高分辨率相机技术

"高分二号"卫星搭载的轻小型高分辨率相机首次采用了相机系统采样频率与光学截止频率之比接近1的三反同轴光学系统设计,相对孔径达到1/15,光机主体质量和体积约为传统方案的三分之一。解决了大口径超长焦距光学系统水平重力卸载装校、海量数据处理、结构和热应力稳定性、微振动抑制等一系列高分辨率相机研制难题。通过在轨测试,相机功能、性能全面满足研制要求,关键项目性能优于指标要求,内方位元素保持高精度稳定。文章论述的相机的设计、制造、装调等相关技术,可以为后续同类相机的研制提供参考。     

高分二号卫星的技术特点

<正>一、前言高分二号卫星是国家高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项首批启动研制的卫星,是迄今为止我国研制的空间分辨率最高、观测幅宽最大、设计寿命最长的民用遥感卫星。其主要目的是突破亚米级高分辨率大幅宽成像、长焦距大F数轻小型相机设计、高稳定度快速姿态侧摆机动、图像高精度定位、低轨道遥感卫星长寿命高可靠设计等关键技术,大幅提升我国遥感卫星观测效能,打破高分辨率对地观测数据依赖进口的被动局面,推动我国高分辨率对地观测卫星及应用水平的提     

空间相机结构设计中的拓扑优化及尺寸优化

在复杂的整机力学环境下,以空间遥感相机支架最大自由模态为优化目标,将整机关键技术指标(基频、轻量化要求、自重变形要求等)作为约束条件,利用拓扑优化及尺寸优化技术,对某相机支架进行了优化设计。试验结果表明该方法能有效提高相机基频,相机支架实现了轻量化设计,质量减轻10%,验证了拓扑优化及尺寸优化技术在空间相机结构设计中的有效性。     

轻型CCD相机

文中叙述了国外星载轻型CCD相机的研究现状与发展趋势,着重讨论了该种相机轻量化技术的各种途径,系统描述了这类相机的基本组成,并总结了研制轻型CCD相机所应具备的各项主要技术和关键技术。     

轻型CCD相机

文中叙述了国外星载轻型ＣＣＤ相机的研究现状与发展趋势，着重讨论了该种相机轻量化技术的各种途径，系统描述了这类相机的基本组成，并总结了研制轻型ＣＣＳ相机所具备的各项主要技术和着急技术。     

国外长焦距高分辨率遥感相机桁架结构研究

桁架结构具有构型简单、拆装和运输方便等优点,被大量用于航空航天、桥梁、建筑、车辆以及船泊等领域.文章介绍和分析了国际上长焦距、高分辨率空间及地面遥感相机桁架结构设计技术;探索和总结了相机桁架结构的布局特点、设计方法和装调技术等关键问题,为我国高分辨率遥感相机的研制提供参考.     

滤光片装调误差对成像品质的影响

采用离散滤光片分光技术设计了面阵全色/多光谱相机,针对相机高分辨率、高成像品质的要求,从理论上研究了滤光片装调误差对系统成像品质的影响,推导出滤光片仅存在俯仰或倾斜装调误差,以及两种误差同时存在时由于滤光片装调误差所引起的光学系统焦距的变化和成像位置在探测器像面上的移动量,仿真分析了两种误差独立存在和同时存在时对系统调制传递函数(MTF)的影响大小,以及不同入射角度下滤光片装调误差对成像品质的影响,为滤光片结构设计和装调提供了参考,飞行试验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

空间机械臂视觉相机内参标定技术研究

针对空间机械臂视觉相机的任务需求与配置,内参标定技术是相机高精度获取合作目标位置、方向等运动信息的首要前提和重要保障。文章设计了一种基于二维平面靶的机械臂相机内参标定方法,用于解算焦距、主点坐标、畸变系数等。首先,利用相机拍摄多幅平面靶图像,求解平面靶与相机图像之间的映射矩阵;其次,构建相机内参约束方程;再次,利用特征值分解,解算焦距、主点坐标等参数值;最后,引入径向、切向畸变构建非线性模型,将解得的内参作为初值,利用Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法即可计算出相机内参最优解。试验结果表明,该方法完全适用于机械臂相机内参标定,标定结果均满足机械臂视觉相机获取合作目标三维位姿的测量精度要求。     

Application of GFP technique for cytoskeleton visualization onboard the International Space Station

Cytoskeleton recently attracted wide attention of cell and molecular biologists due to its crucial role in gravity sensing and trunsduction. Most of cytoskeletal research is conducted by the means of immunohistochemical reactions, different modifications of which are beneficial for the ground-based experiments. But for the performance onboard the space vehicles, they represent quite complicated technique which requires time and special skills for astronauts. In addition, immunocytochemistry provides only static images of the cytoskeleton arrangement in fixed cells while its localization in living cells is needed for the better understanding of cytoskeletal function. In this connection, we propose a new approach for cytoskeletal visualization onboard the ISS, namely, application of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria, which has the unique properties as a marker for protein localization in vivo. The creation of chimerical protein-GFP gene constructs, obtaining the transformed plant cells possessed protein-GFP in their cytoskeletal composition will allow receiving a simple and efficient model for screening of the cytoskeleton functional status in microgravity.     

一种航天器LVDS接口电路实时测试方法

针对航天器上LVDS接口电路无规范测试方法的现状,对LVDS接口电路进行测试方法研究,以当前LVDS接口电路为基础,设计了一种利用"夹具"进行实时测试的方法,并据此仿真设计了LVDS接口电路,搭建了其测试平台,验证了夹具在实时性测试中的可用性。专用测试夹具可为航天器测试中LVDS链路故障定位提供有效的实时测试方法,并可提高故障定位及测试效率。     

Possibilities for the detection of microbial life on extrasolar planets

We consider possibilities for the remote detection of microbial life on extrasolar planets. The Darwin/Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) telescope concepts for observations of terrestrial planets focus on indirect searches for life through the detection of atmospheric gases related to life processes. Direct detection of extraterrestrial life may also be possible through well-designed searches for microbial life forms. Satellites in Earth orbit routinely monitor colonies of terrestrial algae in oceans and lakes by analysis of reflected ocean light in the visible region of the spectrum. These remote sensing techniques suggest strategies for extrasolar searches for signatures of chlorophylls and related photosynthetic compounds associated with life. However, identification of such life-related compounds on extrasolar planets would require observations through strong, interfering absorptions and scattering radiances from the remote atmospheres and landmasses. Techniques for removal of interfering radiances have been extensively developed for remote sensing from Earth orbit. Comparable techniques would have to be developed for extrasolar planet observations also, but doing so would be challenging for a remote planet. Darwin/TPF coronagraph concepts operating in the visible seem to be best suited for searches for extrasolar microbial life forms with instruments that can be projected for the 2010-2020 decades, although resolution and signal-to-noise ratio constraints severely limit detection possibilities on terrestrial-type planets. The generation of telescopes with large apertures and extremely high spatial resolutions that will follow Darwin/TPF could offer striking possibilities for the direct detection of extrasolar microbial life.     

The US civil space sector: alternate futures

The initiation of a new vision for exploration, as articulated by US President George W. Bush on 14 January 2004, has excited much interest. This article analyzes the dynamics and potential for changes in the processes and participants in future space policy and space exploration activities. It examines a range of possible alternative paths for NASA and the US government's space exploration activities, the international space community and the private sector in the articulation and pursuit of future space exploration endeavors. It concludes that the new vision for exploration brings about both an opportunity and indeed a necessity for movement towards new and innovative methods and institutions for the effective conduct of multidimensional and multilateral space exploration activities in the future.     

载人航天器的精细化软件研制技术管理方法

载人航天器软件研制具有技术新、难度大、新研配置项多等特点,必须研究一种新型的软件技术管理方法,以确保软件产品质量受控。文章介绍的精细化管理方法是在现有软件研制规范的基础上,通过软件研制工作的阶段化以及软件管理工作的划分,实现了软件的精细化管理。“天宫一号”目标飞行器软件研制工作的实践证明:该方法符合载人航天器型号研制的实际,可保证软件产品质量满足飞行任务要求。     

Instrumentenentwicklungen für anwendungsaufgaben der fernerkundung photogrammetrie,geophysik und geodäsie

(Instrument Developments for Applications in Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, Geophysics and Geodesy) The Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Seanner MOMS-01, a CCD camera using the push-broom scanner principle, is presented in this paper in its flight configuration. This instrument will be the first European-built spaceborne unaging system for remote sensing applications (launch with Shuttle flight No. 7).Follow-on developments of this initial two-channel version are oriented to an extension of capabilities by a panchromatic high-resolution stereoscopic module for thematic mapping and two additional spectral channels in the reflective IR (up to 2.3 μm) offering a high interpretation potential for future earth resources exploration missions. Furthermore the subjects of advanced laser technology studies are introduced: A picosecond pulse laser system for detection of tectonic motions and for geodetic application, a CO laser for ultra precise range rate determination (Earth potential and Geoid) and a laser range finder for intersatellite distance measurements.     

Need for a National Brazilian Centre of Space Policy and Law Studies

This paper argues the urgent need for a Brazilian National Centre on Space Policy and Law Studies, by laying down the basis for such a centre as a natural step in Brazilian space development. In doing so, it looks at the numbers of specialists in this field working in Brazil space entities—both public and private—and at the basic requirements for such specialists. It also discusses the way the main Brazilian space institutions currently deal with legal and policy challenges in space, and whether their methods are effective. Founding a national centre could provide lessons not only for other countries in Latin America but also for other developing countries.     

Magnetic trapping in orbit

A toroidal solenoid in orbit can represent a magnetic trap for bodies carrying dipole moment. We find the dependence of the trap dimensions on the electrical parameters and the orbit height. There is no trap if the solenoid radius exceeds a certain value. Various trap dimensions are calculated for a non-spinning space station in Earth or Sun orbit. The trap dimension is nearly independent of the solenoid orientation so that the solenoid may be fastened to the station rigidly. If the solenoid radius is in the range of some meters, the trap dimension is one order of magnitude greater for a distant Earth orbit and two orders of magnitude for an orbit around the Sun at distances of the order of one AU. The calculations are performed for a non-superconducting solenoid. The trap can be used for simplifying the docking on of maintenance vehicles or building modules, as safety mechanism for crewmembers working in outer space, and for the collection of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic dust stopped by mechanical means.     

Superconducting magnets and mission strategies for protection from ionizing radiation in interplanetary manned missions and interplanetary habitats

First order evaluations for active shielding based on superconducting magnetic lenses were made in the past in ESA supported studies. The present increasing interest of permanent space complexes, to be considered in the far future as ‘bases’ rather than ‘stations’, located in ‘deep’ space (as it has been proposed for the L1 libration’s point between Earth and Moon, or for Stations in orbit around Mars), requires that this preliminary activity continues, envisaging the problem of the protection from cosmic ray (CR) action at a scale allowing long permanence in ‘deep’ space, not only for a relatively small number of dedicated astronauts but also to citizens conducting there ‘normal’ activities.Part of the personnel of such a ‘deep space base’ should stay and work there for a long period of time. It is proposed that the activities and life of these personnel will be concentrated in a sector protected from Galactic CR (GCR) during the whole duration of their mission. In the exceptional case of an intense flux of Solar Energetic Protons (SEP), this sector could be of use as a shelter for all the other personnel normally located in other sectors of the Space Base.The realization of the magnetic protection of the long permanence sector by well-established current materials and techniques is in principle possible, but not workable in practice for the huge required mass of the superconductor, the too low operating temperature (10–15 K) and the corresponding required cooling power and thermal shielding.However the fast progress in the production of reliable High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) or MgB₂ cables and of cryocoolers suitable for space operation opens the perspective of practicable solutions. In fact these cables, when used at relatively low temperature, but in any case higher than for NbTi and Nb₃Sn, show a thermodynamically much better behavior. Quantitative evaluations for the protection of the sector of the ‘Space Base’ to be protected from GCRs (and therefore from SEPs also) are presented.For possible large outer radius solutions it must in the meantime solve the problem of the assembling or deploying in space the conductors for returning the electric current.     

FY-2C星电源分系统及其在轨性能

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)C气象卫星电源分系统的组成、技术指标和工作原理,以及太阳电池阵、Cd-Ni蓄电池组和电源控制设备等主要部件的设计和改进.遥测数据分析结果显示,C星太阳电池阵功率裕度优于设计要求,采用BSFR太阳电池对方阵工作温度影响不明显,地影轨道72 min地影蓄电池最大放电深度减小,涓流态第三极电性能信号与A,B星-致.在轨运行结果表明,C星电源分系统各部件状态良好,能满足任务要求.国内首次用于地球静止轨道空间电源工程的BSFR太阳电池方阵性能稳定,蓄电池组容量增大,简化了地影期卫星地面管理,改善卫星地影期环境工作温度;解决了A,B星进出影电源分系统自主转电时全调节母线电压的负冲.