三维试验粒子轨道法在磁层粒子全球输运中的应用

根据磁层粒子动力学理论, 通过偶极磁场模型验证利用三维试验粒子轨道方法模拟近地球区(r < 8R_e)带电粒子运动特征的可靠性. 在此基础上, 以太阳风和磁层相互作用的全球MHD模拟结果为背景, 利用三维试验粒子轨道方法, 对非磁暴期间南向行星际磁场背景下太阳风离子注入磁层的情形进行数值模拟, 并对北向行星际磁场背景下太阳风离子注入极尖区以及内磁层的几种不同情形进行了单粒子模拟. 模拟结果反映了南向和北向行星际磁场离子向磁层的几种典型输入过程, 揭示出行星际磁场南向时太阳风粒子在磁层内密度分布的晨昏不对称性以及其在磁鞘和磁层内的大致分布, 并得出统计规律. 模拟结果与理论预测和观测结论相一致, 且通过数值模拟发现, 行星际磁场北向时靠近极尖区附近形成的非典型磁镜结构对于能量粒子经由极尖区注入环电流区域过程有重要的影响和作用.      

磁层氧离子向磁鞘泄漏的机制和效应

１９９７年 １月 １０日磁暴期间， Ｇｅｏｔａｉｌ卫星在向阳侧的磁鞘中观测到了磁层氧离子突增事件．这些氧离子的出现和磁鞘中存在很强的南向行星际磁场有关．事件期间向阳面发生了准静态的磁重联，氧离子流存在由北向南的速度分量．通量突增过程具有逆向和正向能量色散现象，磁层内部只有氧离子有可能被梯度漂移输送到重联区，所以只有氧离子在磁鞘中持续地被观测到．估计氧离子的逃逸速率为 ０．６１× １０２３／ｓ，大约为环电流氧离子输入率的 ３３％．大量的环电流氧离子由磁层跑到了磁鞘，导致环电流指数 ＡＳＹ－Ｈ呈现明显的非对称性．     

1994年2月21日行星际激波引起的磁暴

利用Imp-8,Geotail和Goes-6等卫星资料,研究了1994年2月21日0900UT到达地球磁层的行星际激波引起的磁暴期间,从太阳风向磁层传输能量的有关问题.结果指出:（1）南向行星际磁场（IMF）的长持续时间不是太阳风向磁层输能的必要条件.南北振荡的,较强IMF也能产生显著的能量传输;（2）行星际扰动磁场通过弓激波和磁层顶后扰动磁能增加,增幅将近5倍;（3）在磁层内扰动磁场的Bz分量在1×10-4Hz附近显著被吸收.这一低频扰动磁场可能是磁暴期间导致氧离子和质子等环电流粒子向内扩散并被加速的原因之一.     

地球弓激波的三维模拟

利用磁流体动力学(MHD)全球模拟结果,根据弓激波的跃变特性确定出弓激波位置,建立了一个新的综合考虑了快磁声马赫数、太阳风动压、行星际磁场强度以及磁层顶曲率半径的弓激波三维位型模型.将新模型与以往模型的模拟结果进行比较发现,新的弓激波全球模型结果可靠,解决了部分现有模型不能描述弓激波三维位型的问题.研究结果表明,在行星际磁场北向时,随着快磁声马赫数的增大,弓激波日下点距离减小,但是在行星际磁场南向时,快磁声马赫数的变化对弓激波日下点距离影响不大;弓激波位型在赤道面与子午面上存在明显的不对称性,而且随着行星际磁场的转向,这种非对称性也会发生相应改变;行星际磁场南向,B_z值较小时,子午面内弓激波位型已经不是简单的抛物线,出现了明显的类似于极尖区磁层顶的凹陷变化区.      

基于MHD模拟数据的正午午夜子午面磁层顶位形研究

通过分析太阳风-磁层-电离层系统的三维全球磁流体力学(MHD)模型的计算数据, 给出了正午-午夜子午面磁层顶位形的定量模型. 分析表明, 正午-午夜子午面磁层顶位形可以用文献[3]提出的基于卫星观测数据的、描述赤道面磁层顶位形的函数来描述. 与赤道面磁层顶不同, 正午-午夜子午面磁层顶位形更为复杂. 在忽略极尖区(cusp)的简化条件下, 磁层顶位形仍需利用两条曲线来拟合. 太阳风动压Dp与行星际磁场分量Bz是控制磁层顶位形的主要因素. 行星际磁场为北向时, 磁场增强, 日下点距离r0增大; 行星际磁场为南向时, 磁场增强, 磁层顶日下点距离r0减小. 整体而言, 行星际磁场分量Bz由南转北时, r0增大, 且Bz对r0的影响减弱. 太阳风动压Dp是控制磁层顶日下点的主要因素, Dp增大, r0减小. 磁层顶位形的另一个参数磁层顶磁尾张角α, 随着行星际磁场南向分量增强而增大, 即磁层顶张开程度更加显著, 更多的磁通量由向阳侧传输到夜侧; Dp增大, α略增大, 这意味着Dp对磁通量由日侧向夜侧的传输也有一定的贡献.      

行星际磁场与磁尾磁通量绳形成的关系

收集了Cluster卫星在2001-2005年间观测到的磁尾磁通量绳事件,并对磁通量绳(magnetic flux rope)形成及其内部磁场结构与行星际磁场(IMF)的关系作了统计研究.考虑磁通量绳被观测到时行星际磁场的条件,在所有73个磁通量绳事件中,行星际磁场By分量占有主导地位的事件有80%,且78%的事件具有与行星际磁场By分量相同方向的核心场.行星际磁场通过在磁层顶与地球磁场相互作用改变南北等离子体片内磁场相对方向,形成有利于磁通量绳形成的磁场位形,并且行星际磁场By分量的方向对磁通量绳内部核心场的方向具有决定性影响.从统计结果来看,磁通量绳的形成并不会依赖于行星际磁场Bz分量的方向.     

日冕中的Ⅲ型爆发源与行星际磁场线的比较

本文将Ｎａｎｃａｙ Ｍａｒｋ Ⅲ射电日像仪１９８０年３月至１９８１年９月高空间、高时间分辨率观测资料作了处理，发现日冕中大多数Ⅲ型爆发源都集中在黄道面附近；分布在黄道面北面的Ⅲ型爆发多于南面，西面多于东面；９２．０％的Ⅲ型爆发源分布在横纬４０°以内。这些源与同期的ＩＳＥＥ－３飞船射电频谱仪获得的行星际磁场线相对比，发现行星际磁场的黄纬分布同Ⅲ型爆发源的分布有明显的对应关系，证实了行星际Ⅲ型爆发与日     

行星际磁场对磁尾场向电流发生率的影响

利用Cluster卫星的磁场和等离子体探测数据, 研究了行星际磁场(IMF)时钟角(clock angle) Φ和锥角(cone angle) θ对磁尾等离子体片边界层(PSBL)区场向电流发生率的影响. 当时钟角Φ >0时, 磁尾场向电流 的发生率较高, 这表明磁尾场向电流的发生与昏向太阳风条件更为密切; 当 90°<|Φ|<180°时, 场向电流的发生率较高, 这表明 场向电流的发生与南向IMF更为密切. 当锥角θ <30°时(即IMF与 日地连线夹角较小时)场向电流的发生率较低. 而当θ> 30°时, 场向电流在90°<|Φ|<180°的情况下发生率明显增大, 这说明南向IMF情况下, 场向电流发生率明显增大. 但是当|Φ|<90°时 (北向IMF情况下), 尽管θ很大, 场向电流的发生率并未明显增大. 当θ>70°时, 且在140°< < i>Φ<160°的行星 际磁场条件下, 磁尾等离子体片边界层区场向电流的发生率最大.      

行星际磁场时钟角与地球磁层开放磁通的关系

地球磁层开放磁通F_pc是研究磁层动力学过程的重要参数之一,其与日侧和夜侧磁尾的磁场重联具有密切关系. 日侧重联率控制稳定状态下磁层开放磁通的大小,主要受各种太阳风条件的影响. 其中,行星际磁场（IMF）的时钟角是影响日侧重联率的一个重要因素. 通过全球MHD模拟,研究了行星际磁场时钟角θ_c与地球磁层开放磁通F_pc 之间的关系. 结果表明,开放磁通F_pc随着行星际磁场时钟角 θ_c逐渐接近180°（纯南向）而逐渐增加,两者之间的关系近似为F_pc∝sin3/2（θ_c/2）. 由于表征行星际磁场与地球磁场剪切程度的θ_c影响日侧重联率,从而控制F_pc,该关系反映了二者之间的物理联系.      

电离层等效电流体系对行星际激波的响应研究

行星际激波是导致地球磁层-电离层系统发生扰动的重要原因之一,其可以通过对磁层-电离层系统电流体系的改变来影响地磁变化.本文采用全球三维磁流体力学数值模拟方法,分析了行星际激波作用下电离层等效电流体系的即时响应.模拟结果表明,在激波作用下伴随着异常场向电流对的产生,电离层在午前午后出现一对反向的等效电流涡.这对涡旋一边向极侧和夜侧运动,一边经历强度增强和减弱直至消失的过程.激波过后等效电流体系图像逐渐演化为激波下游行星际条件控制的典型图像.这个响应过程与行星际激波强度有关,激波强度越强,则反向的等效电流涡旋强度越大,寿命也就越短.      

Magnetic field disturbances in the mid-altitude cusp

Magnetic field disturbances and hot particles in the cusp as seen mainly by both the IMAP-3 magnetometer and PROMICS -3 spectrometer aboard the INTERBALL-AURORAL PROBE (AU) (perigee 4 Re, inclination 65 deg) are discussed. Orbits from March, 1997 are analysed accordingly. The INTERBALL-AU transits cross the middle of the cusp from low to high latitude from pre-noon to post-noon hours 11–13 MLT. Although the crossings are not exactly meridional, they reach 80–81 ILAT and permitting detection of the cusp, its subregions and their equatorward and poleward boundaries. Magnetic field disturbances are analysed for field-aligned currents (FACs) during different IMF conditions. Regions with structured forms are emphasised, in particular where a more intense current is concentrated. The following cases are compared: (a) the most intense current in the boundary cusp, adjacent to the ring current (March 7, southward IMF); (b) FACs are concentrated completely inside the cusp (March 13, southward -downward IMF) and (c) FACs with pronounced intensities equatorward from the cusp proper (March 11, duskward IMF).     

利用BP神经网络预测AE指数

采用的预报模式是一种全连接的BP网络模型,利用太阳风及行星际磁场的观测数据预报AE指数.神经网络输入选用ACE卫星数据,取5 min平均值,通过比较,选用4个预报参量.构造了预报参量时续为20 min,40 min和60 min依次递增的三个网络,分别进行训练和预测,并对行星际参量对AE指数影响的时续性进行了探讨.预报结果表明,全连接BP神经网络在AE指数的短期预报中是比较有效的,同时还提出了需要进一步改进的环节.      

AL index dependence on the solar wind input revisited

Estimates of the geomagnetic indices made with real-time solar wind measurements form the basis of many space weather forecast techniques. We analyze 20 years of hourly AL and OMNI solar wind data to determine geomagnetic importance of various solar wind and IMF parameters. Besides the solar wind driver of primary importance (VB_s), the first-order contributions, significantly increasing the quality of the model are: solar wind velocity, 2 h of solar wind prehistory and 1 h of AL history. The factors of secondary importance, marginally contributing to overall statistical quality, are IMF B_y, solar wind density, and IMF fluctuations. The dynamic pressure is geomagnetically effective only if the pressure is lower than the average. Modelling of the same data set with an artificial neural network (ANN) confirmed our selection of important factors. Statistically the ANN model was just marginally better than our analytic expression . The AU index dependence is principally different from AL in several respects; therefore modelling of the AE composite index is physically misleading.     

Application of an MHD simulation to the study of substorms

The substorm mechanism is studied by the numerical solutions obtained from a resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. After a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the simulation results reproduce observed features of the growth phase. The numerical solutions show that the plasma sheet thinning during the growth phase is formed under the dynamic balance between the flux pileup from the midtail and the flux removal toward the dayside controlled by the convection in the magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I) coupling system. After the growth phase, dipolarization is generated in the near-earth tail accompanied by a plasma injection into the inner magnetosphere, the formation of plasmoid in the midtail, and the enhancement of the nightside field-aligned currents (FACs). The direct cause of this onset is the state (phase space) transition of the convection system from a thinned state to a dipolarized state associated with a self-organization in the nonlinear system.     

亚暴起始位置和膨胀相持续时间对行星际磁场Bz分量的响应

磁层亚暴是太阳风–磁层–电离层耦合过程中的重要爆发性事件,其特性受太阳风参数的影响很大。本文利用对IMAGE卫星在2000 － 2005年观测到的4193个亚暴起始事件,统计研究了在不同的行星际磁场（IMF）B_z 条件下亚暴起始位置和膨胀相持续时间。结果表明,南向IMF发生的亚暴比北向IMF下发生的亚暴要多。南向IMF条件下亚暴AE指数最大值的平均值基本上>600 nT,并有随南向IMF持续时间增大而增大的趋势。北向IMF条件下亚暴AE指数最大值的平均值基本上<500 nT,并有随北向IMF持续时间增大而减小的趋势。亚暴的起始磁纬度基本上位于65° － 70°之间。当南向IMF或北向IMF的持续时间增大,超过80 min时,北半球的亚暴起始磁纬度会降低。亚暴起始磁地方时大部分位于22:15 － 23:15 MLT之间。但整体分布比较分散,显示不出特别清晰的随IMF B_z持续时间变化的趋势。相比于南向的IMF,北向IMF期间发生亚暴的平均膨胀相持续时间增大了将近10 min,表明南向IMF期间,亚暴强度虽然较大,但其膨胀相持续时间较短,亚暴能量释放和耗散的速度更快。      

Statistical characteristics of low latitude Pc4s: Influence of solar wind and IMF parameters

Pc4 signatures for the year 2013, extracted from geomagnetic north–south and east–west components of induction coil magnetometer (LEMI 30) from low latitude station Desalpar (DSP), operated by Institute of Seismological Research (ISR), India have been investigated vis-à-vis the prevalent interplanetary parameters (IMF) as well as the geomagnetic activity indices. A clear dominance of Pc4-5 (467 events) over Pc3 (17 events) is observed. Local time variation of Pc4 shows a peak in the noon sector in both X and Y components. Our investigations show that the dominant peak frequency is 10 mHz at low latitude region. Correlations with solar wind and IMF parameters illustrate highest occurrence of Pc4 for a solar wind speed of 300–400 km/s and average IMF B field of 3–6 nT. The amplitude of Pc4s at DSP shows an increase with increasing solar wind speed, plasma density, solar wind dynamic pressure and average B field which is also reflected in the trend of frequency variation of these pulsations. We report that IMF clock angle at low latitude does not have influence on Pc4 occurrence. Based on the characteristics of these events, detected in latitudinally distributed stations from low and mid-latitudes from northern and southern hemisphere, we infer that modes were compressional, which could be driven by K-H instability or solar wind dynamic pressure, as compressional modes can propagate to low latitude with little attenuation.     

Near Earth Vortices Driving of Field Aligned Currents Based on Magnetosphere Multiscale and Swarm Observations

A long-standing mystery in the study of Field-Aligned Currents (FACs) has been that:how the currents are generated and why they appear to be much stronger at high altitudes than in the ionosphere.Here we present two events of magnetotail FACs observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft (MMS) on 1st July and 14th July 2016,to show how the Substorm Current Wedges (SCW) were formed.The results show that particles were transferred heading towards the Earth during the expansion phase of substorms. The azimuthal flow formed clockwise (counter-clockwise) vortex-like motion,and then generated downward (upward) FACs on the tailward/poleward side of the distorted field with opposite vorticity on their Earthward/equatorward side.We also analyzed the Region 1 FACs observed by the Earth Explorer Swarm spacecraft on 1st July 2016 and found that they were associated with FACs observed by MMS,although differing by a factor of 10.This difference suggests that either there was the closure of the currents at altitudes above 500 km or the currents were not strictly parallel to B and closed at longitudes away from where they were generated.      

亚暴起始地磁指数判断的统计研究

利用2004年地磁西向电急流 AL指数, 亚暴电急流AE指数和场向电流AF指数来确定亚暴起始, 并与2004年亚暴极光起始进行对比. 研究发现, 如果以极光亚暴起始为时间零点, 亚暴的西向电急流AL起始和电急流AE起始主要分布于-5~+6 min的时间范围内, 但在-9~+9 min的时间范围内也有个别事例. 场向电流 AF 起始分布较宽, 可以分布于-8~+7 min的时间范围内. 平均西向电急流AL起始, 电急流AE起始和场向电流AF起始分别为0.5, 0.5, -0.1min. 通常西向电急流AL起始与极光起始同时的概率最高, 而多数情况下电急流AE起始和场向电流AF起始提前极光起始1min. 这些地面磁场指数确定的亚暴起始分布, 随着亚暴强度的增大(即最小AL指数减少, 最大AE指数增大, 最大AF指数增大)而向极光亚暴起始靠近. 对于5个超级亚暴来说, 其西向电急流AL起始和电急流AE起始都发生在极光起始之前. 这些结果说明对于大亚暴, 电急流的增加要早于极光爆发.      

New index of long-term variations of galactic cosmic ray intensity

We find that the soft rigidity spectrum of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity variations for the maximum epoch and the hard rigidity spectrum for the minimum epoch calculated based on the neutron monitors experimental data (1960–2002) are related with the various dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the GCR particle’s rigidity for different epoch of solar activity. This dependence is stronger in the maximum epoch than in the minimum epoch of solar activity, and is provided by the essential temporal rearrangements of the structure of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) turbulence from the maxima to minima epoch of solar activity. We also show that the rigidity spectrum of GCR intensity variations is harder for the effective rigidities ∼(10–15) GV (by neutron monitors data), than for the effective rigidities ∼(25–30) GV (by neutron monitors and muon telescopes data). A general scenario of GCR modulation versus solar activity is settled on the essential temporal rearrangements of the structure of the IMF turbulence. Therefore, the temporal changes of the power law rigidity spectrum exponent can be considered as a vital (new) index to explain the 11-year variations of the GCR intensity. We assume that ∼(70–80)% of the changes of the amplitudes of the 11-year variations of GCR intensity is related with the changes of the IMF turbulence versus solar activity.