Multilevel Tests and Measurement Evaluation Methods for the Application of Composite Materials in Spacecraft Structures

With the implementation of new-generation launch vehicles, space stations, lunar and deep space exploration, etc., the development of spacecraft structures will face new challenges. In order to reduce the spacecraft weight and increase the payload, composite material structures will be widely used. It is difficult to evaluate the strength and life of composite materials due to their complex mechanism and various phenomena in damage and failure. Meanwhile, the structures of composite materials used in spacecrafts will bear complex loads, including the coupling loads of tension, pressure, bending, shear, and torsion. Static loads, thermal loads, and vibration loads may occur at the same time, which asks for verification requirements to ensure the structure safety. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a systematic multi-level experimental study. In this paper, the building block approach (BBA) is used to investigate the multilevel composite material structures for spacecrafts. The advanced measurement technology is adopted based on digital image correlation (DIC) and piezoelectric and optical fiber sensors to measure the composite material structure deformation. The virtual experiment technology is applied to provide sufficient and reliable data for the evaluation of the composite material structures of spacecrafts.     

Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite Program Proceeds Well

The development of the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite Program is proceeding well,according to China Spacesat Co.,Ltd under China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation who is in charge of the development of the satellite.The interface validation of the prototype phase has been completed and the satellite is expected to enter into flight model phase next year.     

Analysis on the Bonding Failure Mechanism of High Modulus Carbon Fiber Composites

In order to explore the bonding failure mechanism of high modulus carbon fiber composite materials， the tensile experiment and finite element numerical simulation for single-lap and bevel-lap joints of unidirectional laminates are carried out， and the stress distributions， the failure modes， and the damage contours are analyzed. The analysis shows that the main reason for the failure of the single-lap joint is that the stress concentration of the ply adjacent to the adhesive layer is serious owing to the modulus difference， and the stress cannot be effectively transmitted along the thickness direction of the laminate. When the tensile stress of the ply exceeds its ultimate strength in the loading process， the surface fiber will fail. Compared with the single-lap joint， the bevel-lap joint optimizes the stress transfer path along the thickness direction， allows each layer of the laminate to share the load， avoids the stress concentration of the surface layer， and improves the bearing capacity of the bevel-lap joint. The improved bearing capacity of the bevel-lap joint is twice as much as that of the single-lap joint. The research in this paper provides a new idea for the subsequent study of mechanical properties of adhesively bonded composite materials.     

Fabrication and Investigation on Double-Hollow Shell CoFe Oxide@TiO2 Nanocube with Superior Electromagnetic Properties

Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are urgently required in the fields of medicine, communication, and military. However, the thickness, weight, narrow effective bandwidth, and weak absorbing ability of the materials restrict their further application. In this work, a double-layer hollow nanocube with a dielectric titanium dioxide (TiO2) shell and a magnetic CoFe oxide inner shell is prepared. Prussian blue (PB) is prepared by the hydrothermal method, and used as the template to prepare PB@CoFe PB analogue (PBA). After selective etching and further calcination, hollow CoFe oxide particles are obtained. The obtained particles are then coated with SiO2 and TiO2, respectively, and the intermediate layer is dislodged to obtain the final CoFe oxide@TiO2 with the hollow double shell structure. The obtained double-layer hollow structure can effectively capture the incident electromagnetic waves, and increase the propagation path. Moreover, the obvious enhancement of interface polarization and the improvement of impedance matching enhance the wave absorbing ability of the material. The analysis results show that, the structure is stable and the dispersion is good. The maximum reflection loss (RL) at 10 GHz is as high as -46.1 dB with the sample thickness of 1.6 mm. The light-weight and high-efficiency CoFe oxide@TiO2 absorber is promised to be used in commercial and military aerospace fields.     

Therm odynamic Test at QIAN Xuesen Lab Succeeded

<正>Recently,the thermodynamic characteristics ground theory test on the aerostat conducted at the QIAN Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology achieved success.The test aims at studying the characteristics of thermodynamics and buoyancy change of the aerostat under diferent outer-heat conditions.Initialy it was verified the theoretical model and the availability of application for infrared baloons in deep space exploration and near space,laying foundation for a design based on innovative ideas and theoretical studies.(WU Yao)     

基于声波理论的氧输送系统低频脉动特性数值研究（英文）

Aiming at the low-frequency pressure fluctuation phenomena in certain liquid oxygen delivery systems during dual engine operation, a numerical study on the intrinsic frequency of the liquid oxygen delivery system was conducted by adopting an acoustic unit in Abaqus. Factors such as condensation characteristics of the oxygen-enriched gas gas in the liquid oxygen's pipeline between pumps, flexibility of the accumulator, and cavitation flexibility of the engine were considered in the simulation models. The simulation results show that the second order frequency of the liquid oxygen delivery system is 8.77 Hz, and the phase difference of the corresponding acoustic modal is 180°, which is the liquid circuit frequency of the small loop between the two branches of the tee. This is consistent with the low-frequency fluctuation phenomenon during flight. Moreover, the simulation results were consistent with the liquid circuit frequency solved via the transfer matrix, which also verified the effectiveness of the frequency analysis method based on acoustic theory.     

Thermal Polymerization of Cyanate Ester-Benzoxazine：Study of a Functional Model Compound

A novel benzoxazine (BOZ) monomer is synthesized by a pot method with solvent-free to blend with cyanate ester (CE). A soluble intermediate is obtained after being cured for 20 h at 80 ℃. The two model compound and the blends are analyzed with the infrared radiation (IR)， nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy， and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that an intermediate of the iminocarbonate and BOZ structures is formed by the ring-open BOZ reacting with the cyanate groups and ring-unopened BOZ. Moreover， rearrangement and ring-opening occur in the postcure of the intermediate to form the alkyl isocyanurate structure with polybenzoxazine.     

Microstructure and Hot Deformation Behavior of Mg-9Al-3Si-0.375Sr-0.78Y Alloy

Using Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator， the high temperature plastic deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of Mg-9Al-3Si-0.375Sr-0.78Y alloy are investigated at the temperature of 523 K?673 K and the strain rate of 10-3 s-1?10 s-1. True strain-true stress curves show the characteristics of the typical dynamically recrystallization process. The Arrhenius constitutive equation of the hyperbolic model is established. The average activation energy and the strain rate sensitivity index are， respectively， 221.578 kJ.mol-1 and 0.137. The result shows that the α-Mg phase exhibits dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics obviously. But no DRX occurs in theβ-Mg17Al12 phase. Hot deformation does not affect the primary Mg2Si phase. Under the conditions of low temperature (523 K?673 K) and high strain rate (1 s-1?10 s-1)， the flow instability and macro-defects such as crack appear in the specimens. However， there are finer recrystallization grains. Under the conditions of high temperature (≥673 K) or low strain rate， the microstructure of the alloy shows good homogeneity. The size of the primary Mg2Si phase is uniform， the size of the β-Mg17Al12 phase is small， and the distribution of the β-Mg17Al12 phase is uniform.     

The Description of the Open Model in College English Teaching

In order to solve the current problems in the college English teaching and meet the demands of the ＂College English Curriculum Requirements＂, the Open Model in College English teaching is proposed in the thesis. The thesis describes the model from the five components,     

Chang'e 5 Undergoing Thermal Test

<正>Chang’e 5 probe has entered its critical phase of AIT.Units,except the lander,are undergoing thermal test.The flight model of Chang’e 5 is composed of an orbiter,a return capsule,a lander and an ascent unit.The thermal tests on the ascent unit,the lander-as-     

GEO卫星整星分子污染初步预估

污染的长期累积效应是影响GEO卫星长寿命的重要因素。文章对GEO卫星整星非金属材料出气造成的分子污染进行了预估。根据扩散理论建立保守出气速率模型,基于自由分子流理论采用角系数方法计算污染分子视线传输,考虑了光化学沉积效应,对RTV胶、白漆出气造成的OSR片、太阳电池板、天线性能退化进行了估计,发现RTV胶的污染效应较为严重,白漆的污染影响可忽略不计。该结果可作为制定污染控制要求时的参考上限值。     

星用材料出气加速规律扩散模型

基于扩散理论分析获得了星用材料在一定温度范围内出气加速过程遵循的规律，给出了加速系数与扩散系数，加速系数与出气过程等当时间及与温度之间的函数关系，并经实验测试证明，理论分析结果克能良好反映材料出气加速过程所遵循的规律。     

超高真空环境下测试产品的放气分析

本文介绍了材料放气的理论和模型,同时运用费克定理推导出圆柱型测试产品的理论放气率,并介绍了测量放气率的两种常用方法:定容法和小孔流导法。文中指出了运用小孔流导法存在的三个问题,并通过双规流导（TGT）法解决了此类问题。     

紫外辐照影响硅橡胶出气污染模型及效应研究

基于有机材料出气污染过程分析，并结合辐射化学有关理论，建立材料在紫外辐照后的分子污染模型；在ASTM E1559标准测试方法的基础上，以硅橡胶材料为污染源开展试验，测试其经过不同紫外辐照时间后的出气污染沉积量，并对辐照后材料表面的微观特性进行测试分析。根据沉积量测试结果对模型待定参数进行拟合，并结合微观测试结果，分析得到紫外辐照导致硅橡胶分子链中Si-O键以及Si-C键断裂，且部分小分子物质提前挥发，从而使得出气成分中小分子污染物含量下降，大分子污染物含量上升，并最终导致总污染量在前期有所下降，在后期显著增加。     

空间材料放气污染特性研究技术

文章阐述了空间材料放气污染对航天器的影响,并介绍了建立的放气污染特性研究装置和E595材料筛选标准装置,它可用于多种放气污染特性的研究,文章还给出了应用实例.     

载人航天器密封舱非金属材料低压脱出有害气体试验研究

载人航天器舱内使用的大量非金属材料在密封环境条件下会缓慢脱出有害气体。文章通过选取舱内典型的非金属材料,进行了材料在低压环境下脱出有害气体的试验,获得了低压环境对材料脱气速度和质量分数的影响,研究结果可为航天器舱内环境控制提供参考。     

真空热试验中材料放气的放气量及其导热问题

材料放气是真空热试验中常见的现象,文章分析了材料放气的过程和机理,给出了计算放气量的两种方法.对于平缓的材料出气过程,从气体扩散的角度,利用费克第二定律求解得到了平板材料模型的气体浓度分布,并由此计算出放气量;对于短时间内的剧烈放气过程,是根据放气后的抽气试验数据拟合出抽气曲线,以此反算放气量的大小.文章最后还分析了由于放气而引起的低压气体导热过程,为真空热试验中的相关问题提供了理论分析依据.     

星用非金属材料出气物成分及污染光学测试分析

文章利用新研制的分子污染出气物成分检测分析设备,对空间辐射致冷器用的几种星用非金属材料的出气污染物进行测试,分析鉴定材料出气物的成分,确定材料在真空烘烤过程中观察到的各种物质源。利用试验获得的材料出气污染物对光学参数的影响数据,并结合光学效应试验研究结果,进一步得到材料出气引起透镜光学参数变化的结果,为型号设计师提供直接的污染控制依据。     

热真空试验中分子污染敏感单机的失效机理及对策

卫星大量应用的电缆塑料绝缘层、粘结剂、导热硅脂等非金属材料,在热真空试验过程中逐渐出气并产生分子污染物,可能会造成敏感单机失效的问题。文章对失效机理进行了理论分析,根据总离子流色谱图确定了分子污染物的成分,由此提出利用真空烘烤试验加速星内非金属材料的出气,同时通过真空静置提高星内真空度的方法,以解决微波开关等分子污染敏感单机在热真空试验中可能发生的失效问题。试验结果表明,失效机理分析准确,提出的措施有效。文章提出的防护对策,已在卫星研制过程中得到推广应用。     

星载大功率固放组件中常用基板材料的 出气及其微波特性研究

随着星载大功率固放组件复杂度和输出功率的不断提高，因其内部材料出气而导致产品性能异常的情况时有发生。以大功率固放组件常用介质基板材料出气产生的水汽、氢气和氧气作为研究对象，研究了高功率微波信号作用下基板材料出气气体对大功率固放组件微波特性的影响；对出气的气体成分进行了定量测试试验验证，随后通过真空烘烤对基板进行除气处理；首次结合产品应用和环境试验进行了补充试验，通过增加长期和高温储存试验来模拟实际工况；试验结果表明除气措施可有效降低基板材料出气气体的含量，降幅超过79.1%；最后选取一组试验后的测试试验数据对基板除气的有效性进行了仿真验证，为星载大功率固放组件的进一步优化奠定了基础。