仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面吸附能力模型与计算

壁虎脚的粘着机理对航天机器人脚掌的研制和开发具有重要启发意义.通过单根刚毛与光滑表面黏着力模型与计算、卫星粗糙表面分布模型与接触概率与计算、刚毛阵列与卫星粗糙表面黏着力模型与计算等,分析仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面的吸附能力,发现在一定条件下仿壁虎刚毛阵能够在太空失重环境中黏着在卫星表面,对航天舱内爬行机器人、管道机器人的研制和开发具有重要的启示意义.     

国外载人航天在轨服务技术发展现状和趋势分析

保证在轨和在研航天器能在复杂空间环境中长时间稳定运行,已成为空间技术发展的重要目标。20世纪60年代,研究人员提出了“在轨服务”的概念,由此开创了空间在轨服务技术这一新的领域。空间在轨服务（OOS）是指在太空中通过人、机器人（或类机器人航天器）或两者协同来完成涉及延长航天器、平台、空间站附属舱和空间运载器寿命及能力的空间装配、维护、维修等空间操作。     

航天器微波部件微放电诱导低气压来源分析

航天器微波部件低气压放电效应是威胁航天器电子设备安全运行的一种特殊效应，而部件材料表面吸附气体脱附后为低气压放电提供了必要的条件。首先对比了微放电与低气压放电的区别，阐述了低气压放电破坏效应的产生根源。通过理论分析与计算，对比了热效应和电子轰击效应对不同键能吸附气体的脱附效率。结果发现，热致脱附主要造成低键能物理吸附气体的解吸附，电子轰击效应可造成高键能的化学吸附气体的解吸附。阐明了由二次电子倍增引起的电子诱导解吸附过程是星载微波部件内低气压环境的主要形成原因。最后讨论了通过部件材料表面处理及提高二次电子倍增阈值的低气压放电效应抑制方法。     

空间机器人抓捕目标碰撞后的复合体稳定控制

空间机器人抓捕目标后构成新的组合航天器.因目标运动估计误差以及抓捕器位姿解算误差,造成抓捕过程的碰撞,碰撞产生的扰动力矩会造成空间机器人失稳,严重时将导致抓捕任务的失败.针对这一问题,提出基于反作用轮重配的反步积分滑模控制方法,通过控制空间机器人的反作用轮吸收角动量,实现复合航天器稳定控制.本文首先对包含反作用轮的复合航天器进行姿态误差动力学建模,然后根据碰撞过程中冲击力大,碰撞时间短的特点,提出了改进的滑模控制方法,并通过Lyapunov方法证明了系统稳定性,最后通过伪逆法将控制力矩在冗余配置的反作用轮间重新分配来完成复合航天器姿态稳定控制.通过仿真对所提出稳定控制方法的正确性和有效性开展验证,结果表明：本文提出的方法具备实现碰撞后复合航天器稳定的能力,算法具有很强的鲁棒性与工程实用性.     

面向复杂曲面的爬壁机器人机构及运动学分析

针对表面附有轨道的复杂曲面,提出了一种能够沿轨道移动的爬壁机器人机构.由于环境约束的复杂性,提出了功能分离的模块化机构设计思想,将机器人的功能划分为攀爬及姿态调整和沿轨道移动两种功能,并相应地设计了两套运动机构.四足爬行机构实现机器人的攀爬及姿态调整功能;轮轨机构完成沿轨道快速移动功能.对抓持与姿态调整运动进行了详细分析,并以球形曲面为例,得出相关关节控制变量的解析表达式.定性地分析了机构在其它曲面下,相关关节的变化形式.理论分析及设计实例表明机构对布有轨道的复杂曲面具有较好的适应性.     

航天器空间自主交会故障诊断

研究了空间自主交会中最终逼近段轨道控制的故障诊断问题.采用C-W方程描述圆轨道上的目标航天器与追踪航天器的相对运动关系,首先针对C-W方程设计了基于开环模型的未知输入鲁棒故障观测器,然后针对空间自主交会的闭环控制问题,设计了基于线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的H∞控制器.在有干扰条件下,进行鲁棒控制和PD控制两种控制器的自主交会对比仿真,仿真结果表明设计的控制器可以完成自主交会任务,但故障诊断器在不同的控制器下诊断的效果并不一样,最后进行了总结并探讨了这一阶段新的研究方向.     

腿臂融合型在轨装配机器人运动建模与步态规划

针对目前机器人在轨装配存在的作业效率低、空间操作受限、环境感知不完全等问题，提出一种腿臂融合型在轨装配机器人。首先，使用D-H法建立了腿臂融合型装配机器人运动学模型，并对其单个腿部进行正逆运动学分析，得到单个腿各个关节角和足端之间的运动关系；其次，分析了腿臂融合型装配机器人的行走步态和装配步态，行走步态中分析了二步态和三步态，装配步态中分析了单臂装配和双臂装配，使机器人达到平稳的行走和装配；最后，基于ROS(robot operating system)搭建仿真平台并对行走步态进行了仿真验证，结果表明提出的方法能够有效用于该机器人的行走。     

基于代码自动生成的空间交会GNC系统仿真平台

空间交会对接GNC系统涉及目标器和追踪器两个航天器的姿态轨道控制,其数学仿真比一般的卫星更复杂.给出一种轨道动力学、姿态动力学、相对动力学、测量及执行部件等仿真模型的规范化方法,并在此基础上,提出一套基于代码自动生成技术的空间交会对接GNC仿真平台,该平台的模块化和自动化程度高、软件的可读性和通用性强,实现了两个航天器的快速规范化仿真,显著提高了研究人员的工作效率,为空间交会GNC系统的设计和仿真提供了良好的支持.     

无源振动吸附原理与应用

无源振动吸附是最近提出的一种机器人的吸附方式,是爬壁机器人研究的关键技术之一.提出了一种新的无源振动吸附数学模型,设计了振幅和频率可调节的振动吸附实验平台.实验结果证明了无源振动吸附数学模型的正确性;分析了无源振动吸附原理实现稳定吸附的条件,以无源振动吸附原理为指导设计了振动吸附模块并对该模块进行了性能测试,对不同振动参数下吸附模块的抗失效能力进行了实验;实验结果证明这种吸附模块可以作为吸附足模块应用到爬壁机器人上.      

太空机器人浅说

截至 2 0 0 0年底 ,人类已向太空发射了各种类型的航天器 5 375个 ,它们包括三大类 ,即人造地球卫星、载人航天器和空间探测器。这些航天器不论是无人的 ,还是载人的 ,都具有自动化工作的能力 ,是高度自动化机器 ,但它们绝大多数还不属于“机器人航天器”或“太空机器人”。1　概述机器人是自动化机器发展到高级阶段的产物。它具有人的基本特点和功能 ,而不在于是否具有人的外形。根据机器人专家斯灵的定义 ,机器人应具备四要素 :(1)上肢——机械臂、机械手 ,能抓举、搬动物体 ;(2 )下肢——腿或轮子 ,能走步、转向或移动 ;(3)脑和神经中枢…     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.