求解中途飞越燃料最优转移轨道的同伦方法

提出一种新的同伦方法,用于求解深空探测中对其他天体进行中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道,克服由于其存在内点约束及不连续Bang-Bang控制所导致的数值优化方法的求解困难。该同伦方法将同伦参数同时嵌入到性能指标和内点约束方程中,将容易求解的无内点约束且控制量连续变化的最优控制问题作为初始问题,求解一系列同伦参数递增所对应的同伦迭代子问题,直到得到原问题的解。该方法能够有效地解决中途飞越所导致的优化变量增加、求解难度增大等难题,能够快速、稳定地求解考虑中途飞越的小推力燃料最优转移轨道。最后,以地球到火星交会并中途飞越小行星和地球到木星交会并中途飞越火星两个任务为例进行数值仿真验证该同伦方法在求解中途飞越的燃料最优问题中的有效性和优越性。     

高超声速飞行器上升段最优制导间接法研究

高超声速飞行器的机身－推进一体化设计使得气动和推进之间存在强非线性耦合,本文针对高超声速飞行器的特点,提出了求解最优上升轨迹的一种可行方案。在零侧滑角和力矩瞬间平衡假设下对上升段飞行问题进行最优建模,将质量引入为状态量,以最省燃料为指标,以推力方向为最优控制量,根据极大值原理推导一阶最优条件。为数值求解两点边值问题,以解析解作为初始猜想,应用经典的有限差分方法和改进的牛顿法,在满足攻角过程约束下,通过同伦算法迭代求解最优轨迹。仿真在给定的初始约束和终端约束下进行,结果表明该制导算法能够实现对高超声速飞行器上升轨迹的优化,以参考面积为同伦参数的迭代方法,能够保证算法的收敛性和快速性。
     

基于Gauss伪谱法的助推-滑翔飞行器多阶段约束轨迹优化(英文)

在同时存在路径约束和边界条件时确定助推-滑翔飞行器的最优运动轨迹是近年来的热点问题。本文讨论了助推-滑翔飞行器的具有最大纵向航程和横向航程的两种最优轨迹。Gauss伪谱法是由Benson和Huntington提出的,在求解复杂的最优控制问题时有较快的收敛速度并能提供高精度的解。文中介绍了该方法并利用其将轨迹优化问题变换为可由NLP求解器进行数值求解的非线性规划问题。文中还介绍了其它相关的技术,例如端点控制的计算方法、处理包含奇异弧段的多阶段问题的处理方法、获得初始猜测值的方法和验证结果的方法等。仿真结果可以说明在给定的热流、过载和动压约束下最优轨迹的若干关键特性。通过优化和仿真计算,同时证明了此方法的实用性和有效性。     

月球精确定点软着陆轨道设计及初始点选取

研究了一种应用参数化控制求解月球探测器精确定点软着陆最优控制问题的方法。 首 先用约束变换技术将不等式约束进行了近似处理,而后利用若干个分段的常数去逼近最优解 ,再根据强化技术通过时间轴上的变换,将每一段参数的持续时间转变为一组新的参数,于 是最优控制问题被转化为一系列参数优化问题。最后应用经典的参数优化方法即可求得最优 控制函数的一个近似解,通过增加参数个数,重复优化得到逼近连续最优解的参数化解。同 时在优化过程中考虑了制动初始点的选取对结果的影响。仿真结果表明了所提设计方法是简 单、有效的。〖JP〗     

基于伪谱同伦算法的编队飞行任务设计研究

针对编队飞行中多个从星飞行任务设计问题,研究了用伪谱同伦算法对其进行优化的方法,以获得小推力时的最省燃料转移轨道。将无推力的转移轨道作为初始轨道,用伪谱法对其进行优化,使其转移轨道能量最优,所得轨道可作为初值,解决了同伦算法对初值敏感的问题。再用同伦算法进行优化,降低了间接法求解最优控制问题的难度,得到最省燃料轨道,解决了求解Bang-Bang控制产生的不光滑性。对运行于高度400km近地圆轨道上3颗完全相同的从星算例进行了求解,构建轨道跟飞/领飞构型的最省燃料轨道。结果表明:伪谱同伦算法能较大幅度节省燃料,对求解编队飞行从星转移轨道设计可行且有效。     

一种基于参数在线辨识的最优再入制导算法

为提高升力式飞行器再入飞行最优性及参数不确定条件下的制导精度,研究了一种基于参数在线辨识的最优高度-速度剖面跟踪制导算法。首先,采用分段三次多项式拟合飞行剖面,利用序列二次规划算法(SQP)优化获取最优分段点位置及飞行剖面系数,得到了一种满足总吸热量最小的高度-速度飞行剖面规划算法,并根据待飞航程与待飞航程预测值偏差确定是否进行重规划。其次,利用反馈线性化方法和航迹倾角偏差修正解算制导指令,并通过增广渐消记忆扩展卡尔曼滤波对不确定性参数在线辨识,利用辨识结果实现对制导指令的修正。最后,通过航迹偏角走廊控制倾侧角反号,实现侧向制导,完成跟踪制导算法设计。仿真结果表明,这种基于参数在线辨识的最优飞行剖面跟踪制导算法适应性强,计算速度快,具有较高的制导精度和一定的工程应用潜力。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器引入段弹道优化

高超声速飞行器弹道优化设计的目的足得到高超声速飞行的控制指令，从而得到方案弹道，针对其数学模型，寻找一个作为输入的攻角规律使得弹道最优。我们将此弹道问题转化成最优控制问题，通过极大值原理得到最优弹道的一阶必要条件。我们采用遗传算法求解了此两点边值问题。首先从次优化弹道得到攻角的变化规律，然后由从次优化弹道估计出的攻角范围推导出初始伴随变量的变化范围，再用遗传算法在此范崮内优化初始伴随变量得到了伞局最优弹道和相应的初始伴随变量。通过一个实例求得了满足热流约束的最大终端速度弹道，通过比较可知优于次优化弹道，从数值计算例子还可以看到遗传算法是求解两点边值问题的一种比较好的方法。     

火星大气进入轨迹伪谱凸优化设计方法

为解决火星大气进入末端高度最大化问题,提出Legendre伪谱凸优化(LPCP)方法进行求解.首先以纵向航程角为自变量建立火星进入模型,从而将末端时间自由问题转化为末端纵向航程角固定问题,避免优化末端时间;同时相比基于能量的模型,不必已知末端高度和速度,因此可以求解末端高度最大化问题.然后将状态微分方程在Legendr...     

基于Gauss伪谱方法的高超声速飞行器再入轨迹快速优化

基于一种求解最优控制问题的新方法—Gauss伪谱法(Gauss Pseudospectral Method\|GPM) ,研究了高超声速飞行器滑翔式再入的快速轨迹优化问题。针对远程多约束条件下滑翔式再 入轨迹优化问题的难点,提出了基于GPM的串行分段优化策略,包括三个方面：(1) 构造了 设计变量初值生成器,获得近似最优解作为优化初值;(2) 提出从可行解到 最优解的串行优化策略;(3) 引入平衡滑翔条件构造动态分段点,将再入轨迹分为初始下降 段和滑翔段分别求解。以某高超声速再入飞行器为对象进行轨迹优化计算,仿真结果验证了 本文的轨迹优化方法具有较高的精度和计算效率。
     

基于高斯—伪谱法的月球定点着陆轨道快速优化设计

利用高斯伪谱法(Gauss Pseudospectral Method, GPM),对登月飞行器定点软着陆轨道快 速 优化问题做出了研究。将控制变量和终端时间一同作为优化变量,同时离散控制变量与状态 变量,对最优控制问题进行求解。并针对GPM的特点,设计了从求取初值到高精度参数的软 着陆轨道优化策略。利用此方法求取了月面着陆可达区域,在此基础上对定着陆点最优轨道 进行了设计。仿真结果表明此方法具有较强的鲁棒性和快速收敛性。
     

不规则小行星附着可达区生成方法

针对不规则小行星表面附着任务需求,提出了一种基于动态邻域搜索的可达区生成方法。首先,建立了可达区数学模型,并采用质心距映射函数对非定点附着的终端位置约束进行了处理。在此基础上,将可达区的优化问题转化为附着基准点计算、边界起始点计算和边界点搜索三个子问题。针对附着基准点与边界起始点,分别通过最小燃耗轨迹优化与极限燃耗轨迹优化求解;针对边界点,设计了导向式动态邻域搜索方法,将复杂的非定点着陆优化问题简化为定点着陆燃耗优化与边界插值。最后,以小行星433 Eros为对象,对所提出的可达区生成方法进行了仿真。结果表明,该方法能够生成不规则小行星表面的可达区,具有较高的搜索求解效率,并适用于不同的初始位置和燃耗条件。     

基于上升轨迹可达范围的目标拦截发射窗口计算

针对低轨目标拦截任务,提出一种利用上升轨迹可达范围分析的发射窗口计算方法。首先,建立以上升时长和航程为性能指标的上升轨迹和优化模型,确定拦截器上升轨迹可达范围。然后,根据目标星下点与上升轨迹可达范围外包络的穿越关系以及拦截器的上升时长范围,对发射窗口进行初筛,得到准发射窗口。最后,针对每一段筛选出的准发射窗口,通过精确判定目标星下点与每一上升时长可达范围子环的位置关系,得到每段准窗口中能够实现目标拦截的发射窗口,将其取并集得到针对目标拦截的精确发射窗口。仿真表明本文提出的计算方法能够快速准确得到目标拦截的发射窗口。     

Reachable domain of spacecraft with a single tangent impulse considering trajectory safety

The reachable domain of the two-body transfer orbit with a single upper-bounded tangent impulse is studied. Three cases are analyzed for either the magnitude of the tangent impulse or the initial impulse point being free, or both being free. For a fixed impulse magnitude and a free initial impulse point, the initial orbit is proved to be one of the envelopes of the reachable domain. Moreover, the trajectory safety for the transfer orbit requires a lower bound on the perigee altitude and an upper bound on the apogee altitude. Then the ranges of the impulse magnitude and the initial true anomaly can be obtained by solving quadratic and cubic inequalities, respectively. If both constraints are required for an arbitrary impulse point, the range of the impulse magnitude is obtained with impulses at the perigee and the apogee. Several numerical examples with different eccentricities are provided to show the geometry of the reachable domain and to verify the proposed method.     

The use of solutions to problems of spacecraft trajectory optimization in impulse formulation when solving the problems of optimal control of trajectories of a spacecraft with limited thrust engine: I

In this first part of our paper, it is suggested to use solutions to boundary value problems in the optimization problems (in impulse formulation) for spacecraft trajectories in order to obtain the initial approximation, when boundary value problems of the maximum principle are solved numerically by the shooting method. The technique suggested is applied to the problems of optimal control over motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft controlled by the thrust vector of jet engine with limited thrust in an arbitrary gravitational field in a vacuum. The method is based on a modified (in comparison to the classic scheme) shooting method computation together with the method of continuation along a parameter (maximum reactive acceleration, initial thrust-to-weight ratio, or any other parameter equivalent to them). This technique allows one to obtain the initial approximation with a high precision, and it is applicable to a wide range of optimal control problems solved using the maximum principle, if the impulse formulation makes sense for these problems.     

Conditions of the Maximum Principle in the Problem of Optimal Control over an Aggregate of Dynamic Systems and Their Application to Solution of the Problems of Optimal Control of Spacecraft Motion

The necessary first-order conditions of strong local optimality (conditions of maximum principle) are considered for the problems of optimal control over a set of dynamic systems. To derive them a method is suggested based on the Lagrange principle of removing constraints in the problems on a conditional extremum in a functional space. An algorithm of conversion from the problem of optimal control of an aggregate of dynamic systems to a multipoint boundary value problem is suggested for a set of systems of ordinary differential equations with the complete set of conditions necessary for its solution. An example of application of the methods and algorithm proposed is considered: the solution of the problem of constructing the trajectories of a spacecraft flight at a constant altitude above a preset area (or above a preset point) of a planet's surface in a vacuum (for a planet with atmosphere beyond the atmosphere). The spacecraft is launched from a certain circular orbit of a planet's satellite. This orbit is to be determined (optimized). Then the satellite is injected to the desired trajectory segment (or desired point) of a flyby above the planet's surface at a specified altitude. After the flyby the satellite is returned to the initial circular orbit. A method is proposed of correct accounting for constraints imposed on overload (mixed restrictions of inequality type) and on the distance from the planet center: extended (nonpointlike) intermediate (phase) restrictions of the equality type.     

About one problem of trajectory optimization

The optimization problem for trajectories of spacecraft flight from the Earth to an asteroid is considered in this paper. The flight is realized in the central Newtonian gravitational field of the Sun with a possibility of gravitational maneuvers near planets. Perturbation maneuvers are taken into account using the method of point area of action with a limitation on the flyby altitude. The spacecraft is controlled by changing the value and direction of the engine thrust. The problem is solved taking into account constraints on the launch time, flight duration, and minimum distance to the Sun.     

多约束条件下高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化

研究了考虑航路点、禁飞区、热流、动压、过载、控制量以及终端状态等多种约束条件下高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化设计问题。分析了采用一般Gauss伪谱方法进行高超声速滑翔飞行器轨迹优化设计存在的主要问题,为此,提出了轨迹分段优化策略,将轨迹优化的一般最优控制问题转换为多段最优控制问题,进而将各段轨迹按Gauss伪谱方法进行离散化,将连续多段最优控制问题转换为非线性规划问题进行求解。以多约束条件下最大射程轨迹优化为例进行仿真分析,结果表明分段优化方法能够较快地设计出满足各种约束条件的优化轨迹。     

Method of continuation for optimization of interplanetary low-thrust trajectories

The problem of local optimization of interplanetary low-thrust trajectories is considered with the use of the maximum principle and continuation numerical methods. Two types of problems are analyzed: problems with limited power and problems with limited thrust. The latter problem is generalized by introducing the dependence of thrust and specific impulse on available electric power. In order to reduce the problem of optimal control to a boundary value problem, the Pontryagin maximum principle is used, and then, using the continuation method, this boundary value problem is reduced to the Cauchy problem. Variants of the continuation method for optimizing low-thrust trajectories are presented in the paper, including a new method of continuation for the limited thrust problem, which does not require any choice of the initial approximation for boundary values of conjugate variables.