高科技知识的再提升瞰制战略新高地-资通整合与网络中心作战

网络作战已经成为现代军事思想的著名学院，特别是在美军近年来的对外作战中更是展现其威力所在。从1991年的“沙漠风暴”作战(Desert Storm Operation）到2003年的“自由伊拉克”作战（Iraqi Freedom Operation），美军利用资料链结合精确制导武器、太空遥测平合、全球定位系统（GPS）、无人飞行载具（UAV）和空中预警系统，不仅仅得绝对性的战场情报优势，而且改写战场上的火力优势定律，让所有被发现的敌军单位都成为外科手术式打击的牺牲品。     

迈出第一步的日本伊拉克复兴劫持任务——自卫队抵达沙马瓦驻地直击报道

在美国陆军的M1A1主战坦克和M2步兵战斗车曾经朝伊拉克首都巴格达进击的高速公路上，陆上自卫队伊拉克复兴支援部队正式向北开拔。在“自由伊拉克”作战正式宣告结束8个月后，日本自卫队终于进驻随时可能爆发战斗的外国地域。     

“城市豹”扑面而来德国新型“豹”2PSO主战坦克

德国“豹”2主战坦克可谓威名远扬，深入人心。我们也早已习惯了日耳曼主战坦克那特有的敦厚，沉稳，杀气逼人的王者气质。作为原本对抗苏联坦克洪流的中坚力量，“豹”2主战坦克具备了一切在东欧大草原上纵横驰骋，斩杀对手于无形之中的要素。然而，随着东欧巨变，世界格局发生了根本性的变化，设计之初的假想敌荡然无存，“豹”2主战坦克在新的军事形势下也开始其顺应潮流的蜕变之旅。[编者按]     

破灭的神话：直升机作战的七大疑问

军事科拉日新月异．枪炮．坦克、飞机乃至于核武器．弹道导弹．都一再重塑了作战的风貌。各种作战平台之中，直升机也为今日战争的主角之一．直升机的起源很早，然而受限于发动机技术．直到20世纪60年代才在越南战场上打响了名声，展现了无穷的潜能，从后送，运输以至攻击任务．直升机的运用日益广泛。1983年末．AH-64“阿帕奇”正式批量生产远交部队，一改过去装备简陋的模样．一跃成为集先进科技于身的战场新贵，不过仍未经历实战的考验。1991年海湾战争“阿帕奇”终有机会一展身手．大显神威，2003年海湾再度战云密布．端正的“阿帕奇”也重回战场，尽管一度流传为伊拉克农民以步枪击落，但随后证实纯属捏造；反观同样在1991年扬戚海湾的M1A1“艾布拉姆斯”主战坦克．为伊军击毁．焦黑破坏的残骸，曝尸街头的景象，随着媒体呈现在世人的面前。于是．关于直升机的神话已然不胫而走……不过，真相是否是如此呢？     

天马行空之旅——美国空军特种部队（上）

美国空军特种部队（USAF Special Operations Forces）不仅历史悠久，而且战绩卓著。早在第二次世界大战的印缅战场，作为其前身的空中突击队（Air Commando）便和奥迪&;#183;温盖特（Orde Wingate）准将指挥的“钦迪”（Chindiwin）部队联手出击，在人迹罕至的原始丛林中神出鬼没。在漫长而悲惨的越南战争中，美国空军特种部队的足迹更是遍及中南半岛，在政客的擎肘和重重的作战规则限制下仍力挽狂澜，明知已不可左右时局。在退出东南亚之后又经历了“沙漠一号”（Operation Desert One）作战行动的挫败，但是美国空军特种部队仍旧秉承其不屈不挠的精神，在军种本位主义和官僚心态的狭缝间奋力生存，争取有限的预算份额，更时时提防军事空运司令部（MAC）虎视眈眈的并吞野心。直到1987年美军特战司令部正式成立之后才正式确定了空军特战司令部和其它空军部队的平行地位，从此不再寄人篱下。在美军近年来的主要对外作战如入侵巴拿马的“正义之师”作战行动（Operation Just Cause）、入侵格林纳达的“暴怒行动”作战行动（Operation Urgent Furious）、乃至于扬名立传的“沙漠风暴”作战行动（Operation Desert Storm）中，美国空军特种部都有极为优异的表现。是一把攻击敌军的利剑，堪称其部队座右铭：“勇往直前”（Any Time，Any Place）的最佳典范。     

美伊战后回顾4——没有发生的担心：城镇地区作战

在这次由英美联军独自发起的“自由伊拉克”（Operation lraqi Freedom）作战中，城镇地区作战所占比重极大。就传统军事教范观点来看，城镇地区作战向来被视为一项吃力不讨好的繁重任务，因为即便是攻击方拥有绝对战略主动优势，只要守方能够稳住阵脚，利用城镇地区现成的家屋和建筑物善加战场经营，就有机会在攻击者受限于城镇地区地形无法展开和情报受限的情况下造成对手惨重伤亡。从二战时葬送整个德国第六军团的斯大林格勒到让俄罗斯装甲纵队灰头土脸的车臣首府格罗兹尼，血淋淋的教训都明确验证了城镇地区作战的困难。     

国产PLZ45型155毫米自行火炮系统

近年来，世界上许多国家都非常重视发展155毫米口径的大炮系统，以将其作为21世纪战场上的主战武器。但是由于各国的技术基础，设计，研制和生产能力各不相同，因而所发展的155毫米大炮也都带有各自不同的特点，中国155神秘米大炮的优点尤其突出，是炮兵机动作战的骨干力量，通常协同机械化步兵，坦克和其它兵种作战，也可独立执行战斗任务，     

新品M3A3轻型坦克模型

20世纪30年代，当时的美军坦克的发展正处于一片空白。但随着德国装甲部队在欧洲战场步步进逼，这才重新引起了美国陆军对于坦克的注意，连心推动拖延多时的新型坦克的发展计划，其中轻型坦克的发展计划包括有M1、M2和后来的M3三种车型，但M1、M2主要用于训练用途，而M3才是美国真正投入战场的第一种轻型坦克。     

重装无敌——乌克兰BTMP-84型重型步兵践车

T-84主战坦克是乌克兰哈尔科夫&;#183;莫洛佐夫设计局（乌克兰的装甲车辆设计权威）和马里谢夫厂研制的，主要采用本国生产的组件和子系统。该车最早的设计思路源自于苏联T-64、T-80型主战坦克，并以T-80Y主战坦克为基础发展而来的，但其火力、机动性、防护力已有相当大的改进。     

猴、狗、蝙蝠及其它——戏说反坦克导弹

在反法西斯战争胜利50年之际,也许有人还记得,1945年初,盟军在对德作战的维斯瓦-奥得河战役中,仅苏联就投入坦克6500辆。在两次世界大战中,作战坦克像雄健的猛虎,纵横战场,所向披靡。在未来的战争中,坦克也可能成为地面作战的主要突击武器。1967年,苏联在“德涅伯”军事演习中,共投入7500辆坦克。 有矛必有盾,一物必有一物降。坦克的克星是反坦克导弹。     

2005年全球反恐特警队赛记

2005年3月30日到4月2日为期4天，在美国拉斯维加斯举行的全球特警挑战赛（Original World SWAT Challenge,OWSC）中，总计有18支队伍参赛。[编者按]     

Indirect search for Dark Matter with H.E.S.S.

Observations of the Galactic center region with the H.E.S.S. telescopes have established the existence of a steady, extended source of gamma-ray emission coinciding with the position of the super massive black hole Sgr A^*. This is a remarkable finding given the expected presence of dense self-annihilating Dark Matter in the Galactic center region. The self-annihilation process is giving rise to gamma-ray production through hadronization including the production of neutral pions which decay into gamma-rays but also through (loop-suppressed) annihilation into final states of almost mono-energetic photons. We study the observed gamma-ray signal (spectrum and shape) from the Galactic center in the context of Dark Matter annihilation and indicate the prospects for further indirect Dark Matter searches with H.E.S.S.     

The Comet Halley flyby I.R. sounder “I.K.S.”

An infrared sounder is being developed in France to observe in 1986 Comet Halley from the Soviet “VEGA” flyby probes. The instrument, called “I.K.S.”, has three measuring channels. Two of these channels will provide the spectrum of the comet emission in the spectral intervals 2.5–5.0 μ and 6–12 μ, at a constant resolution λ/Δλ = 50.The third channel analyzes the comet I.R. image at a spatial frequency of about 1 arc minute^?1; two I.R. colours are used in this channel: 7–10 μ and 10–14 μ. From the results expected, it is hoped that (1) most primary simple molecules emitted by the nucleus will be identified; (2) the chemical composition and perhaps crystalline structure of the dust grains and ices released by the comet will be derived; and (3) the diameter of the nucleus and its brightness temperatures will be measured.     

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule: behaviour of an artificial aquatic ecological system during spaceflight.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule, a closed aquatic ecosystem integrated into a middeck locker and consisting of a Zoological (animal tanks), a Botanical (plant bioreactor), a Microbial (bacteria filter) and an Electronic Component (data acquisition/control system) was flown on the STS-89 spaceshuttle mission in January 1998 for 9 days. Preflight the plant bioreactor was loaded with 53 g of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) and the animal tanks with 4 adult pregnant females of the fish, Xiphophorus helleri (sword-tails), 200 juveniles of the same species less than 1 week of age, 38 large and 30 juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata water snails. The filter compartment was filled with 200 g of lava grain inoculated with laboratory strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. A ground reference was undertaken with the same biological setup with a delay of 4 d. After an adaptation period of 5 d the system was closed and integrated into the spaceshuttle one day before launch. Video recordings of the animals were automatically taken for 10 minutes in 2-hour periods; the tapes were changed daily by the astronauts. The chemical and physical data for the aquatic system were within the expected range and were closely comparable in comparison to the ground reference. After 9 d under space conditions, the plant biomass increased to 117 g. The plants were all found in very good condition. All 4 adult female fish were retrieved in a good physiological condition. The juvenile fishes had a survival rate of about 33%. Almost 97% of the snails had survived and produced more than 250 neonates and 40 spawning packs. All samples were distributed according to a defined schedule and satisfied all scientific needs of the involved 12 principal investigators. This was the first successful spaceflight of an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing vertebrates, invertebrates, higher plants and microorganisms self-sustained by its inhabitants only. C.E.B.A.S. in a modified form and biological setup is a promising candidate for the early space station utilization as a first midterm experiment.     

Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E.: introductory remarks.

A general outline of the symposium titled "Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E." will be given in the introduction. The essential topics of molecular radiation biology are described with respect to the damage, repair and mutagenesis caused by high-LET irradiation to cellular DNA. The importance of clustered DNA lesions (locally multiply damaged sites) formed in vivo is discussed. This symposium is devoted to the mechanisms of the biological effects of radiation with high LET, especially with regard to the effects of heavy ions and neutrons which may cause possible risks in space flight, (e.g. carcinogenesis and mutagenesis). Detailed understanding of these risks, however, demands knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological effects of high-LET radiations. Thus, it was the organizers' idea to hold a symposium dealing with primary physical and chemical events caused in cellular deoxyribonucleoproteins by densely-ionizing radiations and to relate them to track structures and energy transfer processes. The mechanisms of DNA damage were regarded from different points of view including those considering DNA repair and mutagenesis. Problems associated with cell survival and radiation protection were discussed as well. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of high-LET radiation actions, however, is limited compared to what we know about low-LET radiation effects (e.g. from gamma-rays or X-rays). To emphasize this statement, I would like to summarize briefly the open questions in molecular radiation biology, what we know already about low-LET effects and what is lacking describing the effect of high-LET radiation.     

The "C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE": a self-sustaining closed aquatic ecosystem for spaceflight experimentation.

The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is the miniaturized space flight version of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.). It fits into a large middeck locker tray and is scheduled to be flown in the STS 85 and in the NEUROLAB missions. Its volume is about 9 liters and it consists of two animal tanks, a plant cultivator, and a bacteria filter in a monolithic design. An external sensor unit is connected to a data acquisition/control unit. The system integrates its own biological life support. The CO2 exhaled by the consumers (fishes, snails, microorganisms) is assimilated by water plants (Ceratophyllum demersum) which provide them with oxygen. The products of biomass degradation and excretion (mainly ammonia ions) are converted by bacteria into nitrite and nitrate. The latter is taken up by the plants as a nitrogen source together with other ions like phosphate. The plants convert light energy into chemical energy and their illumination is regulated via the oxygen concentration in the water by the control unit. In ground laboratory tests the system exhibited biological stability up to three month. The buffer capacity of the biological filter system is high enough to eliminate the degradation products of about one half of the dead animal biomass as shown in a "crash test". A test series using the laboratory model of the flight hardware demonstrated the biological stability and technical reliability with mission-identical loading and test duration. A comprehensive biological research program is established for the C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE in which five German and three U.S.-American universities as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences are involved.     

C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE: test results of an artificial (man-made) aquatic ecosystem.

The original Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is a long-term multi-generation research facility for experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station the development of which is surrounded by a large international scientific program. In addition, a miniaturized laboratory prototype, the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE, with a total volume of about 10-12 liters for a Spacelab middeck locker was developed and a first version was tested successfully for two weeks with a population of fishes (Xiphophorus helleri) in the animal tank and a Ceratophyllum spec. in the illuminated higher plant growth chamber. The water recycling system consisted of a bacteria filter and a mechanical filter and the silastic tubing gas exchanger was separated by valves for the utilization in emergency cases only. Data were collected with the acquisition module of the original C.E.B.A.S. process control system. In addition, an optimized version was tested for 7 weeks with fishes and plants and thereafter with fish and with plants only for 2 and 1 weeks, resp.. The paper presents the relevant water parameters (e.g., pH, pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, flow rate, ion concentrations) during the test period as well as morphological and physiological data of the enclosed animals and plants. On the basis of the given results the possible role of the C.E.B.A.S. system as a scientific tool in artificial ecosystem research and for the development of a combined animal-plant intensive aquaculture system and its utilization in bioregenerative life support is discussed.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems: developmental aspects based on the space flight results of the C.E.B.A.S. MIN-MODULE.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is an artificial aquatic ecosystem which contains teleost fishes, water snails, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and edible non-gravitropic water plants. It serves as a model for aquatic food production modules which are not seriously affected by microgravity and other space conditions. Its space flight version, the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE was already successfully tested in the STS-89 and STS-90 (NEUROLAB) missions. It will be flown a third time in space with the STS-107 mission in January 2003. All results obtained so far in space indicate that the basic concept of the system is more than suitable to drive forward its development. The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is located within a middeck locker with limited space for additional components. These technical limitations allow only some modifications which lead to a maximum experiment time span of 120 days which is not long enough for scientifically essential multi-generation-experiments. The first necessary step is the development of "harvesting devices" for the different organisms. In the limited space of the plant bioreactor a high biomass production leads to self-shadowing effects which results in an uncontrolled degradation and increased oxygen consumption by microorganisms which will endanger the fishes and snails. It was shown already that the latter reproduce excellently in space and that the reproductive functions of the fish species are not affected. Although the parent-offspring-cannibalism of the ovoviviparous fish species (Xiphophorus helleri) serves as a regulating factor in population dynamics an uncontrolled snail reproduction will also induce an increased oxygen consumption per se and a high ammonia concentration in the water. If harvesting locks can be handled by astronauts in, e. g., 4-week intervals their construction is not very difficult and basic technical solutions are already developed. The second problem is the feeding of the animals. Although C.E.B.A.S.-based aquaculture modules are designed to be closed food loop systems (edible herbivorous fish species and edible water plants) which are already verified on Earth this will not be possible in space without devices in which the animals are fed from a food storage. This has to be done at least once daily which would waste too much crew time when done by astronauts. So, the development of a reliable automated food dispenser has highest priority. Also in this case basic technical solutions are already elaborated. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the proposed further C.E.B.A.S.-based development of longer-term duration aquatic food production modules.     

V.L.A. observations of flare build-up in coronal loops

Very Large Array (V.L.A.) measurements at 20 cm wavelength map emission from coronal loops with second-of-arc angular resolution at time intervals as short as 3.3 seconds. The total intensity of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution and structure of the hot plasma that is detected by satellite X-ray observations of coronal loops. The circular polarization of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution, strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. Preburst heating and magnetic changes that precede burst emission on time scales of between 1 and 30 minutes are discussed. Simultaneous 20 cm and soft X-ray observations indicate an electron temperature $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{2.5 × 10}{}^7\text{K}$ and electron density $\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{10}{}^{10}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ during preburst heating in a coronal loop that was also associated with twisting of the entire loop in space. We also discuss the successive triggering of bursts from adjacent coronal loops; highly polarized emission from the legs of loops with large intensity changes over a 32 MHz change in observing frequency; and apparent motions of hot plasma within coronal loops at velocities V > 2,000 kilometerspersecond.     

美国的战斧巡航导弹

3月19日,美英法三国开始对利比亚实行军事打击。在当天进行的空袭行动中,部署在地中海的美军和英军军舰与潜艇就向利比亚首都的黎波里郊区和东部城市米苏拉塔等地发射了110多枚战斧巡航导弹,袭击了20多处防空设施和民事目标。在随后的几天里,每天又都发射了一批这种导弹。截止到4月1日,美军共发射了221枚、英军共发射了7枚战斧巡航导弹。那么,战斧巡航导弹究竞