基于Lyapunov最优反馈控制的月球中继卫星转移轨道设计

摘要： 随着电推进器及小推力转移变轨的研究逐渐深入,在深空探测领域应用电推力器是必然的发展趋势.文章基于以月球中继卫星的运行轨道地月L2点Halo轨道为目标轨道的轨道转移任务,采用Lyapunov最优反馈控制方法,计算单一轨道根数的局部最优控制率,通过遗传算法调整五个轨道根数的权重,得到时间最优的月球中继卫星小推力轨道转移方案,具有工程应用意义.     

地-月L2点中继星月球近旁转移轨道设计

位于地月L2点周期轨道的中继星将首次为"嫦娥4号"月球背面着陆探测任务提供通信中继服务。中继星转移轨道设计是中继任务实施的关键环节。针对中继星转移轨道存在转移时间、近月点高度和halo轨道振幅等约束条件,系统研究了基于月球近旁的地月L2点转移轨道设计方法。首先基于限制性三体模型,分析了halo轨道族与着陆点可见性关系;然后将月球近旁转移轨道分为地月直接转移段和地月动平衡点附近周期轨道拟流形入轨转移段,采用带有状态约束的微分修正算法对这两段轨道进行拼接,得到了从地球附近至目标轨道族的月球近旁转移轨道;最后,针对南族halo轨道分析了halo轨道振幅和月球飞越高度对转移轨道设计的影响,以及转移轨道的入轨相位分布。仿真结果表明:月球近旁转移轨道设计方案具备工程上的可行性与优越性。该方案可以为实际工程任务和应用提供参考。     

基于引力场不对称性的三体系统轨道自主导航

以月球背面的中继通信为背景,提出了基于三体系统引力场不对称特性的星–星测距自主定轨方案。该方案以环月极轨卫星和地–月L2点Halo轨道卫星组成中继通信网,以实现对月球两极和背面的覆盖。通过采集极轨卫星与Halo轨道卫星的测距信息,结合卡尔曼滤波在日–地–月动力学模型下获得两颗卫星的绝对轨道。数值仿真结果表明:本文方法能将导航的位置精度和速度精度分别提高到百米和厘米/秒量级。该自主导航方法还可以扩展到不规则引力场小天体附近星群运动的自主导航。     

地月拉格朗日L2点中继星轨道分析与设计

地月L2点位于地月连线的延长线上,在地月L2点运行的卫星可以连续观测月球背面,解决月球背面与地球之间的通讯问题,在月球背面着陆探测任务中起着至关重要的作用。对从地球出发、利用月球引力辅助变轨、形成地月L2点的轨道进行了研究,分析了发射窗口、地月转移时间、近月点高度、近月点倾角、轨道振幅等多项因素对转移轨道和使命轨道特性的影响,寻求满足地月L2点中继任务需求的飞行轨道。通过分析研究,文章明确了转移和使命轨道的相关特性,可为中继星任务轨道的参数设计和优化提供有益参考。     

地月L2点周期轨道的月球背面覆盖分析

地月L2点附近轨道具备独特的动力学和运动学特性,是月球背面探测任务的中继卫星首选布设位置。面向未来月球背面探测任务的中继通信需求,分析并研究了地月L2点周期轨道(halo轨道)对月球背面的覆盖。在圆型限制性三体问题模型下,研究并给出了halo轨道族延拓计算方法,基于延拓法设计了地月系大范围南北halo轨道族;给出了中继卫星的月球背面覆盖计算模型,定义了相应的时间覆盖因子;数值仿真了地月系南北halo轨道族的月球背面覆盖情况。研究结果表明:地月L2点周期轨道幅值和类型决定其对月面的覆盖性,幅值较小的轨道的月面整体覆盖性较好,幅值较大的轨道对月球南北极覆盖较好,南北族轨道分别有利于月球南北半球的覆盖。文章研究可为我国"嫦娥4号"月球背面探测任务的中继星轨道设计提供有益参考和借鉴。     

基于电推进卫星飞往Halo轨道的转移轨道研究

利用电推进及轨道力学的特性实现节能优化,将限制性三体问题中的稳定不变流形与小推力轨道优化相结合,研究全电推进卫星从地球停泊轨道飞向日地拉格朗日L2点Halo轨道的低消耗转移轨道.航天器的转移轨道分为逃逸段、拼接段与无动力滑行段.在逃逸段卫星沿速度方向加速脱离地球引力,拼接段采用Radau伪谱法进行优化,使航天器以最短时间到达目标Halo轨道的稳定不变流形上,随后航天器电推进系统关机,沿稳定不变流形无动力滑行至目标轨道.基于雅克比积分常数给出拼接段轨道初始猜测值,以先提高切向方向航天器能量避免了全程优化离散点过多难以求解的问题.仿真结果表明,该方法收敛速度较快,对平动点工程任务的初期轨道特性计算具有实际意义.      

进入使命轨道的“鹊桥”月球中继卫星

正2018年5月21日,我国用长征-4C火箭成功从西昌卫星发射中心将"鹊桥"(Magpie Bridge)月球中继卫星送入太空,该卫星于6月14日进入了地月拉格朗日2点(L2点)的晕轨道,这是世界上第一个进入到该轨道的月球中继卫星。那么,"鹊桥"月球中继卫星有何用途?它为什么要运行在地月L2点晕轨道?简单地说,它将为2018年年底我国发射的首个在月球背面着陆的嫦娥-4落月探测器提供信息传输。     

地月平动点中继应用轨道维持

地月平动点中继应用轨道对于月球背面探测具有十分重要的应用价值,由于地月平动点的不稳定性,必须进行轨道维持。文章研究了真实力模型下月球平动点中继应用轨道的维持。首先,基于限制性三体问题下平动点轨道的运动特性,研究了平动点轨道维持的数学模型与维持策略,提出了平动点轨道维持的连续环绕控制方法,并给出了轨道维持的Halo和Lissajous两种控制方式;其次,充分考虑各天体和光压摄动下,采用数值手段研究了不同幅值的地月平动点周期中继应用轨道的维持间隔与速度增量等。研究结果表明:Lissajous控制方式适用于月球平动点中继应用轨道的维持,在给定测控精度条件下,维持间隔约7.4d,速度增量优于20m/s/a。该方法已经成功应用于我国"嫦娥2号"日地平动点任务和"嫦娥5T1"地月平动点任务并获得了良好的控制效果,还可直接应用于我国未来"嫦娥4号"等月球背面探测任务。     

短消息

正6月14日,我国探月工程嫦娥四号任务中的鹊桥中继星成功实施轨道捕获控制,进入环绕距月球约6.5万公里的地月拉格朗日L2点的Halo使命轨道,成为世界首颗运行在地月L2点Halo使命轨道的卫星。后续,鹊桥中继星将在此轨道陆续开展在轨测试和中继通信链路联试,为今年年底择机发射的嫦娥四号月球探测器提供地月中继测控通信。     

基于准流形方法日地系L3点转移轨道设计

针对深空探测中轨道转移时间长且能量消耗较大的问题,提出基于准流形实现从地球停泊轨道到日地系L3点转移轨道的设计方法。在日地限制性三体问题模型下,在L1点或L2点Halo轨道上施加扰动推力,构造准流形,利用其非线性三体动力学特性,通过霍曼转移轨道与近地轨道进行拼接,使航天器进入准流形后能够无动力滑行到L3点附近区域。在准流形与L3点周期轨道交点,施加速度脉冲,使航天器进入相应周期轨道,从而完成轨道转移。仿真结果表明,利用该方法所得结果与基于不变流形的转移轨道相比,能将速度增量从4398m/s减少为4014m/s,并将转移时间从9年以上缩短到7.3年以内,有效地提高了航天器的工作效率。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.