基于冲量变轨原理的地球同步卫星有限推力变轨策略

  推力有限时,地球同步轨道卫星在远地点变轨的弧段很长,会导致较多的燃料消耗。基于冲量变轨原理,研究了地球同步轨道卫星远地点有限推力多次变轨问题,提出了具有星下点约束的最省燃料变轨方案,给出了每次变轨的推力方向和点火起止时刻及最优中间过渡轨道。仿真结果验证了该方案的有效性。     

全电推进卫星轨道优化的推力同伦解法

全电推进卫星的入轨过程是一个典型的多圈小推力轨道优化问题，由于其推力器加速度小，变轨圈数多，造成其最优理论解的求解较困难。为解决该问题，利用最优控制理论建立了全电推进卫星变轨优化的间接法模型，将变轨优化问题转化为协态变量初值猜测的两点边值问题。从大推力问题开始，通过遗传算法获得大范围猜测值并结合系列二次规划方法获得大推力的精确解。采用推力同伦思想，使用逐渐缩小推力的方式完成小推力问题的求解。仿真算例表明，采用推力同伦的方法，通过数十次的推力缩减即可有效解决多达上百圈变轨的静止轨道全电推进卫星入轨优化问题。     

GEO卫星快速发射入轨定点控制方法

提出了一种GEO卫星快速发射入轨定点方法,运载火箭将卫星发射进入GTO轨道后,由上面级或卫星自身在48h内快速定点到GEO轨道任意指定定点位置。考虑时间、测控等约束,在选定变轨策略基础上,以燃料消耗最小为目标,优化给出了快速入轨定点标称轨迹。采用无奇异的春分点根数描述轨道运动,基于最小二乘法给出了航天器在有限推力条件下变轨的闭环显式制导方法,控制航天器沿标称轨迹飞行。仿真算例表明,采用该变轨策略、轨道优化设计方法和制导律,可以完成GEO卫星快速入轨定点控制。     

基于不变流形的地-月L2点转移轨道优化设计

在地–月L2点月球中继卫星轨道转移设计中,采用高比冲、小推力的电推进器可以大大增加卫星的有效载荷比,但会增加轨道设计的难度。基于地球GEO轨道为初始轨道,地–月L2点的halo轨道为目标轨道,通过最优控制中的混合法及平动点轨道的不变流形,研究了作为拓展任务的利用地月系统不变流形的小推力变轨方案,可以有效简化转移的轨道设计。仿真结果表明:得到了任意推力情况下最节省推进剂燃料的推力方向控制方案,对月球中继卫星的轨道设计及其平动点轨道设计具有工程意义。     

基于Lyapunov最优反馈控制的月球中继卫星转移轨道设计

摘要： 随着电推进器及小推力转移变轨的研究逐渐深入,在深空探测领域应用电推力器是必然的发展趋势.文章基于以月球中继卫星的运行轨道地月L2点Halo轨道为目标轨道的轨道转移任务,采用Lyapunov最优反馈控制方法,计算单一轨道根数的局部最优控制率,通过遗传算法调整五个轨道根数的权重,得到时间最优的月球中继卫星小推力轨道转移方案,具有工程应用意义.     

基于Neyman-Pearson准则的空间目标轨道机动检测方法

轨道机动检测是当前空间监视活动的重要需求之一。当卫星在脉冲小推力作用下发生轨道机动时,会引起目标卫星与伴飞卫星相对距离变化率的阶跃突变,由于测量噪声的存在,距离变化率的阶跃突变特征被淹没在测量噪声中,不容易被检测出来。针对该问题,提出了一种基于概率判决模型的轨道机动检测方法。该方法采用独立同分布高斯白噪声模型描述测量噪声,将距离变化率作为特征量用于变轨检测,把距离变化率的阶跃突变检测问题转化为概率判决问题,在虚警概率约束下,基于Neyman-Pearson准则求解序列数据的变轨判决门限,能够自适应地判断目标卫星是否发生轨道机动。通过不同幅度轨道机动下的仿真试验,验证了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

小推力轨道优化研究

研究小推力电推进轨道优化问题,推力加速度量级为１０＾－２～１０＾－４,优化方法间接法,利用末端横截条件反向积分伴随方程,避开伴随变量的初值猜测,运用迭代法数值求解了逃兔地心引起场轨道和低轨道变轨优化,计算结果表明,小推力作用下最优转移轨道几乎为圆形,转移时间较长,小推力大小与作用时间成近似线反比关系,小推力情况下,横向比最优控制更为合理。     

电推进静止轨道转移与空间环境分析

针对基于连续电推进的由GTO轨道向地球静止轨道的转移问题,考虑星上自主变轨的计算能力,将轨道转移简化为推力方向固定的两阶段变轨策略,对轨控方向角进行优化.针对电推进轨道转移持续时间长,受空间环境影响较大的特点,对轨道转移过程中卫星穿越电离层、地球辐射带的情况进行分析.最后,进一步探讨了利用远地点高度高于标准GTO的轨道作为初始轨道,用以降低空间环境对卫星影响的可行性.     

对地观测卫星有限推力快速轨道机动优化方法

研究了对地观测卫星在有限推力作用下,快速轨道机动到目标区域上空的优化算法.分析了任务需求并选取两次点火的变轨方法,使算法更具普适性.推导出考虑J2摄动的三维空间的有限推力动力学方程.使用Lambert方法确定有限推力时间变量的取值范围,并在此基础上使用遗传算法进行优化,最终得到时间最优意义的优化结果.通过一个算例对整个优化算法做了验证.结果表明该算法精度高、计算时间短,适用于快速轨道机动任务.      

中国月球探测卫星飞行程序

我国月球探测卫星的飞行过程将主要分为三个阶段:(1) 调相轨道段:月球探测卫星与运载火箭分离后,将先围绕地球运行一段时间。通过三次近地点变轨,逐步抬高轨道的远地点。在第三次变轨后(11),卫星脱离地球轨道,进入奔向月球的地—月转移轨道。(2) 地—月转移轨道段:地—月转移轨道是一条复杂的曲线,卫星要飞行5～6天,其间根据轨道的具体参数进行1～2次中途修正(13,15),以保证卫星正确进入预定的月球轨道。(3) 环月轨道段:当卫星达到距月球200千米时,卫星进行减速制动(18),进入环绕月球南—北极运动的月球极轨道。此后经过两次近月点制动(20,2…     

Near real-time BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis with reversed point positioning

The Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite is a crucial part of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) constellation. However, due to various perturbation forces acting on the GEO satellite, it drifts gradually over time. Thus, frequent orbit maneuvers are required to maintain the satellite at its designed position. During the orbit maneuver and recovery periods, the orbit quality of the maneuvered satellite computed with broadcast navigation ephemeris will be significantly degraded. Furthermore, the conventional dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) approach may not work well, because of a lack of publicly available satellite information for modeling the thrust forces. In this paper, a near real-time approach free of thrust forces modeling is proposed for BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis based on the Reversed Point Positioning (RPP). First, the station coordinates and receiver clock offsets are estimated by GPS/BDS combined Single Point Positioning (SPP) with single-frequency phase-smoothed pseudorange observations. Then, with the fixed station coordinates and receiver clock offsets, the RPP method can be conducted to determine the GEO satellite orbits. When no orbit maneuvers occur, the proposed method can obtain orbit accuracies of 0.92, 2.74, and 8.30?m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions, respectively. The average orbit-only Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) is 1.23?m, which is slightly poorer than that of the broadcast navigation ephemeris. Using four days of GEO maneuvered datasets, it is further demonstrated that the derived orbits can be employed to characterize the behaviors of GEO satellite maneuvers, such as the time span of the maneuver as well as the satellite thrusting accelerations. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed method for near real-time GEO satellite orbit determination during maneuvers.     

基于夏氏最小二乘的轨道控制力系数辨识

在航天器轨道捕获、轨道维持和空间目标碰撞规避中都需要进行航天器轨道机动。针对航天器轨道机动过程中推力器的推力系数为装订常数,没有根据在轨工作实际进行优化而导致出现较大误差的情况,对控制力拟合系数进行辨识,作为修正控制参数以补偿轨道控制误差的依据,提高轨道控制精度。统计分析在轨管理的典型航天器平台及其发动机的轨道控制历史数据,分析轨道控制理论和在轨控制数据拟合建立轨道控制经验模型,用当前可测量的系统输入和输出预测系统输出的未来演变,得到不同工作情况下实际轨道控制误差与控制参数及其他主要影响因素之间关系的经验公式,为轨道控制策略决策提供参考。选取轨道半长轴控制量300m以上和300m以下的两类近地卫星,对其轨道控制历史数据进行分析,经实际数据测试,采用夏氏法进行推力系数拟合后预测的速度变化量精度较高。该种计算方法利用了轨道控制历史数据,计算方法简单,提高了轨道控制速度增量的预测精度,对轨道控制实施具有参考意义。     

基于机动力模型的GEO卫星恢复期间定轨

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)中GEO卫星频繁的轨道机动对高精度、实时不间断的导 航服务需求提出了更高要求, 如何在短弧跟踪条件下提高GEO卫星轨道快速 恢复能力, 是提升导航系统服务精度的关键因素. 针对该问题, 本文提出了基 于机动力模型的动力学定轨方法, 尝试利用高精度的C波段转发式测距数据, 辅 以机动期间的遥测遥控信息建立机动力模型, 联合轨控前后的观测数据进行动 力学长弧定轨. 利用BDS中GEO卫星实测数据进行了定轨试验与分析, 结果表明, 恢复期间需要采用解算机动推力的定轨方法, 联合机动前、机动期间和机 动后4h数据定轨的轨道位置精度在20m量级, 径向精度优于2.5m. 该方 法克服了短弧跟踪条件下动力学法定轨和单点定位中的诸多问题, 提供了解决 GEO卫星机动后轨道快速恢复问题的技术方法.      

连续常值推力机动分析与应用

连续常值推力机动是空间飞行常用的轨道机动方式。其中,小推力适合于地球轨道航天器交会机动,而切向或周向推力以及较大的正径向推力可用于脱离地球引力场的逃逸飞行,执行星际交会使命。应用常推力作用下的质心运动方程,对机动推力的量值没有限制;在航天器交会应用中,对相对距离也无要求。这种方法可直接获得向径、轨道速度等参数随时间或极角(绕地心的转动角)的变化,便于分析轨道转移与逃逸运动,有助于飞行使命与运动轨迹的设计。特别是,若机动转移的初轨为圆轨道,在推力较小、飞行时间不长的情况下,应用量纲1形式的运动方程,可获得具有工程应用价值的近似解。     

The influence of orbital maneuver on autonomous orbit determination of an extended satellite navigation constellation

The right ascension of the ascending node is unobservable if only the inter-satellite ranging is used for autonomous orbit determination (AOD) of an Earth navigation constellation. However, if an Earth-Moon libration point satellite is added to the Earth navigation constellation to construct an extended navigation constellation, all the orbital elements can be determined with only the inter-satellite ranging. Furthermore, the extended navigation constellation can provide navigation information for interplanetary probes. For such an extended navigation constellation, orbital control needs to be considered due to the instability of the libration-point satellite orbit. This study concerns the influence of satellite orbital maneuver on the AOD of the extended navigation constellation. An AOD method under orbital maneuver is proposed. A low thrust controller is designed to achieve libration point satellite autonomous orbit maintenance by using AOD results. A navigation constellation consisting of three GPS satellites and one libration point satellite are designed for simulation. The simulation results show that libration point satellites can achieve autonomous navigation and autonomous orbit maintenance by only using inter-satellite ranging information. The rotation drift error of the Earth navigation constellation is also suppressed.     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

一种利用角动量进行电推力矢量标定的算法

航天器上越来越多地使用电推进进行轨道修正,电推力器的配置安装和使用方式决定了电推进的调整策略,大多数情况下在轨卫星都需要进行电推力矢量的标定和调整。针对国内某类型地球静止轨道卫星,提出一种利用在轨电推力器工作时引起的星体角动量变化来进行电推力矢量标定及调整的算法,同时给出了国内首次在轨电推力矢量标定及调整的应用实例。在轨标定结果表明算法正确可行,该算法为在轨卫星电推标定和调整提供了一种解决方案。