基于多项式插值的自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划粒子群优化算法

针对自由漂浮空间机器人轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于多项式插值与粒子群优化算法相结合的非完整运动规划方法。首先,通过对系统非完整约束条件进行分析,给出了以机械臂关节角耗散能为目标函数的轨迹最优控制算法;并采用高阶多项式插值方法逼近机械臂关节角轨迹,将插值多项式的系数作为优化参数,结合粒子群优化算法对关节角轨迹进行优化求解。最后,对本文提出的轨迹规划算法进行数值仿真。仿真结果表明关节角轨迹平滑连续,保证了关节角速度及关节角加速度在初始和终止状态均为零,从而验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

Deployable space manipulator commanded by means of visual-based guidance and navigation

On orbit maneuvering of flexible space manipulators requires a special caution. In fact the task of reaching the desired configuration, and at the same time safely preserving the structure integrity and not perturbing the overall spacecraft attitude, is complicated by the extreme flexibility of the structure itself. For studying this problem, an experimental test bed is designed and realized at the Guidance and Navigation Laboratory at La Sapienza, University of Rome. In this paper, visual based techniques are considered as a valid option for the dual purpose of evaluating the control signals and monitoring the flexible behavior of the controlled structure. In fact the joint motors are controlled in order to reach a desired target taking the image of the target as acquired by a mobile camera mounted on the end effector of the manipulator, into account. The Image Based Visual Servoing is introduced together with the simple adaptive algorithm used for processing the acquired images. With respect to a more traditional terrestrial visual servoing, a control system based on a moving camera (a typical configuration in space applications) is particularly sensitive to the flexible vibrations of the arm links. In fact in the closed loop control scheme, an oscillating movement of the camera influences the image processing, which in turn influences control actions. Instability could arise if the flexible dynamics is not separated from the rigid motion. This paper shows that it is possible to evaluate the elastic properties of the complex multibody manipulator (flexibility of the link, elastic behavior of the joints, effects of nonstructural masses) thanks to the analysis of the image acquired.     

空间机械臂非完整运动规划的遗传算法研究

带空间机械臂航天器系统在无外力矩作用时，系统相对于总质心的动量矩守恒而变为非完整系统。由于非完整约束的不可积性，非完整系统的运动规划与控制比一般系统要困难得多。现利用非完整特性研究了自由漂浮空间机械臂的三维姿态运动控制问题。首先导出带空间机械臂的航天器三维姿态运动数学模型，并将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。在运动规划中，根据最优控制原理和优化理论，提出基于遗传算法的最优运动规划数值算法。通过数值仿真，表明该方法对空间机械臂及航天器三维姿态运动的非完整运动规划是有效的。     

空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析的研究进展

空间机械臂的机械部分是一个由关节和臂杆等结构、机构部件组成,在空间零重力环境下运行的多体系统。关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,在机械臂动力学特性中起着重要的作用。准确全面地了解关节的动力学特性,是正确分析与模拟机械臂系统空间运动特性的关键,而建立精确的关节动力学模型,是机械臂系统设计、分析和控制的基础。文章结合空间应用的特殊性,对机械臂关节动力学建模方法的发展过程和研究成果进行了总结;并讨论了关节模型的求解算法;最后,对空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析方面有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

柔性接头界面端角点应力奇异性

基于界面理论,建立了柔性接头增强件、弹性件两种结合材料形成的界面端角点附近奇异应力场方程,依据界面连续条件和自由边界条件,得到了与奇异应力场关联的特征值λ的线性齐次方程组,通过该方程组的求解和公式推导,给出了柔性接头界面端角点附近含应力强度系数的奇异应力场和位移场;并根据特征值λ的取值范围,获得了应力奇异性消失的柔性接...     

考虑在轨运动可靠性的空间机械臂关节力矩优化方法

提出一种考虑在轨运动可靠性的冗余度空间机械臂关节力矩优化方法。首先将机械臂操作空间中点到点的转移任务从笛卡尔空间转换至关节空间,利用七次多项式插值法对各关节变量进行参数化处理,获得粒子群算法的优化控制参数;与传统路径规划方法不同,将机械臂各关节力矩的均值和最小作为粒子群算法优化求解的目标函数;依据该目标函数以及相应优化控制参数,利用粒子群算法对空间机械臂运行轨迹进行优化求解,得到机械臂关节力矩均值和最小的运行路径。仿真实验表明,相比传统路径规划方法及以关节力矩二范数为目标函数的关节力矩优化方法,在降低冗余度空间机械臂关节力矩均值方面,文中方法分别减小了33.57%和10.47%;在降低关节力矩最大值方面,分别减小了43.25%和6.19%。     

多关节轻型机械臂的设计研究

根据现有空间机械臂的结构特点,参照几种轻型机械臂的设计,设计了一种两自由度机械臂运动模块,并根据此模块研制了一台6自由度空间机械臂。运动模块由两个相邻关节轴线正交的关节组成,关节内部没有驱动器。机械臂内有一根高速主轴,为各个串联关节提供动能。机械臂控制系统采用上下位机方式,上位机根据虚拟场景仿真的运动轨迹发出控制指令给关节控制器,下位机根据关节状态表控制离合器组输入关节的能量。为确定机械臂在工作过程中的强度和稳定性,建立了机械臂的有限元模型,分析了其工作态的应力情况和动态特性。仿真结果表明,机械臂在工作态有足够的强度,在抓取的过程中,机械臂固有频率远离激励源的激励频率,无共振现象。通过多关节联动,机械臂可实现多种组合姿态,适用于在轨维修、加注等复杂空间任务。     

Dynamics and control of an orbiting flexible mobile manipulator

This paper presents a Lagrangian formulation for studying the dynamics and control of the proposed Space Station based Mobile Servicing System (MSS) for a particular case of inplane libration and maneuvers. The simplified case is purposely considered to help focus on the effects of structural and joint flexibility parameters of the MSS on the complex interactions between the station and manipulator dynamics during slewing and translational maneuvers. The response results suggest that under critical combinations of parameters, the system can become unstable. During maneuvers, the deflection of the MSS can become excessive, leading to positioning error of the payload. At the same time the libration error can also be significant. A linear quadratic regulator is designed to control the deflection of the manipulator and maintain the station at its operating configuration.     

欠驱动冗余度机器人运动优化控制

研究了具有多个被动关节的欠驱动冗余机器人的运动优化控制问题。基于滑模变结构控制方法，首先实现了被动关节位置控制；进一步利用“虚拟模型引导控制”方法实现了欠驱动冗余度机器人的连续轨迹运动优化控制；通过平面三连杆机器人臂进行了避障运动仿真，仿真结果证明了提出的方法的有效性。     

Dynamics and control of variable-geometry truss structures

Variable-geometry truss structures are likely to be used extensively in the future for in-orbit space construction. This paper considers dynamics formulation and vibration control of such structures. The truss system is modelled as a collection of sub-structures consisting of truss booms, prismatic actuator elements, and in some cases a manipulator at the end. Each truss boom is treated as a separate ‘link’ and its flexibility is modelled using the finite element method. Equations of motion for individual sub-structures are obtained which are then assembled. The non-working constraint forces are eliminated to obtain the equations governing the constrained dynamics of the entire system. For vibration control, the singular perturbation method is employed to construct two reduced-order models, for quasi-static motion and for modal co-ordinates, respectively. Computed torque with PD control is applied to maintain the quasi-static motion, while an optimal LQR method is used for vibration control. Typical simulation results are presented for the planar case.     

柔性空间机械臂的自适应H∞容错抑振混合控制

针对关节执行器存在部分失效(PLCE)故障的漂浮基柔性空间机械臂系统，提出一种自适应H∞容错抑振混合控制算法。结合拉格朗日法与弹性振动理论推导出了系统的动力学微分方程，并截取反映柔性臂杆主振型的前两阶模态作振动分析。根据奇异摄动原理对系统进行降维，并将其分解为一个刻画刚性臂杆轨迹跟踪的慢变子系统与一个刻画柔性臂杆模态振动的快变子系统；由此设计了由慢变子系统的自适应H∞容错控制器及快变子系统的线性最优减振控制器组成混合控制器。与传统容错控制器相比，所设计的自适应H∞容错控制器具有无需获取故障先验知识的优点。对比仿真结果表明：慢变子系统的容错控制器对于PLCE型关节执行器故障具备较强的鲁棒性，快变子系统的线性最优减振控制器能够将柔性臂杆的振动模态调节至较低水平，从而校验了理论分析的正确性与混合控制策略的有效性。     

一种基于频域分析的柔性空间机械臂振动抑制方法

针对采用两级控制的大型柔性空间机械臂轨迹跟踪与振动抑制问题,文章在对系统频域进行分析的基础上,提出了一种应用滤波的振动抑制方法,即通过降低中央控制器输出信号的频率减少伺服跟踪的动态误差。此方法能够有效提高机械臂末端解析点(POR)的动态跟踪精度,并抑制机械臂振动。文章通过某大型机械臂全柔性系统仿真算例对方法的有效性进行了验证,可为机械臂控制和振动抑制提供借鉴。     

On the dynamics of a novel manipulator with slewing and deployable links

Using a novel space platform-based manipulator with slewing and deployable links, the paper addresses two issues of considerable importance: (a) How important is it to model flexibility of the system? (b) How many modes are needed to adequately represent the elastic character? Results suggest that the fundamental mode is able to capture physics of the response quite accurately. Due to its massive character, the platform dynamics is virtually unaffected, even by severe maneuvers of the manipulator. Hence, treating the platform as rigid would save the computational cost without affecting the accuracy. Although the link flexibility does affect the manipulator's tip vibration, the joint and platform vibrations remain negligible. The revolute joint flexibility appears to be an important parameter affecting both the joint as well as tip responses. The information should prove useful in the design of this new class of manipulators.     

欠驱动余度机械臂的非完整冗余特征研究

欠驱动技术在航天领域有重要应用价值。针对空间机器人系统,研究了欠驱动冗余度机械臂的"非完整冗余"特征和无碰撞路径最优运动规划方法。这种系统对于给定的机械臂末端位姿,其冗余特征不便通过传统意义上的运动学"自运动"来刻画,但是因机构自由度数大于工作空间维数,系统的冗余特征可通过动力学水平的控制体现出来。基于李雅普诺夫方法,提出一种欠驱动冗余度机械臂的无碰撞路径最优规划方法,揭示了这种机器人系统的"非完整冗余"特征,通过平面3连杆机械臂进行了仿真。     

大型空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析研究

关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,是保证空间机械臂安全、平稳运行的关键。为全面反映大型空间机械臂关节的动力学特性并从细节之处优化关节设计,利用集中参数法建立了综合考虑轮齿柔性、啮合阻尼、齿侧间隙、啮合误差等非线性因素的细化关节动力学模型。模型中采用一种基于tanh的连续函数对传统分段线性间隙函数进行近似,从而降低了模型的求解难度。研究了各级齿轮精度、关节转速和负载对关节动力学特性的影响。仿真结果表明,三级齿轮的精度变化会影响关节转速波动的振幅并分别影响高、中、低频特性;转速的增加将提高振动频率和幅值;力矩负载的增大会使关节转速波动幅值显著增大,且在满载时,所有的高阶频率都得到明显激励;惯性负载的增大会减小转速波动,并将能量集中在中频上。
     

带有柔性补偿的柔性关节空间机器人的增广自适应控制及关节振动抑制

The problems of joint motion control and flexible vibration suppression of a flexible joint space based robot for manipulating an unknown payload are studied. Based on the system linear momentum conservation and the Lagrange method, the under actuated dynamics model of the space robot is established. For convenience of the design of its control system, the system is divided into both fast and slow subsystems by using the joint flexibility compensation technique and the singular perturbation theory. A torque differential feedback controller is proposed for the fast subsystem to suppress the joints’ flexible vibration, meanwhile an adaptive control scheme based on the augmentation approach is designed for the slow subsystem to realize the joint trajectory asymptotic tracking under the condition of unknown payload parameters. Because of introduction of the flexibility compensation technique, the presented control scheme can equivalently increase the joint stiffness, and it is suitable to control the space robot systems with low joint stiffness. Moreover, the effect of unknown parameters is real time compensated by its adaptive controller, and then the specified joint motion task is achieved precisely. The effectiveness of the scheme is verified by the corresponding simulation results.     

重力梯度对自由漂浮空间机器人姿态扰动分析

分析重力梯度对在轨运行的自由漂浮空间机器人姿态运动影响。由Lagrange方法建立自由漂浮空间机器人受重力梯度扰动的非线性动力学模型。首先,考虑无控关节自由状态,分析重力梯度对关节运动的影响。其次,利用相平面轨迹分析重力梯度对自由漂浮系统姿态运动影响。最后,由速度偏差曲线分析重力梯度对机械臂的影响。结果表明,当作用时间接近轨道周期或更长时,重力梯度引起的关节偏差已十分显著,且这种扰动作用主要由轨道偏心率决定;关节锁定时俯仰姿态受扰运动有周期振动与翻滚两种形式,若初始角速度满足一定限值可以保证俯仰运动不发生翻滚;当机械臂长时间工作时,忽略重力梯度将产生明显的末端定位误差。     

一种空间机械臂构造模块的研制

提出了通用二自由度空间模块（TODOM）的概念，并以通用TODOM作为空间机械臂的构造模块。TO—DOM由两个旋转模块及一个连接模块共三个基本模块组成。根据空间机械臂的具体构型需要，将TODOM的三个基本模块之间的机械接口进行专门设计，即可配置成确定构型的二自由度关节。由这样数个不同构型的二自由度关节可以组装出具有偶数个自由度的空间机器臂。采用一体化概念设计的TODOM减小了关节的质量与体积，提高了系统的可靠性。通过对由TODOM构成的一套二自由度关节进行的试验初步验证了TODOM设计概念的合理性及可行性。     

空间大质量目标转位操作双臂协调控制方法

针对空间中双臂协调转位过程中面临的双臂异构、刚度不同、负载较大、测量/执行误差影响大、抓捕位置随机偏差等问题，提出了一种空间大质量目标转位操作双臂协调控制方法。首先基于双臂转位的几何约束，进行协调转位运动规划。然后，将双机械臂关节划分为主动关节和从动关节，并对主动关节设计关节位置控制器，对从动关节设计零力控制器，从动关节在转位目标的拖动力下进行跟随运动。最后，数学仿真表明了所提出的双臂协调转位方法的有效性。     

载人航天器柔性机械臂的动力学建模方法

空间机械臂在载人航天活动中有着迫切的应用需求。航天器尺寸、质量等因素的限制使得空间机械臂具有大柔性的特点。文章结合空间机械臂应用环境的特殊性,论述了空间柔性机械臂多体动力学和关节的动力学建模方法,分析比较了不同建模方法的特点。为了满足未来空间机械臂在航天器工程应用的要求,文章指出,空间柔性机械臂宜采用混合坐标法描述臂杆刚性运动与柔性变形的耦合;开展关节精细动力学研究,宜将重点放在齿轮传动系统的低速级上。