月球遥感立体测绘技术的发展

对国外月球探测测绘历程进行了调研总结，并针对立体观测、干涉雷达测量、扫描激光测绘等3种主要的测绘方案进行分析比较，继而提出适合中国月球探测目标的三维遥感测绘成像技术途径。关键词月球探测三维立体成像测绘研究     

基于MUSIC算法的雷达成像

首先分析了雷达目标的散射信号模型，分析表明该模型与二维波到达方向估计的信号模型相似。在此基础上，本文研究了基于ＭＵＳＩＣ算法的雷达成像方法。并对基于ＭＵＳＩＣ算法的雷达成像进行了计算机仿真，仿真结果表明该成像方法是有效的。     

月球测图技术发展及其关键技术分析

首先针对国外有关测绘技术和方案,对国际月球探测测绘历程进行概括总结,并针对CCD立体观测、干涉雷达测量、扫描激光测绘等3种主要的测绘方案进行分析比较,继而提出适合我国月球探测目标的三维遥感测绘成像技术途径,并对月球探测器三维遥感数据的信息成像模型进行了分析和阐述,对数据表示、处理和存储进行论述;建议“采用组合CCD相机和成像光谱仪的月球三维遥感”作为我国环月遥感立体测绘的首选方案。     

多波束三维成像激光雷达高精度收发匹配方法研究

三维成像激光雷达技术为空间地理信息获取、目标立体探测提供了新的技术途径。以多波束并行收发、单光子阵列探测为特征的新一代三维成像激光雷达可提升雷达探测灵敏度、激光成像帧频与成像效率，从而实现远距离快速激光三维成像。三维成像激光雷达的激光发散角与接收视场需角秒量级的匹配精度。随着系统波束数量的增加，几十甚至上百波束的高精度收发波束匹配是系统设计装调的难点。聚焦多波束单光子阵列三维成像激光雷达的收发匹配难题，设计了基于衍射分束激光发射与光纤阵列接收的收发光学系统，提出了一种多波束激光雷达收发波束匹配方法，并对该方法的收发匹配误差源以及温度对其影响进行了详细分析仿真。实验验证结果表明，可实现64波束优于10 μrad的匹配误差，在工作温度范围内总的收发失配优于20.78 μrad，满足本系统设计时25.5 μrad的收发匹配裕量，系统对环境温度有较好的适应性，具有良好的工程应用前景。     

基于微波光子技术的实时高分辨雷达成像

为克服传统雷达面临的带宽瓶颈,提升其分辨率,利用微波光子倍频与混频技术对宽带雷达信号进行处理,构建宽带雷达,成功实现了实时高分辨雷达成像。构建的微波光子雷达样机带宽高达12 GHz,实现逆合成孔径雷达成像的二维分辨率优于2 cm×2 cm,成像速率高达100帧/s。在该雷达架构基础上构建了多输入多输出微波光子雷达,在相同的相参累积时间内,能进一步提高雷达成像的方位向分辨率。研究结果表明:微波光子技术是突破传统雷达频率与带宽限制的有效手段,有望在未来实时高分辨雷达探测与成像中发挥重要作用。     

面向电磁特性测量的毫米波级联雷达系统设计

单芯片毫米波雷达面临着测量维度单一、分辨率低的问题,级联雷达芯片可以获取目标的多维信息,但是给信号采集、存储和处理带来了很大压力。本文设计了高速信号处理板与级联雷达芯片构成一套完整的毫米波多发多收(MIMO)成像系统。该系统为稀疏阵面,采用时分多址(TDMA)模式,使得系统兼具2个维度的高分辨率以及空间分辨能力,并且系统内部采用高速串行计算机扩展总线标准(PCI-Express),外部采用Thunderbolt3接口,均具备很高的通道传输速率,支持对目标区域进行实时成像。使用该系统可以从高分辨成像结果中提取有效的电磁特征,以更好地使用毫米波区分不同电磁特性的目标。最后,采用此系统开展点目标和复杂目标的成像试验,成像结果充分验证了该毫米波雷达可以有效测量不同类型目标的电磁特征,对不同电磁特性的目标具备一定的分辨能力及快速成像能力。     

GBR地基成像雷达的对抗技术初探

GBR地基成像雷达作为反战术和反战略弹道导弹防御系统的一个重要组成部分和新型雷达,已经研制了10多年,并会在不远的将来列装使用。“有矛必有盾”,研究该雷达的技术特色和性能参数,是形成对立面——电子对抗的任务,并具有现实意义。从研究GBR雷达的成像原理出发,得出干扰技术的基本切入点,并分析了影响成像的各种因素及初步结论。     

一种数字阵列雷达小视场快速成像方法

针对通道幅相误差和RCM(距离单元徙动)幅相误差同时出现导致数字阵列雷达近程成像效果不佳的问题,研究了一种在小视场条件下快速实现数字阵列雷达近程成像的方法。通过研究数字阵列雷达的回波信号模型,确定了DBF(数字波束合成)成像中幅相误差的来源,在此基础上,建立了数字阵列雷达小视场成像的快速DBF成像模型。理论仿真和实测数据表明:该方法在校准通道幅相误差时能有效实现RCM幅相误差的补偿,通过单次FFT(快速傅里叶变换)即可实现DBF成像。与现有小视场成像方法相比,该方法能在保证成像质量的前提下,显著提高成像效率,在系统性能评估测试等小视场应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

基于压缩传感的线阵SAR三维成像方法研究

线阵SAR是一种新型雷达三维成像技术。由于实际中线阵天线长度有限,基于匹配滤波的传统线阵SAR成像方法不仅需要大量的阵元数,而且在切航迹向的分辨率也较低。结合三维场景空间目标的稀疏特征,提出一种基于压缩传感理论的高分辨线阵SAR三维成像方法。相对于传统匹配滤波线阵SAR三维成像方法,本方法只利用少量的稀疏天线阵元回波对切航迹向的稀疏散射目标进行L1范数优化重构,大大抑制了切航迹向旁瓣影响并显著提高分辨率。最后,通过线阵SAR点目标仿真三维成像表明了本文算法的有效性。     

一种改进的空间目标高速运动补偿方法

空间目标的高速运动会使得一维距离像产生畸变,因此高速运动补偿是空间目标高分辨雷达成像的关键步骤。基于线性调频信号模型,研究了高速运动对一维距离像产生的畸变影响,并通过定义一维距离像熵函数,将黄金分割优化搜索理论引入本文,提出一种实用高效的高速运动补偿方法,并将该方法移植到雷达信号处理机上,对大量实测高分辨雷达空间目标数据进行了处理。结果表明本文方法有效地补偿了高速运动对空间目标高分辨成像的影响,使得空间目标高分辨成像质量有了较大提高;且该方法计算量不大,满足实时ISAR成像的要求。     

Between a celestial body and a spacecraft: Making the space elevator a success

The space elevator will operate in near-Earth space, under the attraction of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. It will have to avoid collisions with active satellites, with space debris and with meteoroids, not counting other minor adverse phenomena. The exceedingly long cable cannot be a passive and limp body. It must be an active part of the elevator, withstanding lunisolar and other perturbations threatening its stability. The cable must have sensors and thrusters at appropriate locations along the cable. Sensors would serve for detection of objects on a collision course and thrusters for station-keeping and for initiating evasive manoeuvres. Adaptive control must be used for that purpose. Extensive series of numerical simulations will have to be performed to ascertain that the elevator is stable and that possible oscillations do not interfere with the main function of the elevator.     

Equilibrium positions of a weight on a cable fixed to a dumbbell-shaped space station moving along a circular geocentric orbit

The motion of a space object in the gravitational field of the Earth is considered. The object consists of an extended space station and a weight, which is free to move along the cable fixed to the ends of the station. It is assumed that the station is composed of two masses coupled by a weightless rod, while the cable is weightless and non-stretched. The equations of motion of such a system are derived for the case when the motion proceeds in a single plane, while the center of mass of the system moves along a circular geocentric orbit. The conditions of the cable tension (conditions of being on tie) are derived. The phase portrait of the weight motion along the cable is constructed when the station is oriented to the attracting center or is perpendicular to this position. The possibility to leave the tie in this case is analyzed. Equilibrium configurations of the system are found, i.e., such motions of the object under consideration at which the weight does not change its position relative to the station. Lyapunov stability of such configurations is analyzed for two situations: when the station is composed of equal masses and when masses at the ends of the station are different. In particular, for the case of different masses it is established that there exist such positions of equilibrium at which the dumbbell is located at an angle to the direction to the attracting center. In some cases these positions can be stabilized (if the weight is fixed on the cable).     

拆掉阻挡思维的墙——从航天员教员到模拟航天员的跨界选择

当凭借影片《国王的演讲》获得第83届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男主角的科林·弗斯（ColinFirth），在国际顶级生物学学术期刊《Cell》的子期刊《CurrentBiology》上发表了一篇极为专业的科研论文时，全世界一片哗然，为之震惊!当电影《泰坦尼克号》导演、年届57岁的卡梅隆驾驶单人深潜器下潜至马里亚纳海沟海渊底部的时候，我们看到了一个雄心勃勃的跨界玩家。为什么时下如此多的人开始拆掉阻挡思维的墙？因为界外的世界很精彩!     

Motion of a Planet with a Complex Structure

The motion of a planet consisting of a mantle and a core (solid bodies) connected by a viscoelastic layer and interacting with each other and an external point mass by the law of gravitation is considered. The mutual motions of the core and mantle are investigated assuming that the centers of mass of the planet and external point mass moves along undisturbed Keplerian orbits around the common center of mass of the system. The planetary core and mantle have an axial symmetry and different principal moments of inertia, which leads to a displacement of the center of mantle relative to the center of core and to their mutual rotations. The results obtained on the basis of averaged equations are illustrated by the example of the Earth–Moon system.     

Navigation Solution to Maneuver a Spacecraft Relative to a Sphere Centered on a Cooperative Satellite

A differential correction algorithm is presented to deliver an impulsive maneuver to a satellite to place it within a sphere, with a user defined radius, centered around a non-maneuvering satellite within a constrained time. The differential correction algorithm develops and utilizes the State Transition Matrix along with the Equations of Motion and multiple satellite?s state information to determine the optimum trajectory to achieve the desired results. The results from the differential correction algorithm are very accurate for prograde orbits, as presented. The results allow for orbit design trade-offs, including satellites? initial inclinations, semi-major axes, as well as the ballistic coefficients. The results also provide an empirical method to determine the optimum ΔV$\mathrm{\Delta }V$ solution for the provided problem. Understanding that the minimum fuel solution lies with a semi-major axis ratio of 1, a very accurate empirical approximation is presented for semi-major axis ratio values less than and greater than 1. This work ultimately provides the generalized framework for applying the algorithm to a unique user defined maneuvering spacecraft scenario.     

Force on a coil moving above a grid structure

The force on a coil moving with a high-speed parallel to a conducting grid consisting of parallel tubes is investigated. The coil performs a rebound motion or an oscillatory heave motion when pressed toward the grid by reactive on-board engines. The coil is approximated by two parallel wires moving parallel to the grid tubes. The corresponding electrodynamic problem is two dimensional and is solved by expansions in terms of Bessel functions. Expressions are derived for the lift and drag force as well as the heat generated in the tubes in the limit of strong skin effect. The dependence on the grid spacing is analysed in the approximation of no mutual inductance between the tubes. Two specific applications are a shunt deflecting the coil, and a funnel leading to multiple reflection. Finally, the varying magnetic flux threading the coil is considered and the thermal load of the coil is estimated.     

On a distorted flame front as a hydrodynamic discontinuity

The radius of curvature of a steady distorted flame often turns out to be considerably larger than the width of the thermal structure of the flame. Thus, even under finite deformations of the flame, its structure remains quasi-one-dimensional. This property enables the propagation velocity of a distorted flame front (relative to the gas) to be determined explicitly as a function of the hydrodynamic field and the physico-chemical parameters of the gaseous mixture. With the aid of this relationship one can try to determine the shape of the front in a model which is external with respect to the flame structure and treats the flame as a density jump in an ideal incompressible fluid. As applications, we consider (1) the structure of a Bunsen cone, (2) the extinction of a flame in a divergent flow and (3) the propagation velocity of a corrugated flame.     

Peristaltic transport of a viscoelastic fluid in a channel

This paper is devoted to the study of the peristaltic transport of viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids with fractional Maxwell model in a channel. Approximate analytical solutions have been constructed using Adomian decomposition method under the assumption of long wave boundary layer type approximation and low Reynolds number. The effects of relaxation time, fractional parameters and amplitude on the pressure difference and friction force along one wavelength are received and analyzed. The study is limited to one way coupling model with forward effect of the fluid on the peristaltic wall. It is evident from the result that pressure diminishes with increase in relaxation time and the effects of both fractional parameters on pressure are opposite to each other. The influences of these parameters on friction force are opposite to that of pressure.     

On Embedding a Qualitative Representation in a Two-Dimensional Plane

Abstract

This paper discusses embedding in a two-dimensional plane a symbolic representation for spatial data using the simple objects, points (P), lines (L), circuits (C), and areas (A). We have proposed PLCA as a new framework for a qualitative spatial reasoning. In a PLCA expression, the entire figure is represented in a form in which all the objects are related. We investigate the conditions for two-dimensional realizability of a PLCA expression, and derive the relation that the numbers of objects in a PLCA expression should have. In this process, we use the well-known Euler's formula. We also give an algorithm for drawing the figure of the PLCA expression that satisfies this condition in a two-dimensional plane and prove its correctness. The algorithm generates a quantitative expression from qualitative expression.