Analysis of nitrogen flow in rice cultivation in CEEF.

In order to control the material circulation in the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), it is necessary to clarify material flow in the Closed Plant Experiment Facility (CPEF) of CEEF. We tried to grow rice plants and measure the nitrogen contents in rice plant and nutrient solution in plant cultivation bed to trace the material balance in CPEF. The measurements were carried out under the condition of 750 ppm (v/v) CO2 at 26/19 degrees C in the plant cultivation room. The measurements showed the absorbed nitrogen amount in plant was less than the outflow nitrogen amount from nutrient solution. This difference between absorbed and outflow quantity reached to 17%.     

Integration test project of CEEF--a test bed for Closed Ecological Life Support Systems.

CEEF (Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities) were installed at Rokkasho village in northern Japan, for the purpose of clarifying life-support mechanisms in a completely closed space, such as a Lunar or Mars base. An integration test using the Closed Plantation Experiment Facility and Closed Animal Breeding & Habitation Experiment Facility is needed before conducting an entire closed experiment including plants, animals and humans. These integration tests are planned to be conducted step by step from fiscal 2001 to 2008.     

The CEEF, closed ecosystem as a laboratory for determining the dynamics of radioactive isotopes.

Nuclear power generation is now confronted with a very difficult situation all over the world because of the problems of radioactive waste disposal and of the accidents, which have occurred. Nuclear power generation now supplies nearly 30% of total electric power demand in Japan. Therefore it is very difficult to change quickly the construction plans of nuclear facilities already designed. A nuclear fuel reprocessing center is now under construction in Rokkasho-Mura in Aomori Prefecture. If this center starts its operation, small amounts of 14CO2 are expected to be released into the atmosphere and will enter the global cycle. The simulation experiment of 14C trace amounts which enter into ecosystems is now being planned using stable isotope 13C within CEEF (Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities).     

The Mini-Earth facility and present status of habitation experiment program.

The history of construction of the CEEF (the Mini-Earth), the configuration and scale of the CEEF are initially described. The effective usable areas in plant cultivation and animal holding and habitation modules and the accommodation equipment installed in each module are also explained. Mechanisms of the material circulation systems belonging to each module and subsystems in each material circulation system are introduced. Finally the results of pre-habitation experiments conducted until the year 2004 for clarifying the requirements in order to promote final closed habitation experiments are shown.     

CELSS: possible contributions to earth science program and others.

CELSS technology, composed of various subsystems designed to stabilize the environment in closed space can be used to construct the Closed Ecology Experiment Facility. The Closed Ecology Experiment Facility has the character of an Environmental Time Machine. Many environmental researches of studies will, it is proposed, be conducted using this facility. The concept of Closed Ecology Experiment Facility is described, and several research items related to earth science potentially to be conducted using this facility are indicated. As an example of the application, an improved model of climate estimation is discussed.     

“Modular Biospheres” – New testbed platforms for public environmental education and research

This paper will review the potential of a relatively new type of testbed platform for environmental education and research because of the unique advantages resulting from their material closure and separation from the outside environment. These facilities which we term “modular biospheres”, have emerged from research centered on space life support research but offer a wider range of application. Examples of this type of facility include the Bios-3 facility in Russia, the Japanese CEEF (Closed Ecological Experiment Facility), the NASA Kennedy Space Center Breadboard facility, the Biosphere 2 Test Module and the Laboratory Biosphere. Modular biosphere facilities offer unique research and public real-time science education opportunities. Ecosystem behavior can be studied since initial state conditions can be precisely specified and tracked over different ranges of time. With material closure (apart from very small air exchange rate which can be determined), biogeochemical cycles between soil and soil microorganisms, water, plants, and atmosphere can be studied in detail. Such studies offer a major advance from studies conducted with phytotrons which because of their small size, limit the number of organisms to a very small number, and which crucially do not have a high degree of atmospheric, water and overall material closure. Modular biospheres take advantage of the unique properties of closure, as representing a distinct system “metabolism” and therefore are essentially a “mini-world”. Though relatively large in comparison with most phytotrons and ecological microcosms, which are now standard research and educational tools, modular biospheres are small enough that they can be economically reconfigured to reflect a changing research agenda. Some design elements include lighting via electric lights and/or sunlight, hydroponic or soil substrate for plants, opaque or glazed structures, and variable volume chambers or other methods to handle atmospheric pressure differences between the facility and the outside environment.     

Basic design concept of Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities.

In order to study the relationship between the physiological metabolism of living things and the environmental factors such as the atmospheric contents and so on within the closed ecosystem, Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF) were designed and now under construction based on the following concepts: (1) Individual sealed chambers (called modules) for the plant cultivation, animal breeding, human habitation and microbial waste treatment are to be constructed independently to be able to study the metabolic effects of each living thing on the environmental factors within closed ecosystem. (2) A chamber for the microbial waste treatment are to be replaced with two systems; wet oxidation reactors and chemical nitrogen fixation reactors. (3) Atmospheric control systems are to be independently attached to each module for stabilizing atmospheric contents in each module. (4) Any construction materials having the possibility to absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide are to be prohibited to use in each module for sustaining material balance. (5) Facilities have to be developed so that the closed plant and animal experiments can be done independently, as well as integrated experiments with plants and animals through exchanging foods, carbon dioxide, oxygen, condensed water and nutrient solution.     

综合化航空电子分区隔离的建模与设计方法

分区技术是航空电子系统综合化模块化发展中不可缺少的技术.针对航空电子系统安全关键性的要求,基于ARINC653标准,提出了分层分区的体系结构模型,该模型实现了不同安全关键级别应用软件之间的隔离.为了满足航空电子系统强实时可预测性的约束,双层分区模型中系统层采用轮转调度策略,区间层采用单调速率调度策略.然后对分区任务进行可调度分析,在充分保证航空电子系统强实时的前提下,提出了分区关键参数的设计方法,并推导了最坏情况下的系统可调度利用率.计算机仿真结果表明,该方法在保证实时性的同时,能支持更多的系统负载,具有优越性.      

Application of crop gas exchange and transpiration data obtained with CEEF to global change problem.

In order to predict carbon sequestration of vegetation with the future rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2] and temperature, long term effects of high [CO2] and high temperature on responses of both photosynthesis and transpiration of plants as a whole community to environmental parameters need to be elucidated. Especially in the last decade, many studies on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] at gene, cell, tissue or leaf level for only vegetative growth phase (i.e. before formation of reproductive organs) have been conducted all over the world. However, CO2 acclimation studies at population or community level for a whole growing season are thus far very rare. Data obtained from repeatable experiments at population or community level for a whole growing season are necessary for modeling carbon sequestration of a plant community. On the other hand, in order to stabilize material circulation in the artificial ecological system of Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), it is necessary to predict material exchange rates in the biological systems. In particular, the material exchange rate in higher plant systems is highly variable during growth periods and there is a strong dependence on environmental conditions. For this reason, dependencies of both CO2 exchange rate and transpiration rate of three rice populations grown from seed under differing conditions of [CO2] and day/night air temperature (350 microL CO2 L-1, 24/17 degrees C (population A); 700 microL CO2 L-1, 24/17 degrees C (population B) and 700 microL CO2 L-1, 26/19 degrees C (population C)) upon PPFD, leaf temperature and [CO2] were investigated every two weeks during whole growing season. Growth of leaf lamina, leaf sheath, panicle and root was also compared. From this experiment, it was elucidated that acclimation of instantaneous photosynthetic response of rice population to [CO2] occurs in vegetative phase through changes in ratio of leaf area to whole plant dry weight, LAR. But, in reproductive growth phase (i.e. after initiation of panicle formation), the difference between photosynthetic response to [CO2] of population A and that of population B decreased. Although LAR of population C was almost always less than that of population A, there was no difference between the photosynthetic response to [CO2] of population A at 24 degrees C and that of population C at 26 degrees C for its whole growth period. These results are useful to make a model to predict carbon sequestration of rice community, which is an important type of vegetation especially in Asia in future global environmental change.     

用于长周期高精度轨道控制任务的快速半实物仿真系统

针对长周期高精度轨道控制任务的快速仿真试验需要,对传统的卫星控制系统半实物仿真系统进行了重构.提出利用动力学仿真模型程序的超实时运行驱动试验进程加速的方法,介绍系统总体设计思路及其结构、组成和工作原理,给出实时/超实时双模高精度动力学模型的开发及星地状态同步两项关键技术的具体实现,并通过应用实例证明了系统的有效性.     

One-week habitation of two humans in an airtight facility with two goats and 23 crops – Analysis of carbon,oxygen, and water circulation

Human habitation and animal holding experiments in a closed environment, the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), were carried out. The CEEF were established for collecting experimental data to estimate carbon transfer in the ecosystem around Rokkasho nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Circulation of O₂ and CO₂, and supply of food from crops cultivated in the CEEF were conducted for the first time in the habitation experiments. Two humans known as eco-nauts inhabited the CEEF, living and working in the Plant Module (PM) and the Animal and Habitation Module (AHM), for a week three times in 2005. On a fresh weight basis, 82% of their food was supplied from 23 crops including rice and soybean, cultivated and harvested in the PM, in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. For the goats, the animals held in the experiments, all of their feed, consisting of rice straw, soybean plant leaves, and peanut shells and peanut plant leaves, was produced in the PM in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. The O₂ produced in the PM by photosynthesis of the crops was separated by the O₂ separator using molecular sheaves, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the AHM atmosphere. The CO₂ produced in the AHM by respiration of the humans and animals was separated by the CO₂ separator using solid amine, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the PM atmosphere. The amount of O₂ consumed in the AHM was 46–51% of that produced in the PM, and the amount of CO₂ produced in the AHM was 43–56% of that consumed in the PM. The surplus of O₂ and the shortage of CO₂ was a result of the fact that waste of the goats and the crops and part of the human waste were not processed in these habitation experiments. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the eco-nauts was 64–92% of that in the harvested edible part of the crops. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the goats was 36–53% of that in the harvested inedible part of the crops. One week was not enough time for determination of gas exchange especially for humans and animals, because fluctuation of their gas exchange was quite high. The amount of transpired water collected as condensate was 818–938 L d⁻¹, and it was recycled as replenishing water compensating transpiration loss of nutrient solution. The amount of waste nutrient solution discharged from the PM was 1421–1644 L d⁻¹. The waste nutrient solutions from rice and other crops were processed through micro filters (MFs) separately. The MF filtrated solutions were processed with reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter separately and divided into filtrated water and concentrated waste nutrient solution. The concentrated waste nutrient solution from the crops other than rice was processed through an ultra-micro filter (UF) and reused, although that from rice was discharged in 2005. Concentrations of nutritional ions in the UF filtrated solution were determined, the depleted ions were added back, the UF filtrated solution was diluted with the RO membrane filtrated water, and the nutrient solution for the crops other than rice was regenerated. The nutrient solution for rice was newly made each time, using concentrated solution from an external source and the RO membrane filtrated water. Average amounts of water used in the AHM (L d⁻¹) were determined as follows: drinking by humans (filtrated water), 1.5; cooking, etc. (filtrated water other than for drinking), 14.3; drinking by goats, 3.8; showering (hot water), 13.2; showering (cold water), 0.1; washing of hand and face and brushing teeth, 4.1; washing of dishes, dish clothes and towels, 36.4; and washing of animal holding tools, 0.3. The waste water was processed by a RO purification system and recycled for toilet flushing and animal pens washing. A circulation experiment for water was started in 2006 and a circulation experiment for waste materials is planned for 2007. In 2006, a single duration of the air circulation experiments was 2 weeks, although the human habitants were changed after 1 week.     

GPS掩星探测天线相位中心的校准

GPS天线是GPS接收系统的关键部件,它的性能特点直接影响GPS信号的有效接收.天线相位中心的变化直接影响GPS伪距和载波相位观测量的测量.而且,相位中心并不是固定的,它会随不同的来波方向发生移动.为了更好地满足一些高精度的需要,相位中心的变化量在解算时必须被考虑进去.本文讨论了一种GPS天线相位中心的校准方法,利用微波暗室测量出不同方位角和不同俯仰角的相位方向图,即可解算出不同来波方向天线相位中心点的精确位置.对自主研制的双频GPS天线相位中心进行了测定,在仰角±75°范围内,其相位中心变化4mm以内.      

基于同步仿真的卫星姿轨控软件验证方法

传统的仿真系统一般采用Matlab/Simulink进行建模,Simulink模型可以在仿真环境下模拟真实环境下的系统架构和动态数据交互,也可以动态模拟真实目标机的运行。在Simulink建模体系对目标机系统的仿真中,其自身的时钟步长和数据流处理逻辑,可能与真实物理环境要求的系统有一定的出入,不能完全模拟目标机的内部ALU逻辑和真实外围设备工作行为,从而造成一定程度的失真,影响仿真效果。提出了基于同步仿真的卫星姿轨控软件验证方法,包含虚拟目标机能够实现对真实物理目标机运行功能的完全模拟,结合协同仿真组件和Simulink模型对各个子系统单元的动态建模仿真,全面验证软件的功能,增加了卫星控制软件的可靠性和安全性。     

飞机防滑控制系统的分布式实时仿真

 首先对飞机防滑刹车系统的工作原理进行了较为详细的分析,并建立了系统的数学模型.在此基础上,采用分布式实时仿真系统对系统进行了仿真研究,给出了分布式实时仿真系统的结构方案,讨论了仿真算法、仿真步长的选取等问题.并对某飞机防滑刹车系统在干跑道、湿跑道2种情况下的仿真结果进行了分析.经实验验证,该分布式实时仿真系统具有实时性好,处理能力强等优点.     

空间科学实验机器人辅助遥操作系统

建立了一个面向空间舱内晶体生长科学实验的地面模拟机器人遥操作系统。该系统通过基于虚拟现实的预测仿真来克服通讯时延的影响，并通过仿真图形和实际视频图像的叠加来对虚似仿真环境进行校准，以提高预测仿真的保真性。操作员利用空间鼠标等人机交互工具实时控制仿真机器人系统的运动，通过遥控与自主相结合的方式，并借助全局和局部视觉信息，完成了在空间晶体生长科学实验中更换晶体炉料棒的作业任务。     

空间材料实验炉的模拟热分析与地面试验分析

空间材料实验炉的温度分布对空间材料制备至关重要.通过对用于天宫二号空间实验室材料实验炉的物理模型进行合理简化,建立了三维传热数值计算模型,测量了实验炉材料的热物性参数,并根据地面试验工况进行模拟热分析计算,其结果能够很好地与地面试验结果吻合.采用模拟计算的方法分析样品物性参数对炉膛和样品中温度分布的影响,对实验炉的隔热部件进行优化设计,进而对炉体外表面温度进行了预测.数值仿真计算弥补了实验中测温点不足的问题,有助于进一步了解样品的温度分布,同时为实验炉隔热优化设计和安全运行提供了依据.      

虚拟原型技术及控制工程中的虚拟原型机

虚拟原型技术是当前设计、制造领域中的一个新技术,数字式的虚拟原型机将在很多场合替代物理原型机的使用,大大缩短设计周期,节约设计经费。在控制系统设计中,虚拟原型机可以分成３个层次,分别完成控制律的设计,控制软件的开发和控制系统的定型验证的任务。飞行控制系统虚拟原型机是建立在局域分布式仿真基础上的全数字式,并有接入实物的能力的仿真环境。为实现飞控计算机的虚拟原型机,硬件上构筑由多台计算机构成的主从结构     

基于DSM优化的产品开发两因素风险建模及仿真

针对存在迭代现象的产品开发过程的风险综合测量问题,建立了风险分析模型,并给出了相应的仿真算法.该模型分2个阶段构建,首先在传统设计结构矩阵理论基础上,构建了返工概率矩阵和返工冲击矩阵,由此描述产品开发过程中的进度和成本与迭代的关系;然后根据初始进度和成本不确定性、迭代的不确定性以及构建的结构矩阵,给出了产品开发风险评估模型.同时,利用传统设计结构矩阵优化理论,提出了通过减少迭代降低进度和成本风险的思路.利用仿真实例阐明,该模型能够测量产品开发进度和成本风险,同时能够利用设计结构矩阵优化开发顺序,从而降低产品开发风险,这为测量和控制产品开发项目综合风险提供了科学的依据.      

Key ecological challenges for closed systems facilities

Closed ecological systems are desirable for a number of purposes. In space life support systems, material closure allows precious life-supporting resources to be kept inside and recycled. Closure in small biospheric systems facilitates detailed measurement of global ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. Closed testbeds facilitate research topics which require isolation from the outside (e.g. genetically modified organisms; radioisotopes) so their ecological interactions and fluxes can be studied separate from interactions with the outside environment. But to achieve and maintain closure entails solving complex ecological challenges. These challenges include being able to handle faster cycling rates and accentuated daily and seasonal fluxes of critical life elements such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, macro- and mico-nutrients. The problems of achieving sustainability in closed systems for life support include how to handle atmospheric dynamics including trace gases, producing a complete human diet, recycling nutrients and maintaining soil fertility, the maintenance of healthy air and water and preventing the loss of critical elements from active circulation. In biospheric facilities, the challenge is also to produce analogues to natural biomes and ecosystems, studying processes of self-organization and adaptation in systems that allow specification or determination of state variables and cycles which may be followed through all interactions from atmosphere to soils. Other challenges include the dynamics and genetics of small populations, the psychological challenges for small isolated human groups and backup technologies and strategic options which may be necessary to ensure long-term operation of closed ecological systems.