国外近地小行星撞击地球防御技术研究

调研了国外8种小行星撞击地球防御的技术途径,从基本原理、优缺点、适用性、成熟度和应用情况等方面进行了分析。国际上提出的小行星撞击地球防御技术大多处于概念阶段,除了撞击技术已在"深度撞击"(Deep Impact)任务中得到验证,其余均没有通过在轨验证;除核爆和撞击属于短期防御技术外,其余均为长期防御技术(几年甚至十几年);采用现有的单一概念和技术完成防御任务的成功率是比较低的,所以通常采用多种技术组合的方式。通过技术途径的分析,对我国开展近地小行星撞击地球防御任务提出了初步建议,主要包括尽早开展关键技术攻关,进行防御技术的在轨演示验证,开展国际合作,建立国际预警与防御体系等。     

欧洲科学家拟发射撞击器撞击小行星

据新浪网2011年8月9日报道，欧洲航天局的科学家正计划发射一个撞击器，撞击一颗小型小行星，用以测试能够让小行星在多大程度上偏离轨道。欧洲航天局的此项任务名为“堂吉诃德”，目前正处于计划阶段。     

“隼鸟”2“轰炸”龙宫,为造撞击坑

<正>太阳系中的绝大多数岩石天体都满是以往遭撞击的伤痕,但科学家却很少能实时看到撞击发生时的情景。日本"隼鸟"2探测器2019年4月5日利用其自带的"小型搭载撞击器"(SCI)对龙宫小行星实施了一次撞击,让科学家们有了这样的机会。这一撞击行动旨在把地下原始形态的岩石暴露出来,以由探测器采集并送回地球,从而帮助科学家更好地认识小     

飞片参数与玻璃撞击损伤特征关系的研究

为考察空间碎片对航天器光学材料的影响,将光学材料撞击损伤与具体撞击碎片相对应,采用激光驱动飞片技术进行空间碎片地面模拟。设计了能形成速度可控的具体撞击碎片的激光驱动飞片装置,针对空间碎片不同速度和形态,通过改变激光能量和光束直径获得具有不同速度和长径比的飞片。研究了石英玻璃撞击损伤特征与飞片速度、长径比等参数的对应关系。结果发现:随着激光能量的增加,飞片速度的增加,撞击坑的损伤面积和坑深表现为先增大后减小;随着飞片长径比的减小,主要撞击损伤特征逐渐由侵彻成坑转变为溅射污染。通过碎片群平均参数改进为具体碎片参数,提高了地面模拟的有效性,利于高通量空间碎片环境中材料服役行为评价的研究,对空间碎片地面模拟技术和撞击损伤效应有一定的参考价值。     

基于径向基函数神经网络的空间碎片撞击模式识别研究

RBF 神经网络是广泛应用的神经网络之一,可应用于航天器空间碎片撞击损伤模式的识别研究。采用AUTODYN 仿真软件模拟产生高速撞击声发射信号,并随机提取其中部分信号,以信号幅值和撞击观测点等作为输入参数,以撞击速度作为输出参数,建立RBF 神经网络,实现对空间碎片撞击速度的反演及穿透模式的识别。实际证明该神经网络能在一定程度上有效反演弹丸撞击速度。     

小行星探测的三重意义

小行星是指不易挥发出气体和尘埃,在太阳系里沿着椭圆轨道绕太阳公转,但体积和质量比行星小得多的天体。小行星由岩石或金属构成。开展载人／非载人的小行星探测活动将为我们应对小行星撞击,探索宇宙演化和生命起源等方面提供有力的支持。     

空间拦截技术和导航制导与控制--兼谈深度撞击探测器撞击彗星

空间拦截是当前军事航天空间攻防技术一个极其重要的研究任务。空间攻防包括空间防御与空间攻击,而空间拦截是其重要手段之一。美国成功发射的深度撞击(又译“大冲撞”)探测器,经过172天的飞行,飞行距离达4.3亿公里,最后370千克的撞击器以10.2千米/秒的相对速度撞击了坦普尔1彗星,撞击彗核相对瞄准中心的脱靶量不超过100米,撞击效果相当于4.8吨TNT炸药所释放的能量。这完全与当前空间攻防反卫星技术和空间拦截技术相类似。国外有关专家形容这次撞击彗星是发射一颗子弹在精确时间、准确地点击中另一颗子弹。更有人认为这是一次空间拦截实战…     

动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究进展

以近地小天体防御为背景,介绍了近地小天体的基本概念和物理特性,分析了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体的研究进展。讨论了超高速动能撞击近地小天体表面成坑形貌、相似律以及成坑过程中抛射物产生机制、演化过程和抛射物质量速度分布相似律。总结了基于结合点源假设、实验和数值模拟结果建立的超高速动能撞击小天体动量传递理论模型和相似律。分析了近地小天体的物理特性和撞击条件对动量传递系数的影响规律。归纳了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究中存在的问题,对超高速动能撞击防御小天体的发展趋势提出了若干建议。     

日本再放“隼鸟”

日本计划在2014年底用H-2A火箭发射第2个小行星探测器＂隼鸟＂2。该探测器重600千克,主推力器为改进型微波放电式氙离子发动机,设计寿命7年,将于2018年6月到达小行星1999 JU3,2019年开始采样,把所携带的撞击装置（又叫太空炮）释放到小行星表面,此时探测器将移到小行星另一侧,避免脆弱的感应器被四处飞溅的残骸或碎片击中。     

固体推进剂装药枪击试验数值模拟与试验

固体推进剂的枪击试验是评价固体推进剂及装药在受到枪击的情况下,是否发生燃烧、爆炸及爆轰等剧烈反应的重要试验方法。采用LS-Dyna有限元仿真软件研究了枪击试验推进剂的反应过程,并采用12.7 mm枪击试验验证了LS-Dyna的计算结果。结果表明,以点火增长模型、Johnson-Cook本构模型和Gruneisen状态方程分别赋予推进剂、子弹及推进剂壳体,计算结果表明,推进剂发生明显的燃烧反应,且推进剂燃烧在壳体内部产生的压力显著增大。采用12.7 mm枪击试验验证的试验结果表明,推进剂装药在12.7 mm子弹以约850 m/s速度撞击下,推进剂发生燃烧,此结果与模拟结果相一致。     

Tether assisted near earth object diversion

Potential earth impact threats posed by asteroids have motivated researchers to find effective NEO diversion techniques. Several means to perturb the motion of an asteroid have been discussed in the literature. Attaching a long tether and ballast mass to the asteroid can effectively alter its trajectory. In this paper it is shown that by cutting the tether at an appropriate time the diversion can be enhanced. The instant of cutting the tether significantly affects the final orbit of the asteroid and thus the resulting deflection from the original path.     

Conceptual design of a hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) and its flight validation mission

An intercept mission with nuclear explosives is the most effective of the practical mitigation options against the impact threat of near-Earth objects (NEOs) with a short warning time (e.g., much less than 10 years). The existing penetrated subsurface nuclear explosion technology limits the intercept velocity to less than approximately 300 m/s. Consequently, an innovative concept of blending a hypervelocity kinetic impactor with a subsurface nuclear explosion has been developed for optimal penetration, fragmentation, and dispersion of the target NEO. A proposed hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) consists of a kinetic-impact leader spacecraft and a follower spacecraft carrying nuclear explosives. This paper describes the conceptual development and design of a baseline HAIV system and its flight validation mission architecture for three mission cost classifications (e.g., $500 M, $1 B, and $1.5 B).     

Impacts and evolution: future prospects

The discipline of astrobiology includes the dynamics of biological evolution. One of the major ways that the cosmos influences life is through the catastrophic environmental disruptions caused when comets and asteroids collide with a planet. We now recognize that such impacts have caused mass extinctions and played a major role in determining the evolution of life on Earth. The time-averaged impact flux as a function of projectile energy can be derived from lunar cratering statistics as well as the current population of near Earth asteroids (NEAs). Effects of impacts of various energies can be modeled, using data from historic impacts [such as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) impactor 65 million years ago] and the observed 1994 bombardment of Jupiter by fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. It is of particular interest to find from such models that the terrestrial environment is highly vulnerable to perturbation from impacts, so that even such a small event as the KT impact (by a projectile 10-15 km in diameter) can lead to a mass extinction. Similar considerations allow us to model the effects of still smaller (and much more likely) impacts, down to the size of the asteroid that exploded over Tunguska in 1908 (energy approximately 10 megatons). Combining the impact flux with estimates of environmental and ecological effects reveals that the greatest contemporary hazard is associated with impactors near 1 million megatons in energy (approximately 2 km in diameter for an asteroid). The current impact hazard is significant relative to other natural hazards, and arguments can be developed to illuminate a variety of public policy issues. The first priority in any plan for defense against impactors is to survey the population of Earth-crossing NEAs and project their orbits forward in time. This is the purpose of the Spaceguard Survey, which has already found more than half of the NEAs >1 km in diameter. If there is an NEA on a collision course with Earth, it can be discovered and the impact predicted with decades or more of warning. It is then possible to consider how to deflect or disrupt the NEA. Unlike other natural hazards, the impact risk can be largely eliminated, given sufficient advanced knowledge to take action against the threatening projectile.     

航天器环绕小行星Ivar的运动分析

将小行星Ivar近似为三轴椭球体，给出了非球形引力势函数，建立了航天器环绕小行星Ivar的轨道动力学方程。利用Jacobi积分常数绘制了航天器在Ivar周围的零速度曲线，并分析了航天器的可能运动区域，给出了航天器不碰撞小行星Ivar的边界条件及不同偏心率下的近拱点半径。分析了小行星Ivar扁率和椭率对环绕轨道的影响，数学仿真结果表明：在一个轨道周期内，顺行轨道的开普勒能量、轨道角动量、偏心率和近拱点半径变化较大，而逆行轨道的相应参数变化较小。     

同步双小行星系统共振轨道设计

研究了同步双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法及演化规律。首先，基于双椭球模型建立探测器运动方程，并给出共振轨道初值选取方法。然后，利用改进并行打靶法，提出一种双小行星系统平面共振轨道两步修正方法。同时结合稳定性理论及分岔理论，给出双小行星系统三维共振轨道生成和延拓方法；最后，以双小行星系统1999KW4为例，设计了共振比为1∶1,1∶2,1∶3,1∶4,2∶3的平面和空间共振轨道族，并分析了共振轨道的特性及轨道周期和轨道能量的变化规律。给出的双小行星系统中共振轨道的设计方法具有普适性，对未来双小行星系统探测任务中的轨道设计具有一定的参考意义与借鉴价值。     

Optimal flights to near-Earth asteroid

The spacecraft flights to the Near-Earth asteroid in order to give an impact influence on the asteroid, correct its orbit and prevent the asteroid’s collision with the Earth are analyzed.In the first part, the impulse flights are analyzed in the Lambert approach. There are determined the optimal trajectories maximizing the asteroid deviation from the Earth.In the second part, the flights with the chemical and electric-jet engines are analyzed. The high thrust is used to launch the spacecraft from the geocentric orbit, and the low thrust is applied for the heliocentric motion. On the base of optimal impulse transfer, the optimal low thrust trajectories are determined using Pontryagin maximum principle.The numerical results are given for the flight to the asteroid Toutatis. Parameters of the spacecraft impact on the asteroid are determined. The asteroid deviation from the Earth caused by the spacecraft influence is presented.     

Assessment on the feasibility of future shepherding of asteroid resources

Most plausible futures for space exploration and exploitation require a large mass in Earth orbit. Delivering this mass requires overcoming the Earth's natural gravity well, which imposes a distinct obstacle to any future space venture. An alternative solution is to search for more accessible resources elsewhere. In particular, this paper examines the possibility of future utilisation of near Earth asteroid resources. The accessibility of asteroid material can be estimated by analysing the volume of Keplerian orbital element space from which Earth can be reached under a certain energy threshold and then by mapping this analysis onto an existing statistical near Earth objects (NEO) model. Earth is reached through orbital transfers defined by a series of impulsive manoeuvres and computed using the patched-conic approximation. The NEO model allows an estimation of the probability of finding an object that could be transferred with a given Δv budget. For the first time, a resource map provides a realistic assessment of the mass of material resources in near Earth space as a function of energy investment. The results show that there is a considerable mass of resources that can be accessed and exploited at relatively low levels of energy. More importantly, asteroid resources can be accessed with an entire spectrum of levels of energy, unlike other more massive bodies such as the Earth or Moon, which require a minimum energy threshold implicit in their gravity well. With this resource map, the total change of velocity required to capture an asteroid, or transfer its resources to Earth, can be estimated as a function of object size. Thus, realistic examples of asteroid resource utilisation can be provided.     

低冲击分离装置冷气驱动分离过程的动力学建模与试验

介绍了一种低冲击分离装置的结构,并对冷气驱动分离试验进行了分析,依据能量守恒公式和空气动力学原理,为分离装置的冷气驱动分离过程构建了数学模型;对某型号的低冲击分离装置的冷气驱动分离过程进行了仿真和试验,仿真结果与试验数据相吻合;对冷气驱动试验过程中部分参数变化对分离过程中峰值气压的影响进行了仿真,仿真结果对分离装置的设计和优化具有指导意义。     

美国DMSP-F13卫星解体事件对空间碎片环境影响分析

2015 年2 月3 日,美国DMSP-F13 卫星发生爆炸解体,产生了百余块编目空间碎片。该卫星解体碎片主要分布在轨道高度600～1200 km 范围内,其中近50%的编目碎片在轨寿命将超过20 年,会对未来空间碎片环境构成长期影响。结合我国空间碎片环境工程模型SDEEM 对DMSP-F13 解体事件的分析结果显示,此次解体事件造成邻近轨道区域内空间碎片空间密度增加,对该区域航天器安全运行产生影响。     

Scenarios which may lead to the rise of an asteroid-based technical civilisation

In a previous paper, the author described a hypothetical development path of technical civilisations which has the following stages: planet dwellers, asteroid dwellers, interstellar travellers, interstellar space dwellers. In this paper, several scenarios are described which may cause the rise of an asteroid-based technical civilisation. Before such a transition may take place, certain space technologies must be developed fully (now these exist only in very preliminary forms): closed-cycle biological life support systems, space manufacturing systems, electrical propulsion systems. After mastering these technologies, certain events may provide the necessary financial means and social impetus for the foundation of the first asteroid-based colonies. In the first scenario, a rich minority group becomes persecuted and they decide to leave the Earth. In the second scenario, a "cold war"-like situation exists and the leaders of the superpowers order the creation of asteroid-based colonies to show off their empires' technological (and financial) grandiosity. In the third scenario, the basic situation is similar to the second one, but in this case the asteroids are not just occupied by the colonists. With several decades of hard work, an asteroid can be turned into a kinetic energy weapon which can provide the same (or greater) threat as the nuclear arsenal of a present superpower. In the fourth scenario, some military asteroids are moved to Earth-centred orbits and utilised as "solar power satellites" (SPS). This would be a quite economical solution because a "military asteroid" already contains most of the important components of an SPS (large solar collector arrays, power distribution devices, orbit modifying rocket engine), one should add only a large microwave transmitter.