地球轨道卫星电推进变轨控制方法

针对地球同步轨道（GEO）卫星,采用电推进系统完成转移轨道变轨。采用基于Lyapunov函数的反馈控制方法确定时间最短变轨策略。首先在开普勒模型下研究变轨过程,然后在开普勒模型的基础上考虑地球J2项摄动和地球阴影,最后在全引力模型下研究变轨过程,即在开普勒模型的基础上考虑地球非球形引力摄动、日月第三体引力摄动、太阳光压摄动和地球阴影。仿真结果显示在变轨过程中摄动项不可忽略,除地球J2项摄动外还应该考虑日月第三体引力摄动和太阳光压摄动。对比上述三组仿真结果,发现考虑摄动后轨道转移时间的增加比燃料消耗的增加更为明显。数值仿真结果表明本文研究对未来的全电推进任务具有良好的通用性和应用参考价值。     

关于非开普勒轨道的讨论

讨论了非开普勒轨道问题的形成、提出及其应用。首先引述了开普勒三大定律,说明了其作为天文观测结果的创造性概括能够描述行星的运动学原理;然后提出了非开普勒轨道问题,它是人造卫星可控性的必然结果。叙述了典型的非开普勒轨道问题,包括航天器在单心引力场中的运动（即二体问题）和多心引力场中的运动（即多体问题）,作为特例研究了螺旋变轨爬升轨道和悬挂轨道。最后提出了非开普勒轨道的应用,包括动能拦截问题,多星编队、组网与重构问题,系统整体组合优化机动问题等。     

考虑摄动影响的连续推力轨道修正制导方法研究

为较好地消除在轨空间飞行器的轨道偏差,提出了一种考虑摄动影响的连续推力轨道修正制导方法。将轨道修正问题转换为二体假设条件下的兰伯特变轨问题,求解所需要的速度增量,考虑地球非球形引力、大气阻力、日月引力及太阳光压等摄动因素计算在与该速度增量等效的连续推力作用下空间飞行器的实际位置,利用实际位置与目标位置的偏差构造虚拟目标点,通过迭代计算给出连续推力轨道修正制导指令,空间飞行器接收并执行该指令进行轨道修正。仿真表明该轨道修正制导方法制导精度较高。     

基于轨道动力学的椭圆轨道悬停方法

连续有限推力条件下,基于动力学原理设计了伴随卫星相对于椭圆轨道的参考卫星在任意位置实现悬停的方法。给出了对任意椭圆参考轨道实现悬停的开环控制律,推导了一个周期内的速度增量计算公式。特别分析了参考卫星为“Molniya”轨道时,实现悬停需要的控制推力及速度增量。仿真结果表明,“Molniya”轨道正下方 1 km 的悬停伴飞,一个轨道周期时间内连续有限推力发动机需要产生的速度增量为10.317 m／s。文章提出的方法也可用于椭圆轨道的空间圆或水平圆等非自然编队构型设计。     

载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道设计

针对载人月球极地探测任务,采用一种自由返回轨道与三脉冲机动轨道相结合的地月转移轨道方案。关于自由返回轨道部分的设计,建立了基于近月点伪参数的两段拼接模型,采用一种考虑地球扁率修正的改进多圆锥截线法进行求解,仿真结果显示改进的多圆锥截线法具有更高的求解精度,可为精确设计提供更好的初值;关于三脉冲机动轨道部分的设计,基于混合轨道模型,采用特殊点变轨和Lambert算法相结合的方法进行计算,仿真结果显示该方法能够有效地降低速度增量的消耗。最后,通过大量的仿真计算,对轨道的速度增量特性进行了分析。研究结论可为未来载人月球极地探测地月转移轨道方案的设计提供重要参考。     

单次任务中主动清除多块碎片的仿真分析

针对国内外空间活动产生的碎片,文章采用多脉冲推力作用下的轨道机动仿真方法,在主要考虑总速度增量为2 km/s的约束条件下,计算碎片清除所需要的速度增量、任务时间以及清除个数。仿真结果表明,单次任务可以清除12块分布比较集中的碎片。研究结果可为我国今后空间碎片清扫任务的设计提供参考依据。     

小倾角GSO卫星的转移轨道优化设计

分析了采用小倾角地球同步轨道(GSO)策略后轨道转移变轨推进剂消耗增加的原因,对传统的地球同步转移轨道(GTO)提出了优化措施,根据月份发射的不同,选取不同的转移轨道近地点幅角ω,降低了转移轨道变轨所需的速度增量。速度增量平均降幅可达到55m/s,相当于延长了该卫星1年的推进剂消耗寿命。文章的研究结果可为优化卫星总体设计提供参考。     

类X-37B飞行器气动力辅助异面变轨性能研究

X-37B是美国波音公司制造的一种可重复使用无人升力体飞行器,其具体任务一直备受关注和猜测。X-37B轨道试验飞行器曾多次进行轨道面内和面外机动。外界猜测X-37B可能降低轨道高度,进入有稀薄大气的高度,利用气动力大幅度横跨轨道飞行。文章分析了气动力辅助异面变轨的过程,其中在大气层内飞行段通过调整倾侧角实现侧向机动,从而改变轨道倾角。利用计算流体动力学软件计算其在高马赫数值下的气动力,为大气层内飞行动力学模型提供输入,推导气动力辅助异面变轨特征速度和推进剂消耗量的计算方法。针对不同再入角进行气动力辅助异面变轨仿真,计算轨道倾角改变量、特征速度和推进剂消耗量,并与冲量变轨比较。结果表明:类X-37B飞行器气动力辅助变轨在理论上具备一定改变轨道倾角的能力,但比冲量变轨消耗更多推进剂,变轨过程所需时间较长,相比于冲量变轨难度增大,工程实施可行性值得商榷。     

航天器交会两点边界值问题

从绝对运动和相对运动两方面讨论近地空间航天器交会中的两点边界值问题。其中，绝对运动涉及多圈Lambert问题，以Lagrange时间方程为研究工具，而相对运动Lambert问题应用C—W线性解。对圆轨道之间的双冲量转移，给定转移角与转移时间，研究最小变轨速度增量所对应的转移圈数与轨道参数的求解方法，提出满足最小变轨速度增量要求的多圈转移的工程图解法，并从工程应用出发，在飞行时间约束下，按最小速度增量要求，阐述航天器交会两点之间飞行轨道（轨迹）设计方法。这种方法将飞行轨迹划分为初始漂移段、轨道转移段与终端停泊段三部分，应用两点边界值问题的解，选择两次冲量机动时刻，使速度增量之和最小。模拟算例表明，这种方法对航天器交会设计是适用的、有效的。     

对GEO卫星照相的HEO卫星变轨策略研究

为对地球同步轨道卫星近距离光学照相,设计了大椭圆任务轨道.在考虑地球扁率J2的动力学模型下,研究了大椭圆轨道变轨策略,提出了轨道设计方案,并进行了仿真计算.基于STK软件对变轨方案进行了仿真验证,结果表明所提出的轨道设计方案能够满足对地球同步轨道卫星近距离光学照相要求.     

一种可实现星箭分离前后测轨数据联合定轨的初轨确定方法

针对弹簧分离方式的卫星发射任务中,在星箭分离瞬间卫星获得弹簧分离力产生的速度增量,使星箭分离前后的两段外测数据不能同时参与定轨的问题,提出了一种可同时求解一个位置矢量和两个速度矢量的定轨新方法——改进的有摄初轨计算的单位矢量法,建立了相应的计算模型,构造了条件方程组的解算方法。仿真计算和任务实测数据验算表明,该方法首次实现了利用星箭分离前后处于两条不同轨道的测轨数据的联合定轨。由于延长了定轨数据弧段,有效地提高了入轨段初轨确定精度。     

航天器相对运动水滴型悬停轨道研究

对航天器相对运动的C-W方程进行了分析,提出了航天器相对运动轨道设计中的一种水滴型悬停轨道,能够实现航天器相对空间目标在一定范围内进行悬停,并且只需使用脉冲速度增量控制即可实现长时间的悬停。文章对悬停轨道的悬停周期与目标航天器轨道参数和悬停位置的关系,以及悬停控制所需的速度增量ΔV进行了分析,给出了进行悬停轨道选择及设计的工程方法,并对C-W方程的状态转移矩阵进行了推导,得到了由常规的后方伴飞轨道使用脉冲速度控制方案进入目标星正下方的悬停位置的初始速度增量、转移时间及末端速度增量。根据分析结果,水滴型悬停轨道有利于工程实现,其设计方法可以应用于航天器在轨服务、侦察、巡视等任务的轨道设计。     

Biaxial Mode of Rotation of a Satellite in the Orbit Plane

A mode of motion of a satellite with respect to its center of mass is studied, which is called the biaxial rotation in the orbit plane. In this mode of rotation, an elongated and nearly dynamically symmetric satellite rotates around the longitudinal axis, which, in turn, rotates around the normal to the plane of an orbit; the angular velocity of rotation around the longitudinal axis is several times larger than the orbital angular velocity, deviations of this axis from the orbit plane are small. Such a rotation is convenient in the case when it is required to secure a sufficiently uniform illumination of the satellite's surface by the Sun at a comparatively small angular velocity of the satellite. The investigation consists of the numerical integration of equations of the satellite's motion, which take into account gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments, as well as the evolution of the orbit. At high orbits, the mode of the biaxial rotation is conserved for an appreciable length of time, and at low orbits it is destroyed due to the impact of the aerodynamic moment. The orbit altitudes and the method of constructing the initial conditions of motion that guarantee a sufficiently prolonged period of existence of this mode are specified.     

Can solar sails be used to test fundamental physics?

The relative importance of certain general relativistic effects is enhanced by solar radiation pressure (SRP). The observation and study of the trajectories of a solar sail could potentially provide tests of various effects of general relativity. In particular, we study Keplerian and non-Keplerian orbits near the sun as well as escape trajectories for a solar sail, for which general relativistic effects and the solar radiation pressure are considered simultaneously. In contrast with the conventional solar mission, a solar sail allows for non-Keplerian orbits, for which the orbital plane lies above the sun. It is predicted that there is an analog of the Lense–Thirring effect for non-Keplerian orbits. Also the SRP increases the amount of precession per orbit due to the Lense–Thirring effect for polar heliocentric orbits. A solar sail would also enhance the relative importance of effects associated with a possible net charge on the sun and during many rotations this effect may be measurable.     

Low cost orbit transfer of inoperative satellites by a service vehicle

Tumble Orbit Transfer, which is an effective method of re-orbiting inoperative satellites is described. This is done by an independent service vehicle equipped with a long arm and a grapple mechanism on top of it. After grappling the target satellite, the service vehicle orients its axis perpendicular to the orbit velocity vector. Then a thruster is activated to give an impulse on the service vehicle, which simultaneously causes velocity change and tumbling of the combined system. Since the angular momentums of two masses are exchanged periodically, separation at a selected instance will bring each mass into different orbits, one with a higher energy and the other with a lower. Separation soon after the impulse application puts the target satellite into an elliptical orbit, and separation after a half orbital period puts it into a higher circular orbit, assuming the original orbit is circular. The amount of total impulse is exactly half of that required in a conventional method. In case the service vehicle returns to the original orbit after injecting the target into the new orbit. The required total impulse is further reduced to one-third maximum. Another important feature of this method is the ease of capturing. Because the dominant force during and after the impulse application is tension through the arm, bending rigidity in the capture mechanism is not required. Therefore, a simple grapple will be enough for this maneuver. Small fuel requirements and simple capturing make this method attractive for transferring orbiting objects, and only this will provide a method of re-orbiting inoperative satellites of arbitrary shape.     

航天器共振轨道研究

建立航天器非开普勒运动理论是航天技术发展的必然。提出了一类非开普勒轨道——共振轨 道。共振是自然界的一种普遍现象,当发生共振时,很小的输入可以使系统的状态产生较大 变化。研究表明航天器在推力作用下的非开普勒运动在参数平面内可以视为一种受迫振 动,也会发生共振现象。因此,可以利用共振原理来研究航天器的运动,称这样一类非开普 勒轨道为共振轨道。首先通过合理地选择轨道描述参数、时间尺度和推力描述方式建立 航天器共振轨道的动力学模型。然后讨论航天器在推力作用下轨道运动的振动规律,并给出 共振轨道的概念及轨道方程。最后提出基于共振轨道的机动轨道设计方法。
     

基于轨道摄动解的卫星编队飞行

用完全不同的方法推导出一种两颗卫星相对运动的表达式.首先,它描述的是一颗真实的卫星相对一颗在理想轨道上运动的虚拟卫星的运动,而这正是研究编队飞行所必须的;其次,这个表达式将真实卫星相对虚拟卫星的三维位置表示成虚拟卫星的Brouwer平根数及两卫星轨道根数之差的函数.据此便可以充分应用已有的关于轨道摄动的研究成果.作为一个基本模型,首先讨论了一颗真实卫星相对虚拟卫星形成椭圆型地面轨迹的飞行方式.基于轨道长期摄动的已有结果可以很容易地揭示这种飞行方式的长期变化,从而可以毫无困难地制定出轨道调整的策略.最后还研究了三颗卫星以同一条椭圆轨迹飞行的轨道设计和控制问题,该椭圆以虚拟卫星为中心.     

Mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission

This paper provides a detailed mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission. The pole-sitter concept was previously introduced as a solution to the poor temporal resolution of polar observations from highly inclined, low Earth orbits and the poor high-latitude coverage from geostationary orbit. It considers a spacecraft that is continuously above either the north or south pole and, as such, can provide real-time, continuous and hemispherical coverage of the polar regions. Being on a non-Keplerian orbit, a continuous thrust is required to maintain the pole-sitter position. For this, two different propulsion strategies are proposed, which result in a near-term pole-sitter mission using solar electric propulsion (SEP) and a far-term pole-sitter mission where the SEP thruster is hybridized with a solar sail. For both propulsion strategies, minimum propellant pole-sitter orbits are designed. In order to maximize the spacecraft mass at the start of the operations phase of the mission, the transfer from Earth to the pole-sitter orbit is designed and optimized assuming either a Soyuz or an Ariane 5 launch. The maximized mass upon injection into the pole-sitter orbit is subsequently used in a detailed mass budget analysis that will allow for a trade-off between mission lifetime and payload mass capacity. Also, candidate payloads for a range of applications are investigated. Finally, transfers between north and south pole-sitter orbits are considered to overcome the limitations in observations due to the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis that causes the poles to be alternately situated in darkness. It will be shown that in some cases these transfers allow for propellant savings, enabling a further extension of the pole-sitter mission.