Influences of the turbulence model and the slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field in supersonic flows

Transverse slot injection scheme is very important for the mixing process between the air and the fuel in supersonic flows. The effect of the turbulence model and slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field has been investigated numerically based on the grid independency analysis, and the predicted results have been compared with the experimental data available in the open literature. The obtained results show that the grid scale makes only a slight difference to the wall pressure profiles for all jet-to-crossflow pressure ratios employed in this study, and the wall pressure profile with low jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is predicted accurately by the RNG k–ε turbulence model, the SST k–ω turbulence model for the flow field with high jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. High jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio can increase the jet penetration depth in supersonic flows, and the gradient of the length of the upstream separation region is larger than that of the height of the Mach surface. At the same time, when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is maintained constant, the jet penetration depth increases with the increase of the slot width.     

Multi-objective design optimization of the transverse gaseous jet in supersonic flows

The mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow is one of the important issues for the design of the scramjet engine, and the efficiency mixing has a great impact on the improvement of the combustion efficiency. A hovering vortex is formed between the separation region and the barrel shock wave, and this may be induced by the large negative density gradient. The separation region provides a good mixing area for the injectant and the subsonic boundary layer. In the current study, the transverse injection flow field with a freestream Mach number of 3.5 has been optimized by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) coupled with the Kriging surrogate model; and the variance analysis method and the extreme difference analysis method have been employed to evaluate the values of the objective functions. The obtained results show that the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is the most important design variable for the transverse injection flow field, and the injectant molecular weight and the slot width should be considered for the mixing process between the injectant and the supersonic crossflow. There exists an optimal penetration height for the mixing efficiency, and its value is about 14.3 mm in the range considered in the current study. The larger penetration height provides a larger total pressure loss, and there must be a tradeoff between these two objection functions. In addition, this study demonstrates that the multi-objective design optimization method with the data mining technique can be used efficiently to explore the relationship between the design variables and the objective functions.     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

双股气流对流体控制矢量喷管的影响

利用有限体积法求解三维雷诺平均N-S方程,对激波诱导矢量控制方案下的二元收敛-扩张喷管全流场进行了数值模拟,同时与试验结果进行了对比,进一步讨论了开孔位置对喷管矢量性能的影响。研究表明,要获得较好的矢量性能,必须减小壁面反射激波的作用,因此应该调整开孔位置使得第一道斜激波延伸至喷管出口附近;严重过度膨胀状态下,较好的双股气流方案下喷管获得的矢量效率要优于单股气流方案;而在设计状态附近,两种方案下获得的矢量效率和推力损失基本相同。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

预燃室低频不稳定燃烧仿真研究

为弄清燃烧不稳定性激励机制,建立了氢氧预燃室低频燃烧稳定性分析数学模型,利用MATLAB/SIMULINK集成软件包搭建仿真平台,研究了与供应系统耦合的低频不稳定燃烧。结果表明:在各种不稳定激励因素中,氧的喷注压降对稳定性影响最为显著,当其值低于某一稳定边界时,出现极限环振荡,提高氧的喷注压降可以非常有效地抑制低频不稳定燃烧;当氧的喷注压降位于稳定边界附近时,混合比将对稳定性产生一定影响,降低混合比可以较好地抑制低频不稳定;氢的喷注压降对低频燃烧稳定性影响很小。     

Thrust modulation of solid propellant rockets by a fluidic vortex valve with secondary combustion

An analytical model for calculation of the thrust and pressure modulation of a solid propellant rocket by means of a fluidic vortex valve with secondary combustion has been developed. Thrust control by the vortex valve method was found superior to the axial injection of control flow. Addition of oxygen in the injected flow improves the energetic performance of the system as well as the thrust modulation capability. Experiments have been conducted using a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen as the injection gas. The two main parameters investigated in a series of experiments were the oxygen percentage in the injection gas and the ratio between the mass flow rates of the control gas and the solid propellant combustion products. The results show an increase of thrust by a factor of 2 for a 25% addition in mass flow rate by secondary injection at optimal conditions.     

Combustion characteristics of the end burning hybrid rockets in laminar flow

In this study, we aim to clarify the blowoff mechanism for flame spreading in an opposed laminar flow in narrow solid fuel ducts. To clarify this mechanism we conducted two experiments. First, we observed the changes of the flame spread rate at various oxygen velocities, ambient pressures, and port diameters. For flame spreading in laminar flow, combustion modes could be classified into 3 distinct regimes based on the strength of the opposed flow, i.e., chemical regime, thermal regime, and stabilized regime. This result is consistent with the result in turbulent flow. In the stabilized regime, quenching distance is almost constant despite oxygen velocity. In order to investigate the effect of ambient pressure and port diameter of fuels on blowoff limit, transition oxygen velocity is observed. As a result, transition oxygen velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the ambient pressure and port diameter. This relation is applicable despite the flow condition. Furthermore, we calculated velocity gradient at the fuel surface to reveal the determining factor of the blowoff limit in laminar flow. Consequently, velocity gradient, which is considered to dominate flow separation in laminar flow, would not be constant. This is because the velocity gradient at the fuel surface could not be evaluated by only the assumption of Hagen–Poiseuille flow but other parameters, such as vaporized fuel gas and natural convection by buoyancy should be included.     

采用多级主火箭的RBCC发动机性能分析(英文)

采用三维两相数值模拟技术研究火箭基组合推进(RBCC)发动机的燃烧。提出了一种新的主火箭布置方式,该方式采用多级主火箭,一级嵌入到支板之中,另一级置于燃烧室中部上壁面。研究表明,相对于常规的主火箭布局,多级主火箭布局能明显提升发动机性能。置于支板的一级火箭以恰当比工作,起到引射和改善进气道工作特性的作用;二级火箭以富燃状态工作,起到火焰稳定和促进燃烧的作用。多级火箭喷射方案是DAB和SMC模式的综合,可作为火箭引射模态改善二次燃烧一种新的方式。     

带不同长度凹腔超声速燃烧数值研究

对带不同长深比凹腔的燃烧室三维燃烧流场进行数值模拟,研究了燃烧室流场结构。结果表明：液体碳氢燃料穿透深度较小;凹腔长深比对燃烧效率、总压损失影响较小,对燃烧室阻力影响显著。     

Design and experimental studies on ceramic port cover for dual pulse motor

Material and definition of dome-shaped ceramic port cover contour is presented. Two types of ceramic port covers with equal thickness and variable thickness structures are proposed. A group of cold-flow tests was carried out on a reusable dual pulse motor in which the performances of different port covers including sealing, first-pulse pressure bearing and second-pulse broken pressure were experimentally studied. A solid dual pulse motor for hot-firing test was designed, manufactured and statically tested. The feasibility of proposed bulkhead with ceramic port cover employed on actual solid dual pulse motor was proved. It is found that dome-shaped port cover made from machinable glass ceramic withstands a high pressure on its convex side, but is prone to fragmentation while imposing a reasonably low pressure on its concave side. The peripherally thickened port cover that is more robust in machining and assembly process is recommended. Grooves milled on the port cover induce fragmentation and are helpful to produce regular broken aperture shape. The bulkhead assembly consists of retaining ring, port cover and supporting ring can well fulfill the requirements of port cover in fixing, preloading and sealing. The broken fragments are less likely to damage the insulation structures of the combustion chamber and the nozzle unit which had been validated in the test.     

类火星环境中火箭起降过程喷流影响研究

采用尺度自适应模拟（Scale Adaptive Simulation, SAS）方法对火箭在起降过程中喷流的地面效应进行了数值研究，对比分析了在海平面和类火星环境下的喷流冲击倾斜地面和水平地面时的流场结构以及喷管的侧向载荷。在海平面环境下，喷管内部出现流动分离，喷管内壁压力先减小，在分离点处压力达到最低点，然后压力增加至环境压力。喷流冲击倾斜地面时具有更强烈的流动不稳定性，喷流出现明显的时间演化现象。在类火星环境下，喷管内部不发生流动分离，内壁的压力沿着流向逐渐减小。喷流冲击倾斜地面时，在喷管出口的外侧形成了上下移动的马赫盘；喷流冲击水平地面时，喷流和地面反弹气流相互作用，阻碍了马赫盘的形成。研究结果还表明在类火星环境和海平面环境下，喷流冲击倾斜地面时喷管内壁温度均上升。研究结果将为火箭回收和火星着陆的方案选取提供参考。     

Combustion performance and scale effect from N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor simulations

HRM code for the simulation of N₂O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor operation and scale effect analysis has been developed. This code can be used to calculate motor thrust and distributions of physical properties inside the combustion chamber and nozzle during the operational phase by solving the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations using a corrected compressible difference scheme and a two-step, five species combustion model. A dynamic fuel surface regression technique and a two-step calculation method together with the gas–solid coupling are applied in the calculation of fuel regression and the determination of combustion chamber wall profile as fuel regresses. Both the calculated motor thrust from start-up to shut-down mode and the combustion chamber wall profile after motor operation are in good agreements with experimental data. The fuel regression rate equation and the relation between fuel regression rate and axial distance have been derived. Analysis of results suggests improvements in combustion performance to the current hybrid rocket motor design and explains scale effects in the variation of fuel regression rate with combustion chamber diameter.     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律，在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔，采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场，在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时，斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动；经过斜楔产生的分离区时，斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升，同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性，发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时，随着斜楔长度的增加，上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

高超声速绕平板上直立圆柱流动特性研究

以平板上直立平无限谪圆柱体为研究对象，采用和Ｒｏｅ三阶通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟研究了高超声速且壁面有传热条件下三维流流场的激波边界层干扰特性，物面压力分布计算值与值吻合良好，数值模拟结果可见圆柱上游分离区流场是一个马蹄形五涡结构且存在有二次分离激波，这是一种值得深入研究的流动新现象。     

MMH/NTO双组元自燃推进剂反应机理简化

采用反应流分析结合灵敏度分析的简化方法,对MMH/NTO详细燃烧化学反应机理进行了简化,获得包含25个组分和43个基元反应的MMH/NTO简化反应动力学模型。并从着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度两方面,通过对比理论结果、详细机理和简化机理预测结果,在较宽范围参数内对简化机理进行了验证。验证结果表明简化机理和详细机理预测的MMH/NTO体系的着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度具有非常高的一致性,说明了简化反应机理的合理性。进而分析了初始温度、燃烧室压力、氧燃比对MMH/NTO体系的着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度的影响规律,MMH/NTO体系的着火特性对初温和燃烧室压力较为敏感,燃烧火焰温度则对氧燃比和燃烧室压力较为敏感。为后续发动机燃烧的CFD数值计算提供了准确的反应动力学模型。     

Propagation of a flame through a stratified charge combustion chamber

Flame propagation through stratified media is examined with a numerical model of chemically reactive flow in combustion systems. The model includes a detailed reaction mechanism for methane combustion and an implicit Eulerian difference equation form for the hydrodynamics. Calculations of flames propagating through spatially uniform and stratified media are compared. Results are presented which indicate that hydrodynamic factors can have a significant effect on the energy production rates, pressure rise rates, and unburned fuel concentrations for all models. For the stratified charge models it was found that CO and NO_x production rates were significantly lower than for uniform charge models. Significant amounts of unburned fuel are found near the combustion chamber wall, even in some of the stratified charge models, so that reaction quenching at the wall may be important even in the stratified charge cases. Calculations are presented which predict improvements in fuel efficiency and decreases in pollutant formation, resulting from changes in fuel stratification and compression ratio.     

火箭低空级间热分离初期流场特性数值模拟

采用耦合求解轴对称非定常NS方程与一维分离动力学方程的方法,对多级火箭低空级间热分离初期过程进行数值仿真。依据仿真结果描述低空级间热分离初期流场的两种典型结构：内部为喷管扩张段流动分离以及外部为级间缝隙横向喷流与超声速外流的干扰流场;给出两种典型流场结构中位于上面级弹体表面（喷管内）的流动分离点位置以及壁面压力分布随仿真时间的变化;初步估算流动分离线偏斜时内外流动分离区域对上面级弹体的干扰力矩。通过分析数值模拟与力矩估算结果,发现在低空级间热分离内外流场中流动分离激波后方形成的高压区域是上面级所受干扰力矩的重要来源。研究结论可为级间热分离过程干扰机理研究提供理论方向,为级间热分离时序设计提供参考。