压力波对垂直管低温气液掺混冷凝的影响

为了分析高压补燃液氧煤油发动机氧泵间管内气液两相掺混冷凝及其压力波传播过程,建立了可产生压力扰动的垂直管低温气液两相掺混实验系统,以氧气/液氧为实验工质,开展压力波对垂直管内低温气液两相掺混冷凝的影响研究,获得了不同压力波频率和氧气流量工况下的掺混图像,分析结果表明:压力波会使发散流型由微弱振荡冷凝向间歇振荡冷凝转变,使椭圆流型由稳定冷凝向振荡冷凝转变;在0~52 Hz不同频率压力波作用下,发散流型最大轴向冷凝长度与掺混孔径之比在10~30之间,椭圆流型的比值在8~15之间变化;压力波对气相摆动频率起主导性和正相关性的影响。     

气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧研究进展

针对在氧化性气相氛围以及在燃料/氧化剂混合气相氛围中粉末燃料爆震燃烧波的传播特性，总结了气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究进展，归纳了影响爆震波速度、稳定性、传播模式、细观结构和胞格尺寸的主要因素。同时，还介绍了粉末燃料应用于爆震发动机或燃烧室的案例；结合粉末爆震自身特点对实验装置和燃烧诊断测试手段和数值模拟方法进行总结分析；最后针对下一步需要开展的研究工作进行展望 。     

氮气强制对流消除煤油温度分层及其液氮降温系统分析

为找到煤油贮罐降温后的温度分层原因，通过分析煤油贮罐不同深度的温度，结合管道布置走向，发现煤油降温流动过程中存在上部滞流区，导致煤油贮罐形成上部热煤油和下部冷煤油分层。采用鼓泡与泵回流两种方式进行对比试验，结果表明鼓泡能较好消除煤油贮罐在垂直方向上的温度不均，泵回流方式无明显效果。为准确预估降温后的煤油温度，采用不同调温方式进行多次试验，构建了煤油调温目标温度计算模型，作为煤油降温停止的判断准则。鼓泡方法和调温模型已成功应用于天舟一号发射任务，有效保障了煤油推进剂的温度品质。     

脉冲爆震发动机旋转阀技术研究

为解决脉冲爆震发动机高频稳定连续燃烧推进剂间歇式供应难题,开展了旋转阀技术研究.通过采用伺服电机驱动二阶凸轮特殊结构设计,将电机轴的旋转运动转换为控制阀芯的直线开关运动,并放大电机旋转频率特性,实现最大200 Hz的高频控制.突破了高频响应、长寿命驱动和氧气安全性保障关键技术,完成旋转阀鉴定试验和脉冲爆震发动机地面点火试车考核.研究结果表明,与传统电磁阀相比,旋转阀能够有效提高响应频率,实现了爆震波的稳定连续输出,满足工程应用要求.     

抛物形吸气式脉冲爆震激光推力器性能预示的解析模型

考虑激光束、推力器构型以及大气环境三方面因素,建立了抛物形吸气式脉冲爆震 激 光推力器性能预示的解析计算模型。其中,将推力室内的流场发展过程分为吸收波和冲击波 衰减两个阶段,应用Sedov点爆炸理论,以等效锥形约束空间,引入单一的修正因子以反 映流场的不均匀性。计算表明,其结果同现有实验数据吻合。〖JP〗     

自吸气共振型PDE谐振腔内工作过程数值模拟

自吸气共振型脉冲爆震发动机(简称自吸气共振型PDE)的工作原理是基于激波在谐振室内的聚焦点火,从而直接起爆爆震波.通过对自吸气共振犁PDE谐振室内的工作过程进行数值模拟,得到了爆震波的直接起爆、传播等一系列过程,总结出了该新型发动机的潜在优点和缺点,为下一步的研究工作奠定了基础.     

流体喷管的脉冲爆震发动机出口过膨胀优化数值研究

在脉冲爆震发动机工作过程中,爆震室压力处于强非定常状态。传统的型面不可调尾喷管与可调尾喷管都无法满足爆震室内压力的高频剧烈变化,进而导致较大的推力损失。为了提升现有脉冲爆震发动机型面不可调增推喷管性能,可以从爆震室中引出爆震燃气,通过无阀自适应控制将该二次流喷射在喷管扩张段,实时调节主流的有效扩张面积比,进而形成流体喷管。针对这种形式的流体喷管,在可爆混合物一定(当量比1.0,初始填充压力为0.1 MPa)的情况下,基于二维数值模拟,研究了不同二次流喷注条件(二次流喷注面积比、位置比)对主流流动状态及发动机推进性能的影响。计算结果表明:二次流的喷注改变了喷管有效流通面积;二次流在喷管扩张段喷注面积比越大,喷管的冲量提升率越大(相对于基准喷管冲量最大提升率为5.25%);二次流喷注位置越靠近喷管喉道处,喷管的冲量提升率越高。     

重复频率脉冲激光辐照下光学薄膜元件 温升的有限元分析

文章采用有限元ANSYS程序分析了在重复频率脉冲激光辐照下光学薄膜元件表面的温度变化。结果表明激光脉宽相同时,重复频率越高,相同辐照时间薄膜元件表面温度累积就越大;占空比一样时,脉宽越大,相同辐照时间元件温升越高。重复频率表现出来的只是温度的累积效果,脉宽的影响效果远大于重复频率引起的温度累积。     

脉冲爆轰发动机两点点火实验研究

为研究两点点火对脉冲爆轰发动机内爆轰波起爆及传播的影响,开展了脉冲爆轰发动机两点点火实验研究。实验结果表明,两点点火能有效促进脉冲爆轰发动机内爆轰的形成,能大幅提高爆轰波的峰值压力及爆轰波传播的速度。当两点点火源距离为260 mm时,两点点火时间间隔必须大于0.47 ms,爆轰发动机内才能形成促进爆轰发生的有利条件;适当增大两点点火的时间间隔能缩短缓燃转爆轰的距离,缓燃转爆轰的距离从590 mm缩短至420 mm。     

雷达信号相参脉冲串频率测量方法研究

探讨了相参脉冲中频采样条件,研究了雷达信号相参脉冲串高精度频率估计算法,进行了频率测量半实物仿真实验,针对盲采数据中相位突变的情况进行了算法修正,验证了利用相参性进行频率高精度估计的算法可实现性,为工程实现奠定了一定的技术基础。     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

新型高密度燃料性能研究

研究了新型高密度碳氢化合物HD-2与航空煤油的复配。通过对不同配比的燃料的密度、黏度、闪点、燃烧热值的测定比较,研究了复配燃料的基本性能;通过火箭一冲压组合发动机（RBCC）航空煤油点火燃烧性能实验,研究了不同HD-2添加含量的复配燃料的燃烧性能。基本性能测试实验和点火燃烧性能实验的结果表明：添加HD-2高密度碳氢化合...     

The failure of marginal detonations in expanding channels

Critical conditions for detonation failure due to tube expansion have been observed in marginal detonations propagating in a in. (6.35 × 76.2 mm) channel. In these experiments, a well established marginal detonation propagating in the narrow channel entered a test section in which one of the narrow walls was inclined to the central axis at positive angles which ranged from 10° to 45°. Experiments were performed at pressures ranging from 60 to 200 torr (8 to 26.7 kPa) in stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures diluted with 20, 50 and 70% argon. Smoke track records obtained on the surface which is the major dimension of the tube, were used to determine failure, incipient failure or self-sustenance of the entering wave.Because of the narrow tube used in the studies the incident waves were marginal in that their velocity was below the expected CJ (Chapman-Jouguet) value, their transverse wave spacing was larger than one would see in a large tube, and the transverse waves were of greater strength than in an ordinary detonation. All of these indicators of marginal behavior became progressively more pronounced as the pressure dropped from 200 torr (26.7 kPa) to the limit pressure of approximately 58 torr (7.73 kPa).The most interesting result of this experimental investigation is that the theoretical analyses predicted that simple one-dimensional opening of the tube should not show a pressure dependence to failure, while the experiments showed a definite decrease in the opening angle required for failure as initial pressure decreased. This behavior is related to the marginality of the incident waves, which is observed to increase smoothly with decreased pressure. It is postulated that detonation failure in the hydrogen-oxygen system occurs when the shock velocity at the end of the cell drops to about 0.60 of the CJ value due either to marginal behavior or to an expansion of the cross section of the tube.     

Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.     

水反应金属燃料发动机比冲性能与燃烧室长度设计理论研究

运用热力计算原理,计算并分析了两相流影响条件下水反应金属燃料发动机的比冲性能。采用经验公式,对发动机中金属颗粒燃烧时间进行了计算分析,估算了金属颗粒燃烧长度,为燃烧室长度设计提供了依据。结果表明,存在最佳水燃比,使发动机达到最优比冲性能;两相流影响下比冲损失较大,金属颗粒燃烧时间随水燃比、雷诺数增加而显著减少;通过对颗粒燃烧时间的计算,可初步设计燃烧室长度。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

真空模拟环境下液体推进剂蒸发特性的试验研究

为研究液体推进剂在真空环境下的蒸发特性,建立了真空环境模拟试验系统。对水、饱和盐水、煤油、酒精和凝胶模拟液等工质进行了蒸发特性试验。通过控制系统实时采集了真空舱的真空度和工质温度。试验中观察到了明显的闪蒸现象。由于闪蒸的存在,工质蒸发过程非常剧烈。最后分析了不同工质在真空环境下的蒸发特性,给出了部分工质的闪蒸参数。     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.