A noncoherent adaptive detection technique

An adaptive detection technique suitable for both stationary and nonstationary noise environments based upon a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) formulation is presented. The detector, which is statistically equivalent to a special form of the Wilks's lambda test, noncoherently combines the information contained in a pulse train of arbitrary length for decision-making purposes. The probability density function of the test under the noise only hypothesis is shown to be central χ². Under the signal plus noise hypothesis, an exact statistical characterization of the test cannot be obtained, and, therefore, a Chernoff bound is derived. Results in terms of the probability of detection versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained from Monte Carlo simulation, the Chernoff bound, and the optimal matched filter case are examined. The performance of the noncoherent detector is shown to be a function of the covariance matrix estimate and the number of data samples     

Locally optimal and suboptimal signal detection in transformationnoise

The efficacy of the optimal detector of a known vanishingly small signal in additive nonwhite transformation noise is compared with that of some eleven structurally simpler suboptimal detectors. Simulation is done under various signal choices, marginal densities, and correlation functions. The block g_lo and the block combination g followed by R_v^-1 in the optimal detector structure are found to be important for good performance in constant and oscillating signals, respectively. Two suboptimal detectors with these block structures, D₈ and D₁₀, are found to perform well consistently in all situations considered. A structurally simple suboptimal detector D₂ is found to be good in the cases with less correlated noise     

Energy storage at 77 K in multilayer ceramic capacitors

A ceramic material having a large dielectric constant at 77 K, ε=8000-12000, has been developed for capacitive energy storage at this temperature. A large matrix of multilayer ceramic capacitors were fabricated using conventional tape-casting methods to optimize the dielectric breakdown strength at 77 K, and measured energy storage values on these capacitors range up to 6 J/cm³ at 77 K. An unfused bank of these capacitors was voltage-cycled 10⁵ times at 77 K without failure, and the heating effects during cycling were immeasurably small (i.e., nitrogen boiloff was monitored). An electrocaloric effect on discharge (ΔT~1 K) contributes to the thermal stability. Measurements of the frequency dependence of the dielectric properties of the ceramic at 77 K indicate a fundamental limit of about 8 μs for the switching repetition rate. Improved capacitor-manufacturing methods are discussed which can increase the energy density to the 20-30 J/cm³ range     

样本量为2的极小样本相容性检验方法

在航空航天领域由于成本、时间周期等原因进行疲劳寿命及可靠性评估时样本量通常极少（m=1或2）,利用相容性检验方法可对样本量进行扩充。常规的Wilcoxon秩和检验和K-S（Kolmogorov-Smirnov）检验适用于小样本情形,而极小样本相容性检验方面研究较少,且缺乏对方法合理性的详细说明和对不同方法检验功效优劣的比较。航空航天产品疲劳寿命多服从正态分布,因此本文主要以正态分布作为研究对象。利用Monte Carlo仿真发现从某一正态分布N（μ,σ²）中随机抽取两个样本x₁、x₂计算均值μ₁和标准差σ₁后构建新正态分布N（μ₁,σ₁²）,其±σ₁、±2σ₁和±3σ₁范围内的点落在原正态分布N（μ,σ²）±3σ范围内的概率依次为99.80%、98.13%和97.37%。在此基础上针对现场试验数据样本量为2的情况,本文提出利用3σ原则对先验信息数据进行相容性检验从而扩充样本量的方法。将该方法与两种文献方法对比后发现其误差率明显更低并呈现出检验性能随先验数据增加而不断提高的优势。     

等离子体激励抑制喷管分离流动数值模拟

为研究等离子体激励器对喷管分离流动的抑制作用,运用了模拟等离子体激励作用效果的唯象学模型,数值模拟研究了交流介质阻挡放电等离子体和电弧放电等离子体对喷管分离流动的抑制效果,并探究了电弧放电等离子体不同放电热功率密度、不同放电位置对抑制效果的影响。结果表明：电弧放电等离子体在抑制喷管分离流动方面有更好的效果。当电弧放电等离子体激励器作用于激波与边界层相互作用区的上游时,对分离流动的抑制效果最好;当电弧放电热功率密度较小时,其产生的诱导射流速度很小且不易对分离区的流线产生影响;当电弧放电热功率密度为8×10¹⁰ W/m³时,喷管的分离回流区完全消失。     

High performance magnetostrictive actuators

The application of magnetostriction in the design of a hybrid, electromechanical/hydraulic high-performance linear (large force and stroke) and/or rotational (large moment and angle) actuator is considered. The design concept combines the high power density of actuation possible with magnetostriction (approaching 0.1 HP/cm³ of the magnetostrictive material assuming 3 kHz excitation frequency) and the design flexibility of hydraulics. The objective of the research described was to validate the concept theoretically and to study alternatives and improvements. The system, as currently envisioned, offers very small packaging volume (approximately an order of magnitude smaller than conventional electromechanical systems), flexible packaging (relative location of the major system components is not critical), and easy control (precise control of actuation speed, quick reverse time, and inherent position lockup). The major technical problems associated with the design are outlined, and results of a computer simulation of a prototype actuator are presented     

月面巡视机器人快速安全路径规划

为提高月面巡视机器人自主探测任务的效率及安全性,提出了一种基于月面数字高程地图的大范围自主探测快速安全路径规划算法。首先根据获取的月面数字高程地图设计了一种地形可通过性分析方法,并生成了欧几里得距离地图（EDM）为安全路径规划提供参考。然后针对A^*算法解决月面巡视探测问题时搜索速度慢、未考虑路径安全性的问题,提出了FSA^*算法,改进了A^*算法的搜索机制以适用于月面大范围路径的快速搜索,并结合EDM地图设计了一种安全启发式函数,可使生成路径尽量远离危险区域,提高了巡视机器人自主探测过程的安全性。最后选取月球艾特肯盆地区域作为仿真场景,验证了该算法的有效性。     

VHF (metric band) radars from Nizhny Novgorod ResearchRadiotechnical Institute

This paper gives an overview of VHF (metric band) radars developed and manufactured in Nizhny Novgorod Research Radiotechnical Institute ¹ during 50 years of its existence. The salient features, technical performances, advantages and problems of those radars are discussed     

基于人工黏性的二维激波小波多尺度数值计算

基于自适应小波配点法和人工黏性，构造了二维激波问题的小波数值计算格式。利用最细尺度的小波系数构造两组激波定位函数，分别用以控制两个正交方向人工黏性的大小和分布。对三类二维激波问题进行计算和验证，结果表明：自适应小波配点法利用小波阈值滤波删除变化平缓区域大量网格点，而保留变化急剧区域的网格点，比传统方法计算效率高，且分辨率越高，计算效率更高；利用最细层小波系数构建的幂函数形式的激波定位函数能准确判断激波位置和控制X、Y方向人工黏性的大小和分布，从而捕捉不同方向和不同强度的激波。     

工程数值优化方法研究进展

回顾与分析了工程数值优化方法研究的发展历程 ,着重介绍与讨论了优化问题的几种数学列式、近似问题的保真度与近似函数 ,以及复杂优化问题的求解策略等。指出优化问题的对偶列式变式 DFOP-V2与高精度多点近似函数和二级近似概念结合而产生的数值优化解法 ,具有通用性 ,高的计算效率 ,并易于与市场现有分析软件结合使用等显著优点     

False alarm analysis of the envelope detection GO-CFAR processor

The greatest of constant false alarm rate processor (GO CFAR) is a useful architecture for adaptively setting a radar detection threshold in the presence of clutter edges. The GO CFAR input is often the envelope detected in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels of the baseband signal (x_e=√(I²+Q²)). This envelope detection can also be approximated using x=a max{|I|,|Q|}+b min{|I|,|Q|} which requires less complex hardware (a and b are simple multiplying coefficients). The envelope GO CFAR processor and several envelope approximation GO CFAR processors are compared in terms of the probability of false alarm (PFA) performance. Closed-form expressions which describe the PFA performance are given and their accuracy evaluated. It is shown that for all cases, the PFA is proportional to the number of reference cells n for small threshold multiplier T and inversely proportional to n for large T. A region of intersection occurs where the PFA is the same for two different values of n. For example, at T'=1.68 in the |I|+|Q| GO CFAR (a=1, b=1) the PFA for n=1 is equal to the optimal n=∞ fixed-threshold PFA (PFA=0.112)     

基于TDLAS的电弧风洞流场Cu组分监测

电弧风洞是进行防热材料和防热结构考核与研究的必要设备，也是高超声速地面试验能力的重要组成部分，但电弧加热器的电极烧蚀会导致较为严重的流场污染，影响试验准确性。利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS），通过对20 MW级片式电弧加热器内部流场中Cu原子809.25 nm跃迁谱线进行实时测量，研究了电弧风洞流场中Cu污染情况和电极烧蚀情况。在获得Cu原子该谱线低能态数密度基础上，估算了运行功率分别在7.3、8.7、10.0和11.7 MW时流场中Cu组分（原子态和离子态）总数密度平均为10.6×10¹³、11.2×10¹³、11.7×10¹³和16.4×10¹³ cm^-3，同时得到平均电极烧蚀率约为1.65×10^-5 g/C。试验还发现，TDLAS信号在高温流场建立阶段起伏变化明显，并且在功率跃变时也会出现突然增强而后迅速回落的现象，表明电弧抖动会使电极烧蚀严重加剧。     

小表面裂纹应力强度因子的权函数解

 三维权函数法应用于平板表面裂纹问题,计算了含小表面裂纹(a/t≤0.2)的平板受远方拉伸及弯曲载荷下的应力强度因子,所提供的解答覆盖了疲劳断裂的研究及工程应用中所关心的小表面裂纹的范围。与文献中的有限元结果进行了广泛的比较,两者之间有极好的一致性。还研究了a/c→0时应力强度因子的极限情况。     

Radioisotope powered AMTEC systems

Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) systems are being developed for high performance spacecraft power systems, including small, General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) powered systems. Several design concepts have been evaluated for the power range from 75 W to 1 kW. The specific power for these concepts has been found to be as high as 18-20 W/kg and 22 kW/m³. The projected area, including radiators, has been as low as 0.4 m²/kW. AMTEC power systems are extremely attractive, relative to other current and projected power systems, because AMTEC offers high power density, low projected area, and low volume. Two AMTEC cell design types have been identified. A single-tube cell is already under development and a multi-tube cell design, to provide additional power system gains, has undergone proof-of-principle testing. Solar powered AMTEC (SAMTEC) systems are also being developed, and numerous terrestrial applications have been identified for which the same basic AMTEC cells being developed for radioisotope systems are also suitable     

Intelligent Transportation Systems in Transitional and Developing Countries

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are state-of-the-art approaches based on information, communication and satellite technologies in mitigating traffic congestion, enhancing safety, and improving quality of environment. ITS are being used in many industrialized and emerging economies for the last two decades to facilitate traffic managers in tackling surface mobility problems. In the case of many developing countries, policy makers and practitioners have neglected this "non-conventional" approach on the pretext inter alia, "technological sophistication," cost and institutional ill-preparedness. This aims to underscore the importance and relevance of ITS for developing countries as a complementary tool in the 21^st century. In so doing, the intention is to bestow some fresh thinking into the transport debate that will serve as a catalyst for resolving mobility problems in developing countries still dwelling on conventional options.     

Adaptive double chain quantum genetic algorithm for constrained optimization problems

Optimization problems are often highly constrained and evolutionary algorithms(EAs)are effective methods to tackle this kind of problems. To further improve search efficiency and convergence rate of EAs, this paper presents an adaptive double chain quantum genetic algorithm(ADCQGA) for solving constrained optimization problems. ADCQGA makes use of doubleindividuals to represent solutions that are classified as feasible and infeasible solutions. Fitness(or evaluation) functions are defined for both types of solutions. Based on the fitness function, three types of step evolution(SE) are defined and utilized for judging evolutionary individuals. An adaptive rotation is proposed and used to facilitate updating individuals in different solutions.To further improve the search capability and convergence rate, ADCQGA utilizes an adaptive evolution process(AEP), adaptive mutation and replacement techniques. ADCQGA was first tested on a widely used benchmark function to illustrate the relationship between initial parameter values and the convergence rate/search capability. Then the proposed ADCQGA is successfully applied to solve other twelve benchmark functions and five well-known constrained engineering design problems. Multi-aircraft cooperative target allocation problem is a typical constrained optimization problem and requires efficient methods to tackle. Finally, ADCQGA is successfully applied to solving the target allocation problem.     

Foliage attenuation and backscatter analysis of SAR imagery

The ability of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to detect targets under foliage is in part determined by the attenuation suffered by radiation propagating through the foliage and the backscatter from the foliage. MIT Lincoln Laboratory made measurements of foliage attenuation and backscatter using the NASA/JPL-UHF, L-, C-band fully-polarimetric SAR in July 1990. In this experiment, a 48 km² forested area near Portage, Maine was imaged. Twenty-seven 8 ft trihedral corner reflectors were arrayed throughout the imaged area in order to measure foliage attenuation. Ground truth was recorded at the time of the experiment in order to correlate the attenuation and backscatter results with foliage biophysical properties. The probability densities for foliage attenuation and for backscatter are determined as functions of frequency, polarization, and depression angle     

含弹簧-质量系统的多段杆的撞击响应

 杆截面形状和质量以某些特定函数（如多项式函数、指数函数及三角函数等）变化时,给出了其弹性撞击问题的闭合解。使用直接模态叠加法（DMSM）研究了不等截面杆及含附加弹簧 质量系统杆的弹性撞击问题。把撞击物和被撞击物作为一个整体系统振动,从而把撞击问题转化为振动问题。基于各段杆上纵向位移的闭合解,得到撞击系统的频率方程、广义质量,并由Duhamel积分得到动力响应。与常规有限元法比较,所提方法能够减少划分单元的总数和CPU运行时间。算例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于一阶PPF的垂尾振动分数阶控制

针对传统正位置反馈（PPF）与一阶PPF控制器控制效果与鲁棒性不足,难以适用于结构动力学特性存在摄动的问题,提出一种新的基于分数阶微积分理论和一阶PPF的分数阶（FOPPF¹）控制器,增加了一阶PPF控制器的可设计空间。综合考虑随机响应的频域特性与整体波动强弱,构造了控制器优化设计的目标函数。以粘有宏纤维压电复合材料（MFC）压电片的垂尾模型为被控对象,设计了相应的FOPPF¹控制器。该控制器在控制目标频段内的相频特性变化平缓,可有效实现控制相位补偿,且闭环极点对参数摄动不敏感,使得控制器的鲁棒性强。通过试验研究了FOPPF¹控制器对于自由振动与窄带随机振动的抑制性能。相比一阶PPF控制器,对标称垂尾模型,FOPPF¹控制器在自由振动抑制试验中的等效阻尼系数提高了约50%。当给垂尾模型的一阶弯曲固有频率引入一定量的离线摄动或在线摄动后,窄带随机振动控制试验的结果表明,FOPPF¹控制器的鲁棒性、控制效果及控制能耗率明显优于经典的一阶PPF控制器,因此对垂尾结构的振动主动控制具有良好应用潜力。     

基于自组织神经网络的软件功能测试数据自动生成

针对面向软件功能的测试数据自动生成问题,提出了一种动态自组织特征映射方法,用于生成揭示软件功能故障的测试数据(简称故障数据)。该方法主要有两部分组成,①采用具有全局多峰搜索特性的小生境遗传算法,在输入空间内搜索功能测试数据,生成少量的初始故障数据;②由初始故障数据,采用具有联想和分类能力的可变结构自组织特征映射,不断迭代生成大量相近而不同的故障数据,以便给开发者提供引发这些软件故障的信息,从而确定软件故障行为的模式或假设。用某型空空导弹发射控制软件进行了实验,运行结果表明了方法的有效性,故障数据生成效率高于遗传算法和随机法。