微小卫星星务计算机系统的容错控制策略研究

微小卫星系统是一个可靠性要求很高的系统,需要由具有容错能力的星载计算机来控制。针对微小卫星重量、体积、功耗的限制,提出了一种微小卫星的星务计算机系统的可靠性设计方案,设计中采用双模冗余方案搭建系统的容错结构,并根据卫星的运行要求提出了适用于微小卫星的温备份方式容错控制策略,介绍了一些用于支持温备份方式容错控制策略的关键技术。通过分析在微小卫星设计中的适用情况,温备份策略从硬件开销和时间开销两个方面都有利于卫星的设计。在立体测绘微小卫星“试验卫星一号”的星务计算机系统中的应用表明,提出的可靠性设计方案能够提高小卫星的可靠性、安全性以及实时性。     

微小卫星测控数传功能冗余设计与软件实现

讨论了一种USB发射机和数传发射机功能上互为备份的冗余设计,提高了测控数传功能的可靠性,为卫星工程的备份冗余设计提供了一个新的思路,该设计通过星载软件状态切换的方法实现。该方法已成功应用于某卫星测控数传模块的设计。
     

北斗星载铯钟在轨性能评估方法实践

北斗卫星导航系统装备高精度的原子钟为卫星提供高准确度、高稳定性以及低漂移率的基准频率。在某颗卫星上装备了一台铯原子钟，开机作为热备份提供备份的基准频率，在卫星上配备且提供服务的工作钟为一台氢原子钟。通过对2019年12月6日至2020年5月17日此卫星上每秒一次的主备钟相差采样数据测量值的统计、处理，以及对处理结果的分析，完成了对此卫星上星载铯原子钟的在轨性能评估。通过对处理结果的分析得出，星载铯原子钟在轨表现出的频率准确度、10 s以上的频率稳定度以及漂移率等性能与此铯原子钟在地面的测试结果基本一致。使用主备钟相差采样数据的测量值分析备份铯原子钟在轨性能方法的可行性、可信度很高。国内研发的高精度铯原子钟达到了可以为卫星提供服务的水平。     

小卫星星载容错计算机控制系统软硬件设计

创新一号低轨存储转发通信小卫星是中国第一颗重量在100公斤以下的小卫星，介绍了其星载计算机系统的设计方案。由于卫星采用了计算机集中管理方式，为保证星载计算机的可靠性，设计中对硬件使用了双计算机热备份冗余设计，星载计算机的可靠性同时通过软件和硬件协同容错设计来实现。卫星的星务管理、遥测、遥控、姿态控制、电源管理、通信控制、轨道控制等都需要通过计算机软件完成，介绍了这些软件的主要功能和容错设计。创新一号星载计算机采用了多项新技术，并经过了一年多的飞行测试验证，达到了预定的运行目标，星载计算机圆满完成了各项设计功能，证明了卫星计算机系统的安全可靠。     

面阵CCD电子线路在星敏感器设计中的应用

本文阐述了星敏感器的工作原理和系统要求，讨论了面阵ＣＣＤ在星敏感器中的应用方法，提出了星敏感器关键敏感器件的线路实现方案，对星敏感器硬件电路的设计进行了分析和研究，并在此基础上对实际电路进行了测试，分析了测试结果。     

星上推进系统自锁阀和电磁阀驱动电子线路的优化设计

提出了卫星推进系统自锁阀和电磁阀驱动线路的一种优化设计方法。通过数据计算和图形分析阐明新的驱动线路设计的合理性、高安全性和可靠性,避免了常规线路容易出现的干扰和工作稳定性问题,还研究了当驱动线路出现短路故障时星上一次电源的保护问题。该驱动线路设计的优越性和可靠性,已在卫星在轨飞行中得到验证。     

卫星GPS组合姿态确定系统方案研究

采用ＧＰＳ定姿技术作为卫星高精度自主姿态确定系统的备份，可以提高系统可靠性。在小型和微小卫星上采用ＧＰＳ定姿技术，保证在满足重量、功耗和其它技术指标的条件下，姿态和轨道控制系统全面满足任务要求。本方案为探索当今姿态和轨道控制系统基本型的研究迈出了一步。     

一种星载多路输出电源控制环路设计

由于星载多路输出电源工作过程对稳定性要求较高，工程上很难建立准确的环路模型，针对设计难点，提出了基于开关网络平均建模法的BUCK+半桥多路输出变换器闭环控制方案，结合具体电源指标对参数进行了验证，结果满足设计要求，该电源控制环路设计对于卫星二次电源工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

星座设计中的安全性问题研究

如何避免星座中卫星之间发生碰撞是星座安全性设计需要考虑的重要问题,给出了预测星座中卫星发生碰撞的一种方法,提出保证星座安全性需要考虑的三个问题并研究了如何避免星座中工作卫星、备份卫星和寿命终止卫星与工作卫星发生碰撞的措施。     

LEO卫星电源系统拓扑研究

基于30个近地轨道（LEO）卫星任务及其电源系统应用情况,在系统层面上对5种电源系统拓扑进行了分析比较,包括配置方式、控制原理、效率及器件等。针对功率调节性能和器件组成规模,选择配有最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）的升一降压调节器（B2R）作为多适用的电源系统拓扑。此系统适应LEO卫星需求,属于拓扑用途广泛的电源系统,可通过合理配置热备份的功率调节模块来实现功率组合及可靠性设计,具有较高的兼容性,能够满足中国LEO卫星任务需求。     

法宇航卫星制造中心管理方式剖析

在介绍了法车宇航部空间防卫部及其卫星制造中心的机械设置，各部门的职责范围的基础上，重点剖析了卫星研制系统的管理特点和经验。分析认为，法国卫星研制系统的管理方法和经验值得我们学习、借鉴。     

Method based on artificial excitation of characteristic radiation by an electron beam for remote X-ray spectral elemental analysis of surface rocks on atmosphereless celestial bodies

This article, like our previous one [1], is devoted to advanced space technology concepts. It evaluates the potential for developing active systems to conduct a remote elemental analysis of surface rocks on an atmosphereless celestial body. The analysis is based on the spectrometry of characteristic X-rays (CXR) artificially excited in the surface soil layer. It has been proposed to use an electron beam injected from aboard a spacecraft orbiting the celestial body (or moving in a flyby trajectory) to excite the CXR elements contained in surface rocks. The focus is on specifying technical requirements to the parameters of payloads for a global mapping of the composition of lunar rocks from aboard of a low-orbiting lunar satellite. This article uses the results obtained in [2], our first study that shows the potential to develop an active system for a remote elemental analysis of lunar surface rocks using the above method. Although there has been interest in our research on the part of leading national academic institutions and space technology developers in the Soviet Union, the studies were discontinued because of the termination of the Soviet lunar program and the completion of the American Apollo program.     

FY—1C卫星空间粒子成分监测器及其探测结果

简要介绍了FY－1C星空间粒子成分监测器的任务目标、工作原理、创新特色及在轨探测结果。空间粒子成分监测器用于卫星轨道空间的带电粒子辐射监测，为卫星的在轨安全和抗辐射加固设计服务。监测器在世界上实现用1套传感器完成对高能电子、质子、α粒子至铁离子的全成分监测，使我国首次获得了870km高太阳同步轨道全空间的各种重离子分布、质子能谱分布和电子通量分布，捕捉到大量的地磁暴和太阳质子事件，获得了批重要的探测成果。     

Economic methods of improving efficient use of the orbit/spectrum resource by satellite systems

Satellite systems continue to play an important role in the booming market for communication and broadcasting services, driving up demand for use of the orbit/spectrum resource. Studies are required to address the problem of orbit capacity and find ways of making more efficient use of it, to avoid a situation in which there is not enough orbit/spectrum resource to cater for the development of future satellite networks. It is argued that, as far as satellite networks are concerned, the current international regulatory regime governing the use of the spectrum has significant shortcomings, which have a cost, in terms of resources and time, and make investment in satellite projects less attractive. An approach is proposed for improving efficiency of the use of the orbit/spectrum through the introduction of economic methods, to supplement the existing technical and regulatory regime. A spectrum pricing method is proposed for satellite communication systems.     

Plastic Cubesat: An innovative and low-cost way to perform applied space research and hands-on education

This paper describes the design and the manufacturing of a Cubesat platform based on a plastic structure.The Cubesat structure has been realized in plastic material (ABS) using a “rapid prototyping” technique. The “rapid prototyping” technique has several advantages including fast implementation, accuracy in manufacturing small parts and low cost. Moreover, concerning the construction of a small satellite, this technique is very useful thanks to the accuracy achievable in details, which are sometimes difficult and expensive to realize with the use of tools machine. The structure must be able to withstand the launch loads. For this reason, several simulations using an FEM simulation and an intensive vibration test campaign have been performed in the system development and test phase. To demonstrate that this structure is suitable for hosting a complete satellite system, offering innovative integrated solutions, other subsystems have been developed and assembled.Despite its small size, this single unit (1U) Cubesat has a system for active attitude control, a redundant telecommunication system, a payload camera and a photovoltaic system based on high efficiency solar cells.The developed communication subsystem has small dimensions, low power consumption and low cost. An example of the innovations introduced is the antenna system, which has been manufactured inside the ABS structure. The communication protocol which has been implemented, the AX.25 protocol, is mainly used by radio amateurs. The communication system has the capability to transmit both telemetry and data from the payload, in this case a microcamera.The attitude control subsystem is based on an active magnetic system with magnetorquers for detumbling and momentum dumping and three reaction wheels for fine control. It has a total dimension of about 50×50×50 mm. A microcontroller implements the detumbling control law autonomously taking data from integrated magnetometers and executes pointing maneuvers on the basis of commands received in real time from ground.The subsystems developed for this Cubesat have also been designed to be scaled up for larger satellites such as 2U or 3U Cubesats. The additional volume can be used for more complex payloads. Thus the satellite can be used as a low cost platform for companies, institutions or universities to test components in space.     

卫星通信设备自动化测试系统的应用

介绍了卫星地面站通信设备自动化测试系统的组成、工作原理及系统测试项目。系统采用计算机、测试仪器与 GPIB协议 ,实现了卫星通信设备测试工作的自动化 ,并可代替以往人工的测试手段。该系统已在某卫星地面站测试工作中得到应用。     

卫星表面充电空间环境及其模拟方法

卫星表面充电是七十年代初发现的危害同步轨道卫星工作性能的新问题。所谓卫星表面充电环境是指使卫星表面充电的环境,它主要指磁层亚暴时的等离子体环境。本文叙述了卫星表面充电环境、充电机理和充电造成的危害。介绍了以大辐照面积电子枪为主的模拟试验系统和为我国通信卫星部件和样品进行充电试验的部分结果。试验证明,我们采用的模拟试验系统和试验方法是合理的,正确的。     

太阳,地球,卫星相关模拟源设计

“风云二号”自旋稳定地球同步气象卫星，以地球脉冲作为姿态控制基准，以太阳脉冲作为图像扫描基准，太阳、地球、卫星三者之间的相对关系在连续不断地运动变化。为了验证扫描成像原理和在地面测试卫星的成像质量，需对三者的相对关系进行研究。在此基础上，研制出太阳、地球、卫星相关模拟源，成功地用电子信号准确模拟“风云二号”卫星在静止轨道上感受到的不断变化的太阳、地球信号，使卫星的成像测试顺利进行，同时发现了卫星设计中存在的问题。     

Gravity-oriented satellite dynamics subject to gravitational and active damping torques

The dynamics of the rotational motion of a satellite moving in the central Newtonian field of force over a circular orbit under the effect of gravitational and active damping torques, which depend on the satellite angular velocity projections, has been investigated. The paper proposes a method of determining all equilibrium positions (equilibrium orientations) of a satellite in the orbital coordinate system for specified values of damping coefficients and principal central moments of inertia. The conditions of their existence have been obtained. For a zero equilibrium position where the axes of the satellite-centered coordinate system coincide with the axes of the orbital coordinate system, the necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. A detailed analysis of the regions where the conditions of the asymptotic stability of a zero equilibrium position are fulfilled have been obtained depending on three dimensionless parameters of the problem, and the numerical study of the process of attenuation of satellite’s spatial oscillations for various damping coefficients has been carried out. It has been shown that there is a wide range of damping parameters from which, by choosing the necessary values, one can provide the asymptotic stability of satellite’s zero equilibrium position in the orbital coordinate system.