形状记忆聚合物及其复合材料在航天领域的应用进展

首先介绍了形状记忆聚合物及其复合材料，概述了该类材料的形状记忆机理。然后重点评述了基于形状记忆聚合物复合材料的可展开铰链、可展开桁架、可展开太阳能电池阵列、锁紧释放机构的结构和性能特点，指出了各类应用的优缺点及适用条件。最后，总结并展望了基于该类材料的空间可展开结构的未来研究重点和发展趋势。     

航天柔性展开结构技术及其应用研究进展

综述了航天柔性展开结构的技术特点及其在航天器中的研究应用情况，围绕航天柔性展开结构应用涉及的薄膜褶皱、充气张力结构的屈曲失稳、展开动力学、精度测试、刚化材料等关键理论和技术基础，评述了航天柔性结构技术应用中的关键问题及未来研究重点，最后给出了航天柔性展开结构技术的未来发展趋势。     

Inflatable composite habitat structures for lunar and mars exploration

Recent advances in materials technology have improved the performance capabilities of inflatable, flexible composite structures, which have increased their potential for use in numerous space applications. Space suits, which are comprised of flexible composite components, are a good example of the successful use of inflatable composite structures in space. Space suits employ inflatables technology to provide a stand alone spacecraft for astronauts during extra-vehicular activity. A natural extension of this application of inflatables technology is in orbital or planetary habitat structures. NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is currently investigating flexible composite structures deployed via inflation for use as habitats, transfer vehicles and depots for continued exploration of the Moon and Mars.

Inflatable composite structures are being investigated because they offer significant benefits over conventional structures for aerospace applications. Inflatable structures are flexible and can be packaged in smaller and more complex shaped volumes, which result in the selection of smaller launch vehicles which dramatically reduce launch costs. Inflatable composite structures are typically manufactured from materials that have higher strength to weight ratios than conventional systems and are therefore lower in mass. Mass reductions are further realized because of the tailorability of inflatable composite structures, which allow the strength of the system to be concentrated where needed. Flexible composite structures also tend to be more damage tolerant due to their “forgiveness” as compared to rigid mechanical systems. In addition, inflatables have consistently proven to be lower in both development and manufacturing costs.

Several inflatable habitat development programs are discussed with their increasing maturation toward use on a flight mission. Selected development programs being discussed include several NASA Langley Research Center habitat programs that were conducted in the 1960s, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inflatable space station study, the NASA JSC deployable inflatable Lunar habitat study, and the inflatable Mars TransHab study and test program currently ongoing at NASA JSC. Relevant technology developments made by ILC Dover are also presented.     

双层环形可展开天线机构构型优选及结构设计

提出可构成双层环形桁架式可展开天线机构的可展开单元需满足的条件,设计出一种轻量化、高刚度曲柄滑块式可展开单元。建立单元特性综合评价指标,对7种可展开单元进行单元特性评价及优选。对优选出的可展单元的结构尺寸进行优化设计,获得了优化设计参数。设计了20m的大口径双层环形桁架式可展开天线机构,研制含弹性铰链的单层环形桁架式可展开天线机构与双层单元机构原理样机,对两种样机的展开功能和重复展开精度进行测试,验证了提出的可展开机构单元及大口径天线机构设计的正确性和可行性。     

考虑压电耦合的空间充气展开结构频响特性分析

着眼于利用柔性压电元件获取空间充气展开结构的动力学特性，文章基于通用有限元软件ABAQUS，建立考虑压电耦合的空间充气展开结构频率响应分析方法，依次进行非线性充气预应力分析、模态分析和频率响应特性分析。以空间充气杆为例，分别利用有限元仿真和地面实验的方法得到其频响曲线，两者共振峰频率偏差小于2.3%，验证了充气展开结构有限元仿真方法的有效性。研究结果可为进一步分析空间充气展开结构的动力学特性和实施结构优化设计提供参考。     

Structural design and static analysis of a double-ring deployable truss for mesh antennas

This paper addresses the structural design, the deployment control design, the static analysis and the model testing of a new double-ring deployable truss that is intended for large mesh antennas. This deployable truss is a multi-DOF (degree-of-freedom), over-constrained mechanism. Two kinds of deployable basic elements were introduced, as well as a process to synthesise the structure of the deployable truss. The geometric equations were formulated to determine the length of each strut, including the effects of the joint size. A DOF evaluation showed that the mechanism requires two active cables and requires deployment control. An open-loop control system was designed to control the rotational velocities of two motors. The structural stiffness of the truss was assessed by static analysis that considered the effects of the constraint condition and the pre-stress of the passive cables. A 4.2-metre demonstration model of an antenna was designed and fabricated. The geometry and the deployment behaviour of the double-ring truss were validated by the experiments using this model.     

空间站大型柔性伸展机构的动力学仿真

本文研究了考虑构件柔性效应对空间站大型伸展机构的动力学问题，在采用柔性多体系统单向递推组集建模方法的基础上建立了任意拓扑结构的柔性多体系统的动力学方程。本文头等讨论了切割铰约束方程的建立和直接违约校正方法。数值仿真结果表明了柔性效应对空间站展开机构动力学的影响。     

Initial design of laboratories for sustainable habitation

An effective and self-sustainable artificial habitat design is essential for human spaceflight and expansion of mankind into orbit or towards other celestial bodies. There are two approaches that need to be implemented in future sustainable habitats: the use of re-cycling technologies in order to gain experience in closed-loop processes and the primary production of resource materials using In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) principles. Various products will be provided and, where applicable, recycled in such a system taking into account basic human factors requirements such as crew work load capacity, safety and well-being, namely:     

SinterHab

This project describes a design study for a core module on a Lunar South Pole outpost, constructed by 3D printing technology with the use of in-situ resources and equipped with a bio-regenerative life support system. The module would be a hybrid of deployable (CLASS II) and in-situ built (CLASS III) structures. It would combine deployable membrane structures and pre-integrated rigid elements with a sintered regolith shell for enhanced radiation and micrometeorite shielding. The closed loop ecological system would support a sustainable presence on the Moon with particular focus on research activities. The core module accommodates from four to eight people, and provides laboratories as a test bed for development of new lunar technologies directly in the environment where they will be used. SinterHab also includes an experimental garden for development of new bio-regenerative life support system elements. The project explores these various concepts from an architectural point-of-view particularly, as they constitute the building, construction and interior elements. The construction method for SinterHab is based on 3D printing by sintering of the lunar regolith. Sinterator robotics 3D printing technology proposed by NASA JPL enables construction of future generations of large lunar settlements with little imported material and the use of solar energy. The regolith is processed, placed and sintered by the Sinterator robotics system which combines the NASA ATHLETE and the Chariot remotely controlled rovers. Microwave sintering creates a rigid structure in the form of walls, vaults and other architectural elements. The interior is coated with a layer of inflatable membranes inspired by the TransHab project. The life-support system is mainly bio-regenerative and several parts of the system are intrinsically multifunctional and serve more than one purpose. The plants for food production are also an efficient part of atmosphere revitalization and water treatment. Moreover, the plants will be used as a “winter garden” for psychological and recreational purposes. The water in the revitalization system has a multifunctional use, as radiation shielding in the safe-haven habitat core. The garden module creates an artificial outdoor environment mitigating the notion of confinement on the lunar surface. Fiber optics systems and plasma lamps are used for transmission of natural and artificial light into the interior.     

应用卫星遥感进行生态环境动态监测

目前,90%的能源、80%以上的工业原料来自于矿产资源。矿产资源开发实际上在消耗两种资源,即矿产资源和环境资源,尤其是资源的露天开采对生态环境造成了极大的破坏。文章选取山西省孝义市作为研究区,以1990年、1999年和2007年三期遥感影像为主体数据源,采用遥感与GIS技术相结合的监测技术手段,建立生态环境评价指标体系和评价方法;采用遥感和GIS技术对矿区生态环境进行实时的监测,科学地评价生态环境状况及预测变化趋势。为研究区今后进行生态环境调查提供了客观、详实、丰富的数据。同时为今后政府部门生态环境治理提供了参考依据。     

空间太阳电池阵的发展现状及趋势

从四方面分析了空间太阳电池阵的发展现状,包括体装式、带桨展开式、单板展开式、多板展开式、柔性多模块多维展开式等总体构型的发展历程,常用太阳电池片如硅电池片、砷化镓电池片、柔性薄膜电池片的材料与性能的发展现状,刚性基板结构、半刚性基板结构、柔性基板结构的发展与应用及五种展开机构的特点与空间应用分析,论述了空间太阳电池阵发展的制约因素,指出了聚光型柔性太阳电池阵是未来空间太阳电池阵发展的趋势,旨在促进空间太阳电池阵向着大尺寸、大功率、模块化、低成本和轻质量的方向发展,以适应大功率航天器的发展需求。     

空间可展开结构拓扑综合方法研究

空间可展开结构的构型用邻接矩阵表示,采用拓扑变换的方法来研究空间可展开结构 的拓扑综合。通过构件的增加、减少以及连接关系变化的变胞综合方法实现不同构型之间的 变换运算。以周边桁架可展开天线结构为例,通过构型变换,得到了不同于目前同步展开／ 收拢方式的混合展开收拢方式,以及新的可展开结构的构型。通过所得类型的运动仿真,表 明了混合展开方式以及新的可展开结构类型的可行性,验证了空间可展开结构拓扑综合的变 胞综合方法。     

月球基地结构形式设想

月球基地建设是载人航天、深空探测技术发展的一个重要方面。根据月面环境特点和航天工程需要,对充气式结构和硬式结构的月球基地结构形式进行了分析,讨论了两种结构形式的优势和不足,并提出了基于两种结构形式的组合型月球基地的设想,为将来月球基地的建设提供参考。     

空间可展结构卷尺铰链的设计与分析

卷尺弹簧是形状类似钢卷尺的一种构件,是一种单层开口柱面壳。可以利用其壳体屈曲性能,设计和研制出一种铰链结构。这种铰链结构具有独特的力学性能,它可以利用折叠时积聚的弹性应变能实现结构的自动展开而不需要其它的动力装置;在展开之后,又能够靠自身的刚度提供大型可展结构所需的锁定力,而不需要另外加设锁定装置。这种铰链可用于大型航天可展结构中,如可展的太阳翼等。     

空间伸展臂热应变与热变形光纤监测技术

针对空间伸展臂在热载荷作用下承载特性与形态变化的监测需求,提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感器的伸展臂结构温度、热应变以及热变形集成监测技术。借助ANSYS Workbench有限元分析软件,构建了单端热载荷作用下铝合金空间伸展臂结构热-力模型,分别得到不同局部热载荷下伸展臂轴向温度、热应变以及热变形分布与变化规律。在此基础上,提出了基于有限元分析与热传导理论的两类伸展臂轴向热变形计算方法。构建了分布式光纤传感监测系统,实时监测伸展臂若干关键位置的温度值与应变值,进而反演出结构轴向温度场、应变场连续变化信息。研究表明:采用有限元拟合法与热传导解析法计算所得伸展臂轴向热变形误差分别为5.256%与3.556%。相关成果能够为未来航天器在轨服役状态监测与辨识提供技术支撑。     

扭簧驱动构架式空间展开天线结构分析

首先仔细分析了扭簧驱动构架式空间展开天线结构的工作机理与构造特点，据此提出分析建模假设。采用静力缩减方法，由平面梁单元弯曲平衡方程推导出两端扭簧的杆件宏单元缩减刚度矩阵。根据梁的弯曲理论和位移形函数，直接导出宏单元的相容一致质量矩阵，这两个矩阵可用于这类结构在各工况下的结构特性分析。最后给出了一个数值分析算例，证明方法的有效性。     

基于在轨热环境的可展开天线反射面精度调整技术

随着宇航事业的发展,网状展开天线的尺寸越来越大,对形面精度要求越来越高(特别是高频段),在轨热环境与地面调整点的热环境差别大,必须采用基于在轨热环境的网面精度调整技术以满足反射面的精度要求。就在轨热环境下的辅助牵引面式网面精度调整技术的理论分析及调整方法进行了探讨,给出了计及在轨热环境的网面形状精度调整的基本理论公式及调整步骤,并对某样机进行了调整计算。计算结果表明,文中的分析、公式、方法是正确的,可行的。     

航天器可展开薄膜遮光罩机械设计的发展与展望

从可展开薄膜遮光罩的几何构型、展开驱动技术、薄膜折痕设计和薄膜褶皱动力学分析四个方面论述了航天器可展开薄膜遮光罩机械设计的发展现状和特点，在分析比较的基础上对可展开薄膜遮光罩机械设计的发展趋势进行了展望，旨在为航天器可展开薄膜遮光罩的创新发展提供参考。     

The future of earth observations in Central and Eastern Europe

The Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by a high theoretical and scientific level in space research and technology, including remote sensing, but inexperience in practical applications. The emerging private sector lacks management experience and needs appropriate training. Other constraints are inadequate administrative structures, a lack of coordination, and an outdated technology in general. In his report on the results of a study carried out for the European Commission, consultant and emeritus professor of the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Caesar Voûte, outlines the new forms of European and regional cooperation being promoted. Agriculture, yield prediction and agricultural statistics, land use studies, environmental monitoring and environmental management are identified as future high priority operational applications of remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). Hazard management and marine observations also need to be developed.