关于旋涡定义的思考

针对旋涡定义这个长期未解决的难题,在分析历史上提出的几种思路的基础上,本文提出:定义旋涡的总目标,应当体现其管状运动形态,并与其作为流体运动肌腱的动力学功能有机结合;该定义应能以统一的方式覆盖经典涡动力学业已成熟的结果,并且指引对湍流中复杂涡状结构及其相互作用的识别。据此,本文根据涡量场演化的已知规律,提出了旋涡的一个动力学定义,作为继续深化讨论的参考。同时提出,人们针对湍流结构研究构造的各种涡判据,虽然对湍流涡状结构的可视化起了重要作用,但因其难以遵循管式涡量场的因果演化而无法取代完备的涡定义。相比之下,近十年来形成的涡量面理论,有望在未来发展中使旋涡的定义和检验问题回归涡量动力学的自然规律。     

面向三维重建的工艺语言理解及工艺语义模型构建

从动态工艺设计过程的视角考察工艺设计意图和二维工序图形的进化进程,以电子工艺卡片为输入对象,将自然语言理解技术和图形理解技术相融合,用具有工艺语义的工序语言指导二维工序图形的三维重建,实现对制造毛坯三维形态演变过程的智能推理,重建出基于特征的零件模型及中间工序模型.研究了工艺语义的定义与表示、机械加工领域概念知识库的构...     

Dust Phenomena Relating to Airless Bodies

Airless bodies are directly exposed to ambient plasma and meteoroid fluxes, making them characteristically different from bodies whose dense atmospheres protect their surfaces from such fluxes. Direct exposure to plasma and meteoroids has important consequences for the formation and evolution of planetary surfaces, including altering chemical makeup and optical properties, generating neutral gas and/or dust exospheres, and leading to the generation of circumplanetary and interplanetary dust grain populations. In the past two decades, there have been many advancements in our understanding of airless bodies and their interaction with various dust populations. In this paper, we describe relevant dust phenomena on the surface and in the vicinity of airless bodies over a broad range of scale sizes from \(\sim10^{-3}~\mbox{km}\) to \(\sim10^{3}~\mbox{km}\), with a focus on recent developments in this field.     

A Brief History of CME Science

We present here a brief summary of the rich heritage of observational and theoretical research leading to the development of our current understanding of the initiation, structure, and evolution of Coronal Mass Ejections.     

Water Loss from Young Planets

Good progress has been made in the past few years to better understand the XUV evolution trend of Sun-like stars, the capture and dissipation of hydrogen dominant envelopes of planetary embryos and protoplanets, and water loss from young planets around M dwarfs. This chapter reviews these recent developments. Observations of exoplanets and theoretical works in the near future will significantly advance our understanding of one of the fundamental physical processes shaping the evolution of solar system terrestrial planets.     

Urca processes in dense matter and neutron star cooling

Urca-processes were introduced into astrophysics by Gamow and Schoenberg in 1941. Neutrino cooling resulting from urca-processes plays an important role at the latest stages of evolution of massive stars. Recent work on neutrino emissivity of dense matter shows that neutrino cooling via urca-processes could determine the thermal evolution of young neutron stars and depends dramatically on the composition of the neutron star core. In particular, if a neutron star contains a central core in which the direct urca-process is operative, the cooling timescale shortens by many orders of magnitude.     

密度变化与韧性损伤的关系

通过精密测量相对密度化建立韧性损伤模型,以预测金属塑性加工过程中韧性损伤演化规律和产品质量。本文研究了精密测量微小密度的变化、介绍了测量方法和装置。通过测量相对密度变化对拉伸和扭转过程中韧性损伤演化规律进行了研究。     

The evolution of massive stars; an observational viewpoint

The review is a discussion of observationally deduced values of the masses, mass-loss rates, temperatures, luminosities and element abundances for the most massive stars. The comparison of these quantities with theoretical calculations is also discussed, in terms of our present understanding of their evolution.     

Dynamic behavior and topology of 3D magnetic fields

We investigate numerically the dynamical evolution of a boundary driven, topologically complex low plasma. The initial state is a simple, but topologically nontrivial 3D magnetic field, and the evolution is driven by forced motions on two opposite boundaries of the computational domain. A large X-type reconnection event with a supersonic one-sided jet occurs as part of a process that brakes down the large scale topology of the initial field. An energetically steady state is reached, with a double arcade overall topology, in which the driving causes continuous creation of small scale thin current sheets at various locations in the arcade structures.     

Morphology and physics of short-period magnetic pulsations

This review is devoted to the main problems of experimental and theoretical investigations of geoelectromagnetic waves in the frequency range from 0.1 to 5 Hz. These waves constitute the short-period subclass of so-called geomagnetic pulsations. The short-period pulsations are represented by Pc1, Pc2, Pi1, Ipdp types and some subclassifications. The understanding of the pulsation mechanisms provides an insight into the structure and dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere. We focus our attention on Pc1 pearl pulsations and on the classical (evening) Ipdp, for which basic physical concepts have been established. Other types and varieties are outlined also, but in less detail. In these cases, the physical mechanism is not always clear (as, for example, in the case of morning Ipdp), and/or the morphology is still to be determined carefully (Pc2 and discrete signals in polar cusps as typical examples).Short-period pulsations are a spontaneous, sporadic phenomenon which undergo a certain evolution in the course of a magnetic storm. We consider the storm-time variation as a natural background, and we use this background to collect the information about the pulsations in an orderly manner. At the same time, together with the transient storm-time variation of pulsation activity, quasi-periodic variations take place, which are connected with the Earth's and Sun's rotation, Earth's orbital motion and solar cycle activity. The study of these regular variations allows us to have a new approach to the mechanisms of excitation and propagation of short-period geomagnetic pulsations.     

Ceres: Its Origin, Evolution and Structure and Dawn��s Potential Contribution

Ceres appears likely to be differentiated and to have experienced planetary evolution processes. This conclusion is based on current geophysical observations and thermodynamic modeling of Ceres?? evolution. This makes Ceres similar to a small planet, and in fact it is thought to represent a class of objects from which the inner planets formed. Verification of Ceres?? state and understanding of the many steps in achieving it remains a major goal. The Dawn spacecraft and its instrument package are on a mission to observe Ceres from orbit. Observations and potential results are suggested here, based on number of science questions.     

Formation and evolution of low-mass Algols

We discuss the origin, evolution and fate of low-mass Algols (LMA) that have components with initial masses less than 2.5 M₀. The semi-major axes of orbits of pre-LMA do not exceed 20–25 R₀. The rate of formation of Algol-type stars is 0.01/year. Magnetic stellar winds may be the factor that determines the evolution of LMA. Most LMA end their lives as double helium degenerate dwarfs with M₁/M₂ 0.88 (like L870-2). Some of them even merge through angular momentum loss caused by gravitational waves.     

Understanding solar streamers: The role of SOHO

Streamers have been observed since far back in time, but our knowledge of their morphology and of their physical characteristics is still very limited. As a consequence, the present streamer picture is largely incomplete: because individual features are poorly known, their role in more general phenomena (like the evolution of the global corona or the solar wind mass and flow pattern) is also poorly known. In this presentation, the more relevant open problems in the understanding of streamers will be illustrated and it will be shown how new data acquired by SOHO may help us to reach a better understanding of these structures.     

Massive close binaries: Observational characteristics

Theoretically predicted evolutionary phases of massive close binaries are compared with the observations. For the evolution up to the High-Mass X-ray Binary (HMXB) phase there is fair agreement between theory and observation. Beyond the HMXB phase there is much uncertainty. Notably it is puzzling why we observe so few systems consisting of a helium star and a neutron star (Cygnus X-3 is the only one found so far), and why the incidence of double neutron stars is so low. A better understanding of Common Envelope evolution is required in order to answer these questions. The role of velocity kicks imparted to neutron stars during supernova collapse is discussed. Such kicks might cause many runaway OB stars to be single.     

SN 1987A and SN 1993J: Testing stellar evolution theory?

Nearby supernovae like SN 1987A and SN 1993J provide valuable constraints on the late evolution of massive stars. For this purpose, we review evolutionary models for the progenitor of SN 1987A and confront them with five observational/theoretical tests we devised. We show that single-star models (with the possible exception of rapid-rotation models) fail at least two of these tests, while two binary models (accretion and merger models) are consistent with all available constraints. We conclude that it is most likely that the progenitor of SN 1987A had a binary companion, either at the time of the explosion or at least in the not-too-distant past, and that SN 1987A should therefore not be used to calibrate single stellar evolution theory. For SN 1993J, we infer from the presupernova photometry and the early light curve that its progenitor was a 15M star that lost almost all of its hydrogen-rich envelope prior to the supernova. This seems to require that the progenitor underwent stable case C mass transfer. We discuss future observational tests of binary models for both supernovae.     

Neutral Atmospheres

This paper summarizes the understanding of aeronomy of neutral atmospheres in the solar system, discussing most planets as well as Saturn’s moon Titan and comets. The thermal structure and energy balance is compared, highlighting the principal reasons for discrepancies amongst the atmospheres, a combination of atmospheric composition, heliocentric distance and other external energy sources not common to all. The composition of atmospheres is discussed in terms of vertical structure, chemistry and evolution. The final section compares dynamics in the upper atmospheres of most planets and highlights the importance of vertical dynamical coupling as well as magnetospheric forcing in auroral regions, where present. It is shown that a first order understanding of neutral atmospheres has emerged over the past decades, thanks to the combined effects of spacecraft and Earth-based observations as well as advances in theoretical modeling capabilities. Key gaps in our understanding are highlighted which ultimately call for a more comprehensive programme of observation and laboratory measurements.     

The dynamics of chromospheric spicules

We present the observational results on chromospheric spicules obtained at the Sayan observatory 50 cm coronograph. To investigate the evolution of chromospheric spicules, we analysed spicule spectra of strong chromospheric lines measured simultaneously at three altitudes above the solar limb during 5–60 min with a time resolution of 10 to 20 s. The spatial resolution was better than 1, and the spectral resolution was 0.03Å in 6563Å. The appearance of a spicule at a given altitude is preceded by an sharp increase in line-of-sight velocity and/or in line half-width at a lower level. Generally, the evolution has a non-monotonous impulsive character. Changes of line-of-sight velocities and other parameters of the line profile can be represented as the superposition of slow, evolutionary changes and fluctuations with periods of about 80 to 120 s. The amplitude of line-of-sight velocity fluctuations is 2–3 km/sec and tends to increase with height. By studying the phase delays of the fluctuations at different heights, we found that the propagation velocity exceeds 300 km s^–1, and that the disturbances do not necessarily propagate upwards.     

Nucleosynthesis in Supernovae

We present the status and open problems of nucleosynthesis in supernova explosions of both types, responsible for the production of the intermediate mass, Fe-group and heavier elements (with the exception of the main s-process). Constraints from observations can be provided through individual supernovae (SNe) or their remnants (e.g. via spectra and gamma-rays of decaying unstable isotopes) and through surface abundances of stars which witness the composition of the interstellar gas at their formation. With a changing fraction of elements heavier than He in these stars (known as metallicity) the evolution of the nucleosynthesis in galaxies over time can be determined. A complementary way, related to gamma-rays from radioactive decays, is the observation of positrons released in \(\beta^{+}\)-decays, as e.g. from \(^{26}\mbox{Al}\), \(^{44}\mbox{Ti}\), \(^{56,57}\mbox{Ni}\) and possibly further isotopes of their decay chains (in competition with the production of \(e^{+}e^{-}\) pairs in acceleration shocks from SN remnants, pulsars, magnetars or even of particle physics origin). We discuss (a) the role of the core-collapse supernova explosion mechanism for the composition of intermediate mass, Fe-group (and heavier?) ejecta, (b) the transition from neutron stars to black holes as the final result of the collapse of massive stars, and the relation of the latter to supernovae, faint supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts/hypernovae, (c) Type Ia supernovae and their nucleosynthesis (e.g. addressing the \(^{55}\mbox{Mn}\) puzzle), plus (d) further constraints from galactic evolution, \(\gamma\)-ray and positron observations. This is complemented by the role of rare magneto-rotational supernovae (related to magnetars) in comparison with the nucleosynthesis of compact binary mergers, especially with respect to forming the heaviest r-process elements in galactic evolution.     

Cosmogony as an extrapolation of magnetospheric research

A theory of the origin and evolution of the Solar System (Alfvén and Arrhenius, 1975, 1976) which considered electromagnetic forces and plasma effects is revised in the light of new information supplied by space research. In situ measurements in the magnetospheres and solar wind have changed our views of basic properties of cosmic plasmas. These results can be extrapolated both outwards in space, to interstellar clouds, and backwards in time, to the formation of the solar system. The first extrapolation leads to a revision of some cloud properties which are essential for the early phases in the formation of stars and solar nebulae. The latter extrapolation makes possible to approach the cosmogonic processes by extrapolation of (rather) well-known magnetospheric phenomena.Pioneer-Voyager observations of the Saturnian rings indicate that essential parts of their structure are fossils from cosmogonic times. By using detailed information from these space missions, it seems possible to reconstruct certain events 4–5 billion years ago with an accuracy of a few percent. This will cause a change in our views of the evolution of the solar system.     

Magnetic Field Topology and Criticality in Geotail Dynamics: Relevance to Substorm Phenomena

Recent observations and analyses seem to suggest that certain dynamical features of the Earth's magnetosphere could resemble the evolution of a complex system near a forced and/or self-organized criticality (FSOC). Here, we review concepts dealing with the phenomenology of criticality and disorder systems in connection with magnetospheric processes. In more detail, we discuss the importance of intermittency, turbulence and local topological disorder in the geomagnetic tail regions, that form a new paradigm for the understanding of the magnetotail dynamics.