小推力轨道保持方法

对小推力轨道保持方法进行了研究。用快、慢变量控制器分别控制轨道要素的快慢变量,基于推导的经典轨道要素与2个推力方向角和最佳变轨位置的关系,给出了最优推力方向角的解析表达式。用Lyapunov反馈控制实现卫星轨道机动的轨道转移,并引入相位调整,实现了卫星的站位保持。仿真结果表明:基于Lyapunov的反馈控制可实现小推力轨道的转移和保持。     

一种小推力航天器变轨优化方法

针对连续小推力航天器在轨道转移及制导控制过程中,传统方法需优化大量参数,且无法保证得到近优解的问题,提出一种新的轨道转移和规划算法。该算法将电推进式小推力卫星模型的变轨过程转化为最优控制中两点边值问题,引入混合遗传算法,实现了小推力航天器由低轨向高轨的飞行轨道规划及优化,并在开源的科学工程计算软件SCILAB6.0.1上进行实验,将各算法封装成算法模块。实验结果表明,所提方法对小推力航天器变轨飞行轨道的规划具有良好的优化效果。     

探测器月地转移入射变轨策略优化设计

在探测器月球采样返回任务中,从环绕月球的轨道返回地球的转移入射考虑采用一次变轨或两次变轨的方案。其中,月地转移入射一次变轨方案要求采用大推力变轨发动机,难以实现高精度轨道控制。为此,文章提出将月地转移入射一次变轨机动改为分两次执行,两次间隔大约1天的优化策略。首先讨论了月地转移入射一次变轨的基本设计方法,然后给出了月地转移入射两次变轨方案的优化设计算法流程,并采用数值算例进行了说明。此外,还对月地转移入射三脉冲变轨方案和低能月地转移轨道展开了讨论,并在多方案比较分析的基础上,推荐了月球采样返回任务采用的月地转移入射变轨策略。     

地球-火星的燃料最省小推力转移轨道的设计与优化

小推力转移轨道的设计与优化一直是深空探测轨道设计方面的难点。针对这些问题，提出了一种基于等高线图的初始发射机会搜索方法，该方法通过绘制探测器一火星距离的等高线图寻找满足任务约束的小推力转移轨道发射机会；同时，本文还给出了一种小推力轨道的直接优化算法，该算法通过将连续的控制变量参数化，把轨道优化问题转化为参数优化问题，然后基于所提搜索方法，采用逐次二次规划方法进行求解。数值计算验证了该发射机会初值猜测方法和优化算法的有效性。     

基于脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化研究

针对小推力转移轨道优化过程往往忽略初值多样性的现状,研究了基于不同脉冲初值的小推力转移轨道优化问题。基于直接法的离散思想建立了小推力转移轨道优化模型,提出了基于粒子群和序列二次规划的组合优化算法,以地球1∶1共振近地小行星2016HO3交会任务为例,将3种典型的脉冲轨道作为初值设计了燃料最优小推力转移轨道。仿真结果表明:3种初值轨道优化得到了2个小推力转移发射窗口,两者燃料消耗差距不超过6%。不同的初值对小推力轨道的整体性能指标影响较小,但开关机时刻和推力方向的变化会产生较大差异,从而得到不同的最优控制曲线。     

微小卫星的气动力辅助变轨优化设计

采用伪谱法对微小卫星气动力辅助变轨问题进行研究,在考虑热流限制、控制约束的条件下进行优化设计,得到微小卫星气动力辅助变轨的最优控制解。在此基础上,通过改变转移轨道的近地点高度,得到卫星的另一组飞行轨迹。比较这2组飞行轨迹,分析了转移轨道近地点高度对气动力辅助变轨的影响:近地点高度越高,依靠气动力辅助所能改变的轨道倾角越小,但是可以减小飞行过程中的最大过载、最大动压和最大驻点热流,因此在微小卫星的总体设计中应该综合考虑任务需求来确定转移轨道近地点的高度。     

形成三星星座的小推力变轨的时间最短控制

在研究和发展星座技术中，星座的发射是一项关键技术。本文针对形成三星星座，利用最优控制中的极小值原理，解算了用恒值、连接工作、牛顿级小推力变轨的时间最短控制问题。文中建立了最优小推力变轨的数学模型，求得了最优变轨的解析解，并通过牛顿下山法求解了三星星座变轨的小推力工作最优时间、最优方向和最优变轨轨迹。最后对星座变轨小推力最优控制工程实现的途径进行了探讨。为工程应用和研究提供参考。     

基于形状的行星际小推力转移轨道初始设计方法

初始设计问题是行星际小推力转移轨道设计中的难点。本文在对逆多项式逼近方法进行改进基础上,提出一种星际小推力转移轨道初始设计方法。首先,通过分析逆多项式逼近轨道的动力学特性,推导了关键系数的可行取值范围;然后,基于改进的逆多项式逼近理论,通过对加速度约束进行处理,建立了一种简单有效的星际小推力轨道设计模型;最后,为高效可靠的获得最优设计参数,采用微分进化算法对轨道设计模型进行了寻优计算。该方法不仅避免了传统逆多项式逼近遗漏可行轨道的缺陷,并且设计参数少,能够为精确设计提供一组可靠的初始设计参数。仿真计算验证了该方法的有效性。     

静止卫星小推力多圈转移轨道间接优化

本文研究了电推进平台地球静止(GEO)卫星转移轨道优化问题。在动力学模型中考虑了地球J2项摄动,基于庞特里压金极大值原理(PMP)推导了时间最优变轨控制律及其一阶必要性边界条件,采用推力幅值延拓技术和牛顿下山法对最优控制两点边值问题求解。仿真算例表明本文方法的有效性,相对已有结果性能指标可以提升5%左右。分析了静止卫星小推力多圈时间最优转移轨道要素变化特性,可供工程实际参考。     

基于改进伪谱反馈控制的远程变轨闭环制导

利用最优反馈控制和轨迹快速重构技术,设计一种有限推力空间远程变轨自适应闭环制导方法。首先给出了最优反馈控制的求解原理和必要条件。将空间变轨动力学模型特点和伪谱法相结合,设计基于状态量缩减的计算效率改进策略以提高轨迹优化的实时性。基于改进伪谱法进行逐次轨迹快速重构,利用开环最优解形成闭环反馈,从而保证制导指令的实时更新,并通过引入控制逻辑改进制导算法。远程交会仿真表明,该闭环制导方法在保证任务指标具有一定最优性的同时,可以有效抑制多种参数不确定性和外界干扰的影响,具有较高的制导精度、自适应性和鲁棒性。     

结合行星借力飞行技术的小推力转移轨道初始设计

针对结合行星借力和小推力技术的行星际转移轨道设计问题,提出一种基于形状逼近策略的初始设计方法。采用改进的逆六次多项式策略计算小推力弧段,通过引入B平面参数和推进器开关点时间系数实现行星借力和推滑混合轨道的拼接,将初始设计问题转化为求解混合整数非线性规划问题。为降低规划模型求解难度,通过参数变换对模型进行简化处理,并采用具有全局大范围搜索能力的改进微分进化算法求解最优设计参数。数值结果表明：相比正弦指数曲线设计方法,本文方法可以有效对交会型转移轨道进行设计,并且可以提供更少燃料消耗的探测机会。
     

A low-thrust transfer between the Earth–Moon and Sun–Earth systems based on invariant manifolds

A low-energy, low-thrust transfer between two halo orbits associated with two coupled three-body systems is studied in this paper. The transfer is composed of a ballistic departure, a ballistic insertion and a powered phase using low-thrust propulsion to connect these two trajectories. The ballistic departure and insertion are computed by constructing the unstable and stable invariant manifolds of the corresponding halo orbits, and a complete low-energy transfer based on the patched invariant manifolds is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the criterion of smallest velocity discontinuity and limited position discontinuity (less than 1 km). Then, the result is expropriated as the boundary conditions for the subsequent low-thrust trajectory design. The fuel-optimal problem is formulated using the calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in a complete four-body dynamical environment. Then, a typical bang–bang control is derived and solved using the indirect method combined with a homotopic technique. The contributions of the present work mainly consist of two points. Firstly, the global search method proposed in this paper is simply handled using the PSO algorithm, a number of feasible solutions in a fairly wide range can be delivered without a priori or perfect knowledge of the transfers. Secondly, the indirect optimization method is used in the low-thrust trajectory design and the derivations of the first-order necessary conditions are simplified with a modified controlled, restricted four-body model.     

Fuel optimum low-thrust elliptic transfer using numerical averaging

Low-thrust electric propulsion is increasingly being used for spacecraft missions primarily due to its high propellant efficiency. As a result, a simple and fast method for low-thrust trajectory optimization is of great value for preliminary mission planning. However, few low-thrust trajectory tools are appropriate for preliminary mission design studies. The method presented in this paper provides quick and accurate solutions for a wide range of transfers by using numerical orbital averaging to improve solution convergence and include orbital perturbations. Thus, preliminary trajectories can be obtained for transfers which involve many revolutions about the primary body. This method considers minimum fuel transfers using first-order averaging to obtain the fuel optimum rates of change of the equinoctial orbital elements in terms of each other and the Lagrange multipliers. Constraints on thrust and power, as well as minimum periapsis, are implemented and the equations are averaged numerically using a Gausian quadrature. The use of numerical averaging allows for more complex orbital perturbations to be added in the future without great difficulty. The effects of zonal gravity harmonics, solar radiation pressure, and thrust limitations due to shadowing are included in this study. The solution to a transfer which minimizes the square of the thrust magnitude is used as a preliminary guess for the minimum fuel problem, thus allowing for faster convergence to a wider range of problems. Results from this model are shown to provide a reduction in propellant mass required over previous minimum fuel solutions.     

Venus transfer design by combining invariant manifolds and low-thrust arcs

The design of interplanetary trajectories based on patched circular restricted three body models is gradually becoming a valuable alternative to the classical patched conic approach. The main advantage offered by such a model is the possibility to exploit the manifold dynamics to move naturally far from or toward a body. Generally, propulsive maneuvers are required to match these structures. Low-thrust arcs offer the possibility to have a significant propellant mass reduction when moving from manifold to manifold. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to design low-thrust trajectories between two planetary orbits connecting the manifolds of two circular three body systems. The approach is based on a grid search on the main parameters governing the solution to identify those trajectories moving within the manifold images on given Poincarè sections. The value of the Jacoby constant of the target libration point periodic orbit is chosen as stop condition for the thrusting phases. Ballistic arcs follow up to the proper Poincarè section intersection. A grid search for an Earth to Venus transfer is presented as test case.     

一种航天器空间机动轨道的改进形状设计方法

针对带推力约束的航天器三维空间机动轨道初始设计问题,提出了一种基于傅立叶级数展开的改进形状设计方法。首先,在柱坐标系下建立了航天器运动模型,并将基于傅立叶级数展开的形状方法推广到三维空间的机动轨道初始设计;然后,基于所得到的空间初始机动轨道,采用直接配点法进行了完整三维空间机动轨道的优化设计。仿真结果表明,提出的方法可以为带有任务约束的航天器三维空间机动轨道的优化设计提供更优的初始参数及其解析解,为空间机动轨道设计提供了新的方法。     

Trajectories for missions of low-thrust spacecraft aimed at delivery of soil samples from main belt asteroids and Phobos

Trajectories of spacecraft with electro-jet low-thrust engines are studied for missions planning to deliver samples of matter from small bodies of the Solar System: asteroids Vesta and Fortuna, and Martian moon Phobos. Flight trajectories are analyzed for the mission to Phobos, the limits of optimization of payload spacecraft mass delivered to it are determined, and an estimate is given to losses in the payload mass when a low-thrust engine with constant outflow velocity is used. The model of an engine with ideally regulated low thrust is demonstrated to be convenient for calculations and analysis of flight trajectories of a low-thrust spacecraft.     

载人登月绕月自由返回轨道与窗口精确快速设计

针对载人登月任务背景及工程约束,提出一种轨道与窗口一体化设计方法。通过两次坐标转化,将自由返回轨道设计参数解耦为近月点独立变量。在双二体假设下,通过4段二体轨道拼接完成自由返回轨道初值快速搜索及匹配近地停泊轨道(LEO)面的月窗口,其结果作为下一步采用序列二次规划（SQP）迭代求解高精度动力学模型轨道参数的初值,在该条精确轨道近月点时刻90 min邻域内产生可以匹配LEO地月转移入轨相位的零窗口轨道。算例表明,该流程能够精确快速地完成具有复杂任务背景及苛刻工程要求的载人登月绕月自由返回轨道与窗口设计问题。