奥巴马砍掉重返月球计划

美国总统奥巴马2月1日向国会提交了总额3.83万亿美元的2011财年预算方案,其中为NASA申请的预算为190亿美元。这份预算提出砍掉前任总统布什提出的以重返月球为目标的"星座"计划,将国际空间站的工作时间至少延长到2020年,并拿出数十亿美元来发展商业航天飞行器和旨在使美国能持续开展空间探测的"可改变格局的技术"。     

美国空军航天司令部最新战略主导计划综述

2003年10月美国空军航天司令部完成了新一轮的战略规划任务，发布了《美国空军航天司令部2006～2030财年战略主导计划》，介绍了未来发展的目标、规划制定的流程和各个任务领域的具体发展规划，并对规划的具体内容进行了成本分析。报告充分体现了美国军事航天转型的思想和内容，描绘出了美国未来军事航天的发展方向。     

NASA宣布重型火箭设计

NASA 9月14日终于宣布了将用于未来载人深空探测任务的下一代重型火箭的设计方案.称为"航天发射系统" (SLS)的这种火箭将沿用航天飞机和已下马的"星座"计划的硬件和技术.将耗资100亿美元的该火箭将在芯级和上面级上采用液氢和液氧燃料,初期试飞时将采用固体火箭助推器.NASA局长、前航天飞机宇航员博尔登在新闻发布会上说,美国空间探测史正在翻开新的篇章.他说: "结合在研的载人飞船、国际空间站上活动的拓展和对新技术的崭新重视,新的‘航天发射系统’对于落实总统和国会在两党《2010年NASA授权法案》中提出的计划至关重要."     

国外载人航天未来发展分析

未来载人航天发展的重点将围绕国际空间站进行空间科学实验与应用,同时积极开展以月球探测和火星探测为核心的深空探索活动。目前,美国、欧空局、俄罗斯、日本和印度都制定了深空探索计划。国外载人航天的发展将在空间往返运输器领域展开新一轮竞争与合作。预计美国凭着强大的技术力量、经济投入和决心将主导载人航天的未来发展趋势。     

未来的深空探测与空间环境模拟

文章介绍了国内外有代表性的深空探测计划的内容、特点和意义,包括:欧空局的Exo Mars火星车、美国"2020火星车"以及中国的2020火星探测计划;金星着陆探测进展情况;欧空局木星系统探测计划"木星冰月亮探索者(JUICE)"和美国的"木卫二飞越任务(Europa Clipper)";"蜻蜓号(Dragonfly)"土卫六探测项目;美国的"彗星天体生物学探索取样返回(CAESAR)"项目;月球探测计划等。还分析了未来深空探测对空间环境模拟的具体要求,空间环境模拟对推动深空探测发展的重要意义;提出了对我国未来开展空间环境模拟试验的建议。     

美国航空航天局申请额大增 天军要154亿美元

正美国白宫管理与预算办公室(OMB) 2020年2月10日公布的2021财年预算案提出,为美国航空航天局(NASA)增加超过25亿美元的预算,以大大提高"阿蒂米斯"计划的经费,同时再次提出要砍掉几项科学和教育计划。预算案共为NASA申请252.46亿美元的2021财年经费,     

太空新航线

2月1日,美国总统奥巴马向国会提交了总额3．83万亿美元的2011财年预算方案,其中为NASA申请的预算为190亿美元。这份预算提出砍掉前任总统布什提出的以重返月球为目标的“星座”计划,将国际空间站的工作时间至少延长到2020年,并拿出数十亿美元来发展商业航天飞行器和旨在使美国能持续开展空间探测的“可改变格局的技术”。     

俄罗斯违反协议拒向美国提供用于NASA深空探测的钚238

据美国太空新闻网2009年12月11日报道,俄罗斯撕毁了在2010年和2011年向美国交付共10kg钚238的协议,并坚持应就NASA深空探测计划的关键材料达成新的交易。     

NASA深空探测技术研发管理浅析

正一、NASA深空技术研发概况1.深空探测的基本概念深空探测主要指围绕行星科学领域开展太阳系内地外天体探测活动,即通过飞越、撞击、环绕、着陆、巡视、采样返回、载人等方式对月球及以远的天体进行探测,可根据是否有宇航员参与分为"无人科学探测"和"载人探测"两类。由于深空探测具有任务实施难度大、技术要求高     

白宫为NASA申请190亿美元预算

正奥巴马政府2月9日公布了2017财年预算案。预算案为NASA申请的经费总额为190.25亿美元,比该局2016财年最终预算少了2.6亿美元。按这项预算申请,该局两大探测项目"航天发射系统"(SLS)火箭和"猎户座"载人飞船计划经费将明显减少,而航空和航天技术经费会有所增加。该预算案很可能遭到国会的强烈反对。众     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.