星用热控涂层空间辐照环境等效模拟试验方法研究

文章针对地球同步轨道长寿命卫星用热控涂层,进行了轨道环境分析和空间环境因素裁剪,提出了轨道辐照效应地面模拟试验参数制定准则,设计了电子、质子、紫外辐照效应的模拟试验方案.该方案结合了国内有多年使用经验的综合环境模拟试验设备条件,具有试验周期短、环境因素考虑全面的特点.     

空间电子、质子和紫外综合辐照模拟试验研究

文章介绍了地面模拟地球同步轨道15年电子、质子和紫外环境的综合辐照模拟试验技术,为长寿命卫星热设计及热控涂层选型提供可靠依据。试验采用空间低能综合环境试验设备、太阳吸收率原位测试系统,针对卫星各种表面材料如S781白漆、SR107-ZK白漆、F46镀银和OSR二次表面镜等进行了空间低能综合辐照试验,与已有的飞行试验数据进行对比研究,结果表明：本次试验能够较准确地反映航天器在轨道上材料的退化现象。     

带电粒子在材料中的剂量深度分布计算

航天器在轨道运行期间,会受到各种带电粒子的作用,其能量沉积在表面材料中,对表面材料的性能有较大的损伤。文章介绍了剂量深度计算程序,利用SRIM及ITS软件的计算结果,计算出了带电粒子在材料中的剂量深度分布,并对空间轨道实际环境下材料中的剂量深度分布进行了计算。利用这一程序,在“东四”热控涂层试验中进行了剂量深度分布拟合,计算了多种能量电子拟合试验下荆量深度分布与空间实际环境的比较,得出了相关的试验参数。     

热控涂层GEO带电粒子辐射效应加速试验方法

文章研究热控涂层GEO带电粒子辐射效应加速试验的参数确定方法。根据轨道带电粒子辐射环境的特点,以效应等效为原则,建立了利用单一能量带电粒子产生的辐射效应模拟轨道带电粒子辐射效应时的等效注量率计算方法,称之为等效能谱模拟技术;并建立了利用高注量率来提高加速试验效率的加速因子计算方法,称之为加速试验的加速因子确定技术。利用这两项技术,研究设计了防静电Kapton二次表面镜GEO电子辐射效应模拟试验的参数。     

原子氧环境及其试验研究

原子氧对低地球轨道(LEO)卫星表面的剥蚀已为众多的飞行试验所证实,它对热控涂层、光学表面的损伤是明显的.随着LEO卫星性能的提高和工作寿命的增长,应把原子氧对材料的剥蚀试验作为LEO卫星表面用材料的筛选试验,推荐原子氧对材料的剥蚀试验条件为 1.0×1020～3.0×1020个/cm2.试验设备应配有紫外,二者协合能更好地模拟轨道上的效应.开展LEO卫星上的搭载飞行试验,确定原子氧环境对材料的影响,逐步建立起原子氧效应数据库,对加速载人航天和空间站技术的发展是必要的.     

GEO地磁亚暴多能量电子带电评估方法研究

文章着眼于提高地球同步轨道(GEO)空间地磁亚暴带电效应模拟的真实度,对多能量电子模拟空间地磁亚暴带电的方法进行分析评估。首先采用单一能量电子束的地面试验对SENSIT工程软件进行了校准;然后参考地磁亚暴环境能谱,用该软件对Kapton样品在单一电子束、双电子束、全能谱电子辐照下的充放电特性进行了计算预示。研究表明：表面充电速率受控于电流密度;在12．5keV/32．5keV电子束组合时其效应模拟的结果最有代表性;在双电子束模拟中,较高能量电子源起关键作用。     

地球内辐射带核心区环境特征分析及质子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗模拟

辐射带粒子是近地空间卫星总剂量辐射的主要来源。文章分析了内辐射带不同高度轨道的辐射环境特性;并利用Geant4程序,针对内辐射带质子环境进行不同材料的屏蔽效能计算。结果表明:虽然传统的低?高?低原子序数材料三明治屏蔽结构对电子具有较高的屏蔽效能,却并不适用于以质子环境为主的轨道;对于工作在3000 km圆轨道、5年寿命的卫星,若要将总剂量降至30 krad(Si)以下,使用PE屏蔽材料可比Al屏蔽减重28%。     

低轨航天器运行环境质子通量预测模型对比研究

辐射带粒子环境是导致航天器故障和异常的重要因素。为此,需要对辐射带粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。文章主要研究低地球轨道（LEO）环境辐射带质子分布情况。分析了目前用来计算质子通量的几种常用模型的优缺点;利用各模型计算了不同轨道的质子通量,对计算结果进行了比较;总结了进行不同高度、不同能量范围的质子通量计算时,选择不同模型的依据原则。     

AlGaN/GaN HEMT质子辐射效应研究进展

氮化镓（GaN）基异质结材料以其宽禁带、耐高温、高击穿电压以及优异的抗辐射性能成为航天领域半导体材料的研究和应用热点。而基于GaN材料的AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）因其制备过程带来的缺陷和损伤,性能将受到空间辐射的严峻挑战。文章对空间辐射环境下AlGaN/GaN HEMT的辐射机理和效应进行梳理;针对低中地球轨道以质子为主的辐射环境,对不同能量和注量的质子辐照对AlGaN/GaN HEMT的效应进行系统分析。鉴于从压电极化角度分析AlGaN/GaN HEMT的质子辐射效应存在欠缺,且不同能量和注量的质子辐照对器件的影响不同,提出后续应开展AlGaN/GaN HEMT辐射损伤机制、不同轨道辐射环境模拟以及质子辐照对AlGaN/GaN HEMT宏观特性影响研究。     

中低轨道地磁动态模拟器

文章介绍了1台能为中低轨道飞行器提供动态地磁场环境的模拟器,详细论述了模拟器的系统组成、线圈结构、电源和磁强计指标参数、控制方式和调试方法,介绍了根据WMM2000地磁场模型计算出轨道上各点的磁场值,利用数值分析的方法找出输出电流与产生磁场大小的对应表达式,从而根据计算出的磁场值和输出电流,用程控电源成功实现了中低轨道地磁场的动态模拟.     

Time profile of cosmic radiation exposure during the EXPOSE-E mission: the R3DE instrument

The aim of this paper is to present the time profile of cosmic radiation exposure obtained by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter during the EXPOSE-E mission in the European Technology Exposure Facility on the International Space Station's Columbus module. Another aim is to make the obtained results available to other EXPOSE-E teams for use in their data analysis. Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeter is a low-mass and small-dimension automatic device that measures solar radiation in four channels and cosmic ionizing radiation as well. The main results of the present study include the following: (1) three different radiation sources were detected and quantified-galactic cosmic rays (GCR), energetic protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner radiation belt, and energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (ORB); (2) the highest daily averaged absorbed dose rate of 426 μGy d(-1) came from SAA protons; (3) GCR delivered a much smaller daily absorbed dose rate of 91.1 μGy d(-1), and the ORB source delivered only 8.6 μGy d(-1). The analysis of the UV and temperature data is a subject of another article (Schuster et al., 2012 ).     

载人航天器舱内辐射环境及剂量分析

构建载人航天器模型,利用Geant4软件计算了银河宇宙射线中的质子穿过载人航天器后在水模体中的总吸收剂量以及次级粒子吸收剂量,并且统计了不同种类的次级粒子在水模体中的总数量分布。计算结果表明,次级粒子引起的辐射剂量所占比例为50%,且二次电子总数量达到了10~7量级。     

Survival of Deinococcus radiodurans against laboratory-simulated solar wind charged particles

In this experimental study, cells of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans were exposed to several different sources of radiation chosen to replicate the charged particles found in the solar wind. Naked cells or cells mixed with dust grains (basalt or sandstone) differing in elemental composition were exposed to electrons, protons, and ions to determine the probability of cell survival after irradiation. Doses necessary to reduce the viability of cell population to 10% (LD(10)) were determined under different experimental conditions. The results of this study indicate that low-energy particle radiation (2-4?keV), typically present in the slow component of the solar wind, had no effect on dehydrated cells, even if exposed at fluences only reached in more than 1000 years at Sun-Earth distance (1 AU). Higher-energy ions (200?keV) found in solar flares would inactivate 90% of exposed cells after several events in less than 1 year at 1 AU. When mixed with dust grains, LD(10) increases about 10-fold. These results show that, compared to the highly deleterious effects of UV radiation, solar wind charged particles are relatively benign, and organisms protected under grains from UV radiation would also be protected from the charged particles considered in this study.     

Assessment of the radiation environment on the Moon

In connection with projects on a manned base on the Moon, the assessment of radiation risk to staff of the base owing to galactic (GCR) and solar (SEP) cosmic radiation becomes very relevant. The paper describes the methodology for assessing the radiation environment on the lunar surface and in the depths of lunar soil taking into account the primary and secondary radiation caused by protons and nuclei of GCR and SEP. Calculated fluencies of particles are used to estimate the average annual absorbed and equivalent local doses in tissue. Contribution to the dose of secondary neutrons at depths of lunar soil exceeds the contribution of protons. Contribution to the dose of secondary particles generated by GCR nuclei should be taken into account.     

Optimization of measurements of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes

The Earth’s radiation belts discovered at the end of the 1950s have great scientific and practical interest. Their main characteristics in magnetically quiet periods are well known. However, the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts during magnetic storms and substorms, particularly the dynamics of relativistic electrons of the outer belt, when Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes undergo significant time variations, is studied insufficiently. At present, principally new experiments have been performed and planned with the intention to better study the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts and to operationally control the space-energy distributions of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes. In this paper, for spacecraft designed to measure the fluxes of electrons and protons of the Earth’s radiation belts at altitudes of 0.5–10000 km, the optimal versions for detector orientation and orbital parameters have been considered and selected.     

电子与质子综合辐照下ZnO白漆的光学性能 退化研究

为研究电子与质子综合辐照中电子与质子间的协合效应,在模拟的空间环境下对S781白漆分别进行了10 keV电子辐照、70 keV质子辐照、和10 keV电子与70 keV质子综合辐照试验。研究了辐照后S781白漆光谱反射系数和太阳吸收比的变化,计算了综合辐照效应的相加性系数。结果表明,10 keV电子与70 keV质子在S781白漆中的平均投影射程相近,辐照损伤机理相似,综合辐照存在协合效应,协合效应减弱光学性能退化。     

On the problem of lunar radiation environment

In connection with projects of manned bases on the Moon it becomes topical to estimate radiation danger for their inhabitants. In this paper we describe a method of evaluation of the radiation environment on the lunar surface produced by galactic and solar cosmic rays. The roles of both primary and secondary radiations generated in the depth of the lunar soil under the action of high-energy protons and nuclei are taken into account. Calculated fluxes of particles are used in order to estimate annual averaged absorbed and equivalent local dose rates in tissues. It is established that in the lunar rock the contribution of secondary neutrons to the dose rate exceeds that of protons. The contribution of the secondary particles generated by nuclei of galactic cosmic rays to the dose rate is estimated.     

Energy measurements of electrons and protons in cosmic ray physics using satellite and balloon calorimeters in recent two decades

Calorimeters are used in cosmic ray studies for a variety of purposes, such as measurements of particle energy, separation of electrons and hadrons, formation of triggers (signals for activation of instruments), and so on. In this review we consider the methods of energy reconstruct of protons and electrons (for particles with energies exceeding 10 GeV) in calorimeters of various types that are used in astrophysical experiments of cosmic ray studies carried out with balloons and satellites.     

Detection and Prediction of Absorbed Radiation Doses from Solar Proton Fluxes onboard Orbital Stations

We consider cases of simultaneous detection of the absorbed doses produced by proton fluxes of powerful solar events onboard the Mir and ISS orbital stations and the Ekspress A3 geosynchronous satellite. Experimental data are analyzed using a software package that takes into account the energy spectra of protons at the Earth's orbit depending on the time of event evolution, as well as their penetration to near-earth orbits and through the protective shields of spacecraft. Based on a comparison of the experimental data of dosimeters with the calculation of absorbed doses under the action of solar proton events, we developed a method of estimating the effective thickness of the shielding of dosimeters and made some estimates. A possibility is considered for predicting the radiation hazard onboard orbital stations upon the appearance of solar proton events using dosimeter data from a geosynchronous orbit.