倾斜轨道卫星组合式散热面优化设计方法

提出一种基于传统被动热控设计思路的组合式散热面优化设计方法,通过优化散热面布局和合理利用空间外热流,实现热控系统热量合理分配,优化热控系统研制流程。以某卫星的优化设计实践为例,基于该方法建立的简化模型可以快速地确定散热面的布局和比例,并减小热控系统质量,表明该设计方法合理、可行。     

空间核电源热管式辐射散热器热分析与参数优化

针对空间热管辐射散热器的特殊工况对散热器进行热分析建模，通过分析其传热原理，建立出热阻模型，并通过和实际设计进行对比，验证模型和计算方法的可行性。选取翅根温度、翅片长度和翅片厚度等参量作为约束条件，分别对热管式空间辐射散热器的翅片散热效率和系统质量特性进行优化分析，获得最优设计参数。     

辐射器展开角度对航天器热控能力影响的研究

为了在有限的结构尺寸下提高航天器热控系统的散热能力，提出与流体回路耦合的可展开式辐射器热控方案，建立可展开式辐射器空间散热模型，分析辐射器不同展开角度下系统的热控特性。结果表明，随着辐射器展开角度的变化，辐射器吸收的空间热流也随之发生变化，并最终决定热控回路的流量分配。在工程应用中，基于热控流体回路，通过调节可展开式辐射器的展开角度，可以有效提高航天器热控系统的能力范围。     

载人航天器的可重构式控温回路系统设计

文章提出了载人航天器的可重构式控温回路系统,它由独立的中低温内外回路系统组成,可改善低温内回路由于控温点温度较低而对辐射器散热能力带来的影响,还可在某个外回路辐射器故障时进行系统重构,维持回路功能。建立了控温回路系统非稳态仿真分析模型,对正常工作模式下和某外回路故障工作模式下各舱回路控温点温度、设备温度、流量分配和载人航天器热负荷水平进行了分析。结果表明,双外回路系统比单外回路系统散热能力高27%。当双外回路中某回路故障时,通过系统重构,外回路系统可维持1850W散热能力,能保障载人航天器平台安全,表明可重构式控温回路系统能提高系统可靠性。     

太空辐射器传热优化设计及分析

为优化太空辐射器的设计,基于(火积)理论对太空辐射器的散热过程进行优化分析,分析结果表明辐射温度均匀性越好,太空辐射器辐射传热过程(火积)耗散越小,辐射器平均温度越低。以提高温度均匀性为目标设计了四种辐射器方案,并对不同方案进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明采用热管与流体管路组成传热网络后,辐射器温度均匀性最好,对外散热能力增强,流体回路热控系统整体温度下降,辐射器整体传热性能最优。     

可展开式辐射器热控对航天器轨道调整的适应性分析

为提高航天器热控系统对轨道调整的适应能力，本文研究了与流体回路耦合的可展开式辐射器热控方案在不同轨道高度下的热控性能，分析了不同轨道高度时辐射器面临的热环境的影响，在不同轨道高度下比较了固定辐射器与可展开辐射器的热控特性。结果表明，随着辐射器展开角度的变化，辐射器吸收的空间热流随之发生变化，从而对热控系统的散热能力带来直接影响，调节辐射器的角度可以扩大其对外散热能力。在工程应用中，基于热控流体回路，通过调节可展开式辐射器的展开角度，可以有效提高航天器的轨道热适应能力。     

Design and integration of small RTPV generators with new millennium spacecraft for outer solar system

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s recently inaugurated New Millennium program, with its emphasis on miniaturized spacecraft, has generated interest in a low-power (10–30 W), low-mass, high-efficiency RTPV (Radioisotope Thermophotovoltaic) power system. This led to a Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored design study of such a system, which was assigned to OSC (formerly Fairchild) personnel, who have been conducting similar studies of a 75 W RTPV system for the Pluto Express Mission, with very encouraging results. The 75 W design employed two 250 W general purpose heat source (GPHS) modules that DOE had previously developed and safety-qualified for various space missions. These modules were too large for the small RTPVs described in this paper. To minimize the need for new development and safety verification studies, OSC generated derivative designs for 125 W and 62.5 W heat source modules containing identical fuel pellets, clads, impact shell and thermal insulation. OSC also generated a novel heat source support scheme to reduce the heat losses through the structural supports, and a new and much simpler radiator structure, eliminating the need for honeycombs and heat pipes.OSCs previous RTPV study had been based on the use of GaSb PV cells and spectrally selective IR filters that had been partially developed and characterized by Boeing (now EDTEK) personnel. They had supplied us with spectral data on filter reflectivities and cell quantum efficiencies. Two sets of data were furnished: one based on actual measurements made in 1993, and a more optimistic set based on projected performance improvements. Even the measured data set yielded significantly better system performance than present thermoelectric systems, but the projected data yielded much better system performance. Because of these encouraging results, OSC in the fall of 1994 initiated an experimental program at EDTEK to develop improved filters and cells, to demonstrate how much improvement can actually be achieved. OSC requested that first priority be given to filter improvements, because our system studies indicated that improved filters would have a much greater effect on system performance than cell improvements. By July 1995 EDTEK had achieved about 90% of the filter performance improvement projected in 1993. Work on further filter and cell improvements is continuing at EDTEK, as part of a joint effort with OSC and with DOE’s Mound Laboratory to develop and test a prototypic RTPV generator, with both an electrical heater and a radioisotope heat source.The improved filter performance data have been applied to the design of low-power (10–30 W) RTPV power systems, for possible application to new millennium spacecraft for missions to the outer solar system, where solar power generation is impractical. The results reported in this paper indicate that such systems can yield very attractive performance with the RTPV generator integrated with the miniaturized new millennium spacecraft.     

强化排热的空间热泵系统分析

针对航天器潜在的各种类型热泵系统进行定性分析研究。综合分析表明,Rankine热泵系统综合性能最佳,效率高(理论上仅次于Stirling热泵系统),传热系数大,比重量小,地面上有长期运行的经验,其缺点是含有运动部件;Stirling热泵理论热效率虽高,但其传热系数小,比重量大,运动部件多;喷射式热泵和吸附式热泵系统最显著的优点是无运动部件,可靠性高,易于集成封装,而且还可以回收利用高温废热,不消耗系统电能,缺点是性能系数低,比重量大,设备十分庞大;对于其他类型热泵系统,其问题更多。     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

空间辐射散热器含液滴介质的辐射特性和辐射传热

本文从米氏电磁散射理论出发，计算了含液滴介质的辐射特性。考察了中向同性散射能量传递份额的再分配，导出了吸收、发射、各几同性散射介质的辐射传递系数。计算了空间辐射散热器液滴层瞬态辐射换热，经与文献［４，５］的比较表明，本文所导出的辐射传递系数计算方法正确，精度高。用计算机辅助实验，分析液滴发生器产生粒子的大小、粒径分布对瞬态辐射换热的影响，可减少空间辐射散热器设计过程中的实验次数。     

六面体小微卫星散热面最优化设计

以散热面吸收外热流最小为目标函数,建立了基于六面体卫星的散热面最优化设计模型,并以某倾斜轨道六面体小微卫星为例、针对不同卫星热耗分别得出了最优化的散热面布局。计算结果表明:采用文章所述的最优化设计方法得到的散热面布局,可以有效降低由于卫星吸收外热流变化造成的整星温度的波动,可以为六面体卫星散热面的优化设计提供理论支持;进一步分析表明,不同热耗水平的卫星对应不同的最优化散热面布局。     

航天器热控系统中的热泵-蓄冷组合方案

提出了旨在降低热控系统质量的热泵-蓄冷组合热控方案。通过对负荷进行预测，对热泵蓄冷系统的集成模式，系统的运行策略，以及蓄冷设备的容量等问题进行了分析。结果表明：通过合理优化系统的运行参数，热泵蓄冷组合方案能实现热控系统的轻量化设计要求，在未来航天热管理系统中具有相当的应用潜力。     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

与流体回路耦合的空间辐射器流动/传热分析

流体回路作为一种主动热控技术,在载人航天器及空间站上发挥着重要的作用。作为航天器的对外散热界面,辐射器与流体回路之间往往存在直接热耦合关系。在进行简单理论分析的基础上,针对载人飞船的圆筒形辐射器,实现了流体回路与辐射器流动/传热及外热流计算的集成分析,反映了典型工况条件下辐射器的温度水平及外热流对流体回路流量分配和控温过程的影响。     

Heat storage and electricity generation in the Moon during the lunar night

One of the biggest challenges of the exploration of the Moon is the survival of the crew and the lunar assets during the lunar night. The environmental conditions on the lunar surface and its cycle, with long periods of darkness, make any long mission in need of specific amounts of heat and electricity to be successful. We have analyzed two different systems to produce heat and electricity on the Moon's surface. The first system consists of Thermal Wadis, sources of thermal power that can be used to supply heat to protect the exploration systems from the extreme cold during periods of darkness. Previous results showed that Wadis can supply enough heat to keep lunar devices such as rovers above their minimum operating temperature (approximately 243 K). The second system studied here is the Thermal Energy Storage (TES), which is able to run a heat engine during the lunar night to produce electricity. When the Sun is shining on the Moon's surface, the system can run the engine directly using the solar power and simultaneously heat a thermal mass. This thermal mass is used as a high temperature source to run the heat engine during the night. We present analytical and numerical calculations for the determination of an appropriate thermal mass for the TES system.     

舱外航天服冷热电一体化系统性能分析

文章提出了一种舱外航天服冷热电一体化(Combined Cooling-Heating-Power,CCHP)系统,该系统的主要组件有质子交换膜燃料电池、热驱制冷装置、金属氢化物储氢装置和辐射器等.在冷热电一体化系统的冷电匹配方法上提出了“以电定冷”方案,按照该方案计算了一组典型工况下系统的工作状态,分析了燃料电池的工作温度、工作电流密度和工作压力对系统质量和消耗性工质损失的影响.结果表明,该舱外航天服冷热电一体化系统在质量大小方面可以接受,在消耗性工质损失方面比水升华器冷源/蓄电池电源方案小得多;且降低燃料电池工作温度和压力、增大燃料电池工作电流密度,均能够减小系统质量、降低系统消耗性工质损失.     

纳卫星隔热层厚度与散热面面积优化设计

在纳卫星热系统动态特性分析与热分析的基础上,根据纳卫星隔热层厚度与散热面面积对纳卫星温度调节的重要作用,提出了运用混沌遗传算法（CGA）对二者进行优化设计的模型与算法。算法以使纳卫星舱内发热元件、散热面及壳体温度尽可能接近设定的安全工作温度为优化目标,以隔热层厚度与散热面面积为优化变量。并以在不同热负荷下工作的太阳同步球形纳卫星为例进行一系列优化计算及分析。结果表明：利用混沌遗传算法进行的优化设计,可以使在不同工况下的纳卫星温度很好地维持在设定的安全工作温度附近。     

30kN上面级液氧甲烷发动机方案

上面级是介于运载火箭与航天器之间的相对独立的一级,具备轨道转移能力,可将有效载荷精确送入预定轨道。上面级是提高火箭运载能力和提升任务适应性的有效途径,上面级发动机是实现该目标的关键。长期在轨的高性能上面级,要求主动力具备比冲高、空间可长期贮存和高可靠性等能力。针对此技术需求,对比分析了上面级发动机的系统方案;设计了采用泵压膨胀循环、双涡轮泵串联的30 kN上面级发动机系统方案;重点介绍了推力室、涡轮泵和发动机总装集成等关键组件的研究进展。研究表明:液氧甲烷推进剂非常适用于长期在轨上面级发动机;闭式膨胀循环发动机系统是长期在轨上面级动力系统方案的首选;推力室和涡轮泵等组件的研制结果,初步证明了发动机系统及组件方案的可行性;发动机总装和演示试验方案设计工作,为深入开展发动机系统技术研究打下了良好基础。     

辐射器构型对载人航天器主动控温回路热负荷性能的影响分析

文章针对载人航天器主动控温回路系统中采用的分布式和集中式两类辐射器构型,分别建立了仿真分析模型,对它们在正常工作模式和辐射器支路故障工作模式下的工作性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,采用集中式辐射器的主动控温回路系统所能承受的热负荷水平要优于分布式辐射器对应的主动控温回路系统,且随着故障辐射器支路数目的增加,这两类流体回路所能承受的热负荷水平差异愈加明显。对于文章所设定的模型,正常工作情况下二者差异达到7.4%,单条支路故障时差异达到11%,2条支路故障时差异达到31.5%。     

临近空间再生燃料电池储能系统散热风扇性能

针对平流层飞艇再生燃料电池储能系统的风冷散热组件,采用Fluent计算散热风扇在设计飞行高度不同转速条件下的风压、流量、静压效率等性能参数。进而针对海拔0~20km高度的环境温度和压力变化,计算20kW散热能力条件下散热组件风量需求及其对应风扇转速、功耗等变化趋势。在此基础上,进行散热组件不同海拔高度环境下的性能试验,风扇模型计算结果和试验数据吻合较好。结果表明风冷散热组件能够满足再生燃料电池储能系统在包括起飞、高空驻留和降落在内的整个任务周期的散热要求。