临近空间高超声速飞行器关键技术及展望

随着各国对提高军队通信、反应和作战能力的需求与日俱增,发展临近空间高超声速 飞行器技术的重要性愈发明显。综述了临近空间高超声速飞行器国内外的发展现状与趋 势,系统全面地分析了发展临近空间高超声速飞行器的关键技术,包括总体设计技术、气动 力和气动热技术、高温长时间热防护技术、高精度GNC技术、有效载荷抛撒技术以及发动机 技术。在此基础上,最后提出了适合我国国情的临近空间高超声速飞行器技术的发展设想。
     

超视距雷达探测高超声速飞行器可行性分析

在前期开展再入飞行器RCS（雷达散射截面）特性试验和理论研究的基础上，对典型临近空间高超声速飞行器RCS特性开展了研究，分析了绕流和尾迹对飞行器本体RCS特性的影响。研究表明等离子体流场在头身部绕流、近尾尾迹和部分远尾尾迹的最大电子密度将远高于电离层最高电子密度，更高于典型天波超视距雷达工作频段对应的临界电子密度。因而等离子体尾迹将会对3~30 MHz频段电磁波产生较强的散射，使得等离子体尾迹的RCS远远大于飞行器本体的RCS。利用临近空间高超声速飞行器尾迹RCS的这一特点，有可能实现对临近空间高超声速飞行器的超视距探测。     

国外高超声速飞行器及技术发展综述

正高超声速飞行器一般指飞行速度超过马赫数5、主航程在临近空间(距地面20~100千米)的有翼或无翼飞行器。本文研究的高超声速飞行器主要包括高超声速打击武器和高超声速飞机,鉴于能够跨大气层飞行的空天飞行器可以在临近空间实现高超声速长程飞行,因而也纳入本文研究范围。高超声速飞行器近20年来发展迅速,其具     

从经费预算看美国高超声速领域发展趋势

临近空间高超声速飞行器具有飞行高度高、速度快以及高效的突防和攻击效能等特点,现已成为世界各军事强国谋求空天优势,抢占临近空间战略制高点的重要举措。但是,临近空间高超声速飞行器是一个全新的领域,其技术储备相对不足,在发展过程中面临着极高的技术风险和挑战。美国在高超声速技术领域开展了大量的预研和研制项目,但由于技术难度和经费的限制,这些项目至今没有研制出成熟的武器型号。在此过程中,美国多次调整高超声速技术的发展重点,但一直保证持续的经费投入,通过近年来的经费预算可反映出其在高超声速领域的发展趋势。     

临近空间高超声速目标及其防御

介绍了美国临近空间高超声速飞行器的发展历程,分析了临近空间高超飞行器的战略意义和目标特性.根据临近空间高超声速目标对防御系统预警能力时间性、高速机动目标精确探测、拦截弹机动过载和高精度制导控制等要求,阐述了预警探测系统、指挥控制系统和拦截武器系统可采取的措施.     

面向轨迹预测的高超声速飞行器气动性能分析

为了给高超声速轨迹预测问题提供先验知识,研究了面向轨迹预测的高超声速飞行器气动性能分析问题。首先,简要介绍了高超声速再入滑翔飞行器的基本性能,从拦截的角度分析了对其滑翔段进行轨迹预测的必要性。其次,以HTV-2为例,采用斜激波理论、活塞理论、Prandtl-Meyer方程及粘性力工程计算方法对临近空间高超声速环境下飞行器的受力情况进行了分析建模。然后,对目标机动性能进行了仿真分析,仿真结果与相关文献报道较一致,证明了建模仿真方法的可行性。最后,基于以上建模仿真,给出了一组适用于临近空间高超声速飞行器滑翔段目标跟踪和轨迹预测的气动参数,并进行了仿真验证,为下一步研究基于拦截的高超声速飞行器轨迹预测提供了理论基础和方法指导。     

近空间高超声速飞行器惯性导航系统Simulink仿真研究

近空间高超声速飞行器具有高动态性特点,能实现精确打击,要保证其高精度,导航系统是关键。惯性导航技术具有可靠性好、输出连续的优点,是近空间巡航飞行器的核心导航系统。本文利用Simulink与M语言结合完成对近空间高超声速飞行器惯性导航系统的仿真研究。构建了近空间高超声速飞行器惯性导航系统的Simulink仿真模型,通过对静基座下的惯导导航误差进行分析,验证了仿真系统的正确性。对近空间高超声速飞行器的航迹进行了仿真,分析了飞行速度对向心加速度及哥氏加速度的影响,对开展近空间高超声速飞行器惯性导航系统的研究具有良好的参考意义。     

临近空间非弹道式目标HTV-2跟踪滤波与预报问题

近年来各国均开始重视临近空间高超声速飞行器的发展,其中以X-51A和HTV-2高超声速飞行器飞行试验相继成功为代表。本文概述了目前高超声速飞行器跟踪滤波与预报领域存在的难点问题,然后对坐标系进行了定义,并设计了HTV-2(Hypersonic Technology Vehicle-2)质心运动方程及跟踪滤波器,介绍了HTV-2弹道预估原理,最后使用卡尔曼滤波方法进行了仿真计算,并对相关参数的选取进行了分析。仿真结果得出使用卡尔曼滤波算法跟踪滤波效果较好,对工程应用有一定的借鉴意义。     

一种临近空间高超声速目标跟踪算法

通过参考美国X-43A高超声速飞行器第二次试验飞行弹道,建立了临近空间高超声速目标的运动模型。针对目标跟踪中状态方程和量测方程存在的非线性问题,提出了一种基于不敏卡尔曼滤波的改进"当前"统计模型自适应滤波算法(ADE-UKF),并将此算法与基于"当前"统计模型的不敏卡尔曼滤波算法(CS-UKF)比较,仿真结果表明,该算法在跟踪临近空间高超声速目标时,具有良好的跟踪性能。     

临近空间飞行器采用引导式天基测控的探讨

近年来,已有多种临近空间飞行器利用中继卫星实现了天基测控通信,但由于采用预规划、预分配的模式,无法满足突发通信需求。针对此问题,文章提出了一种引导式天基测控应用设想,即采用宽波束链路传输飞行状态短信息引导建立窄波束高速数传链路,用于进行业务数据高速传输。该设想兼有宽波束链路覆盖范围大、窄波束链路数传能力强的优点。通过典型场景对其可行性和实时性进行分析,结果表明:具备宽、窄波束链路终端的临近空间飞行器,相比使用传统预规划、预分配的测控模式,能实现引导式全流程柔性控制,解决临近空间飞行器"随遇接入、按需服务"的天基测控需求,提高天基测控的应用效能。     

国外中继卫星对航天器交会对接的测控通信支持

中继卫星系统的天基测控通信是近代航天技术的重大突破,它能够有效地满足航天器交会对接的测控通信需要。文章分析了美国＂跟踪与数据中继卫星系统＂（TDRSS）和欧洲＂阿特米斯＂（ARTEMIS）中继卫星对＂自动转移飞行器＂（ATV）与＂国际空间站＂（ISS）交会对接任务的测控通信支持,总结了国外中继卫星系统支持航天器交会对接...     

满足运载火箭测控需求的Ka频段CTDRSS终端技术（英文）

To meet the application requirements for a Ka-band space-based TTC terminal for a launch vehicle, this paper proposes the implementation scheme of a space-based TTC terminal, analyzes and solves the miniaturized design of equipment and the key technology for high-efficiency heat dissipation. The phased array antenna test shows that without external heat dissipation measures, the phased array antenna can work for a long time to meet the working requirements of launch vehicle, which has been verified in the LM-8 mission, and has wide engineering application prospects.     

地外天体超声波钻探器研究与应用综述

分别探讨了国内外各科研机构研制的超声波钻探器的原理及性能特点,重点针对超声波钻探器的钻进过程优化问题,分析了现有的超声波钻探器作动方式的改进过程,结果表明：超声波钻探器在理论及试验研究方面都相对成熟,是未来地外天体采样任务中优势突出、可工程实现的钻探平台;并且轻质、结构紧凑的回转冲击式超声波钻探器更具有应用前景。对压电换能器模型和超声波钻探器集成模型分别进行了综述,指出了各种模型的优缺点及适用条件。对超声波钻探器驱动电源进行了综述,给出了设计驱动电源需重点关注的问题。依据星体探测的任务特点,对超声波钻探器在未来星体探测中的预研成果进行了探讨。最后对超声波钻探器研究和应用的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Manned missions to Mars: Minimizing risks of failure

Some major risks-of-failure issues for the future manned missions to Mars are discussed, with an objective to address criteria for making such missions possible, successful, safe and cost-effective. The following astronautical and instrumentation-and-equipment-reliability related aspects of the missions are considered: redundancies and backup strategies; costs; assessed probability of failure as a suitable reliability criterion for the instrumentation (equipment); probabilistic assessment of the likelihood of the mission success and safety. It is concluded that parametric risk modeling is a must for a risk-driven decision-making process.     

Mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission

This paper provides a detailed mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission. The pole-sitter concept was previously introduced as a solution to the poor temporal resolution of polar observations from highly inclined, low Earth orbits and the poor high-latitude coverage from geostationary orbit. It considers a spacecraft that is continuously above either the north or south pole and, as such, can provide real-time, continuous and hemispherical coverage of the polar regions. Being on a non-Keplerian orbit, a continuous thrust is required to maintain the pole-sitter position. For this, two different propulsion strategies are proposed, which result in a near-term pole-sitter mission using solar electric propulsion (SEP) and a far-term pole-sitter mission where the SEP thruster is hybridized with a solar sail. For both propulsion strategies, minimum propellant pole-sitter orbits are designed. In order to maximize the spacecraft mass at the start of the operations phase of the mission, the transfer from Earth to the pole-sitter orbit is designed and optimized assuming either a Soyuz or an Ariane 5 launch. The maximized mass upon injection into the pole-sitter orbit is subsequently used in a detailed mass budget analysis that will allow for a trade-off between mission lifetime and payload mass capacity. Also, candidate payloads for a range of applications are investigated. Finally, transfers between north and south pole-sitter orbits are considered to overcome the limitations in observations due to the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis that causes the poles to be alternately situated in darkness. It will be shown that in some cases these transfers allow for propellant savings, enabling a further extension of the pole-sitter mission.     

Optimal reconfiguration maneuvers for spacecraft imaging arrays in multi-body regimes

Upcoming National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mission concepts include satellite arrays to facilitate imaging and identification of distant planets. These mission scenarios are diverse, including designs such as the terrestrial planet finder-occulter (TPF-O), where a monolithic telescope is aided by a single occulter spacecraft, and the micro-arcsecond X-ray imaging mission (MAXIM), where as many as 16 spacecraft move together to form a space interferometer. Each design, however, requires precise reconfiguration and star tracking in potentially complex dynamic regimes. This paper explores control methods for satellite imaging array reconfiguration in multi-body systems. Specifically, optimal nonlinear control and geometric control methods are derived and compared to the more traditional linear quadratic regulators, as well as input state feedback linearization. These control strategies are implemented and evaluated for the TPF-O mission concept.     

Optimal reconfiguration maneuvers for spacecraft imaging arrays in multi-body regimes

Upcoming National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mission concepts include satellite arrays to facilitate imaging and identification of distant planets. These mission scenarios are diverse, including designs such as the terrestrial planet finder-occulter (TPF-O), where a monolithic telescope is aided by a single occulter spacecraft, and the micro-arcsecond X-ray imaging mission (MAXIM), where as many as 16 spacecraft move together to form a space interferometer. Each design, however, requires precise reconfiguration and star tracking in potentially complex dynamic regimes. This paper explores control methods for satellite imaging array reconfiguration in multi-body systems. Specifically, optimal nonlinear control and geometric control methods are derived and compared to the more traditional linear quadratic regulators, as well as input state feedback linearization. These control strategies are implemented and evaluated for the TPF-O mission concept.     

提高GEO卫星测控覆盖区域的技术途径研究

星载测控天线是地球静止轨道卫星测控分系统的重要组成部分,对于星地测控链路通畅至关重要。根据地球静止轨道卫星测控任务的特点,简要介绍了测控天线的设计原则;基于单副天线的覆盖区分析,提出了采用两副天线组阵工作以提高测控信号覆盖区的建议,并分析了两副单元天线异频组阵与同频组阵工作模式,提高测控天线覆盖区的技术方案及对测控天线...     

卫星测控链路干扰技术研究

介绍了卫星测控链路的技术特点,并在此基础上给出了对卫星测控链路的有效干扰策略,分析了对测控信号的最佳干扰条件,为卫星测控链路干扰系统的研制提供了理论和实验依据。     

中低轨道卫星多星测控存在的问题及其改进措施

在分析了中低轨道卫星的测控特点与难点的基础上，讨论了地面S频段测控网多星测控存在的问题，并提出了采用高效动态的测控资源调度方法、建立完善的服务等级体系、完善远程监控体系、简化USB测控站面向任务的实时处理过程、增配多星同时测控的S频段测控设备、充分利用USB活动站、租用(或建设)高纬度测控站等改进措施，以提高多星测控能力，适应“在轨卫星数量多、卫星相继过境时间间隔短、多星同时过境”的多星测控需求。