炭/炭-酚醛双基体烧蚀防热材料研究

分别采用PAN基及粘胶丝基炭布作为增强体，进行了一种新型的炭／炭-酚醛双基体烧蚀防热层板材料的探索研究。结果表明，炭／炭-酚醛双基体材料的密度基本与炭／酚醛材料的密度相当；弯曲强度与炭／酚醛材料及C／C材料相当。弯曲模量稍高于炭／酚醛材料而低于C／C材料。其层剪强度低于炭／酚醛材料和C／C材料。降低了30％-40％。炭／炭-酚醛双基体材料保持了炭／酚醛材料低热导率的特点，热膨胀系数低于炭／酚醛材料，但高于C／C材料，其线烧蚀率比炭／酚醛材料降低20％-40％。与PAN基炭布增强材料相比，粘胶丝基炭布表现出层剪强度高、密度低和模量低的优点。但热膨胀系数大和线烧蚀率较大。     

30%SiCp/Al复合材料空间服役温度环境适应性研究

30%SiC_p/Al复合材料具有较高的比强度和比刚度，应用于火星车驱动组件需满足空间环境温度下的高强韧性和高尺寸稳定性需求。文章对粉末冶金法制备的铝基碳化硅复合材料开展了空间环境地面模拟试验，分别从力学性能、组织结构和热物理性能等方面对材料的大温域空间环境适应性进行系统分析。结果表明，材料的力学性能和热物理性能随温度呈现规律性的变化，且具有各向异性:低温条件下抗拉强度提高，线膨胀系数降低；高温条件下冲击韧性提高，导热系数降低；经高低温循环后残余应力降低，抗拉强度提高，线膨胀系数各向异性降低。在此基础上，初步分析了铝基碳化硅复合材料受不同空间温度环境影响，力学性能和热物理性能发生变化的内在机理。     

C/C复合材料高温热物理性能实验研究

实验研究了烧蚀防热C／C复合材料从常温到高温的等效热膨胀系数、热扩散率、比热随温度的变化情况，并计算了材料不同温度下的热导率与抗热应力系数。结果表明：材料的热膨胀系数很小，接近零膨胀。热扩散率随温度升高而下降，比热随温度升高近似比例增加，而热导率随温度的变化规律与热扩散率相似。材料的抗热应力系数随温度的升高变化不大，抗热震性能稳定。     

伞状天线张力绳索热变形敏感性分析

文章分析了张力绳索的热变形过程,得出了要减小张力绳索热变形影响应遵循的匹配原则;对张力绳索的弹性模量、直径和热膨胀系数对型面均方根误差的影响程度进行了单变量敏感性分析和多变量敏感性分析,结果显示,网间张力绳的特性直接影响了温度载荷下的型面精度,是张力绳设计的关键.     

High precision composite pipes for SOLAR-B optical structures

The authors have been developing new high thermal conductivity and low moisture absorption composite pipes for high precision space optics applications on the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) SOLAR-B satellite.Pitch based K13C (Mitsubishi Chemical) high modulus and high conductivity graphite fiber, and EX1515 (Bryte Technology) low moisture absorption cyanate resin, were applied to the pipes.Thermal expansion of the composite pipes was designed to be zero and more uniform in the longitudinal direction in order to obtain long term dimensional stability in the space environment.Model pipes whose length was 500 mm were fabricated and evaluated for thermal and hygroscopic deformation in a new testing apparatus. Equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion of the model pipes was essentially zero (less than 0.1 ppm/°C) and standard deviation of these coefficients was 0.05 ppm/°C. Hygroscopic deformation of the model pipes was under representative conditions 7 ppm over 3 month. The excellent thermal and hygroscopic stability were verified. In addition, thermal conductivity of the model pipes was more than 200 W/(m · K).     

Thermomechanical behaviour of CFRP tubes for space structures

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes, with the increasing dimensions and performances requested for space structures, are becoming a basic building element of boom-type structures for large precision reflectors, towers and payload support structures such as the Modular Payload Support Structure, the Shuttle Pallet Satellite or the European Retrievable Carrier. It is very important for such applications that the CFRP tubes have minimum thermal distortions and very high stiffness.An extensive test program was performed to characterise the CFRP tubes that are used for such applications. Measurements of coefficient of thermal expansions, thermal conductivity, thermal cycling, microstructure behaviour, as well as mechanical tests and outgassing tests were performed. The main purpose was to correlate the microcracking with the thermal cycling and the coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity.These types of activities for the CFRP tubes were performed for the first time in Europe and important results were found, especially in the area of microcracking generation and correlation with engineering parameters. The influence of the thermal cycling speed on the microcracking was also studied. Most of the tests were conducted at ESTEC (European Space Research & Technology Centre, Holland) by the European Space Agency in the frame of the technology research activities.     

一种空间可展开桁架结构杆件热膨胀系数的优化设计

文章就一种空间可展开平板天线支撑桁架结构的热膨胀系数设计,针对传统靠经验试凑的情况,提出了一种热膨胀系数优化设计方法。该方法首先通过分析计算各杆件轴的热膨胀系数对热变形的影响(即计算热变形对杆件轴向热膨胀系数的敏度),根据敏度绝对值的大小对杆件进行分组;其次,在给定最大热变形约束下,将敏感杆件组的热膨胀系数设为设计变量进行优化,计算杆件热膨胀系数极值,从而确定其所能允许的可行范围;最后对计算所得的热膨胀系数范围进行了校验和参数分配,经计算,在此范围内取值符合最大变形约束要求。     

C-C扩张段材料性能设计

在相同的喷管结构中,通过正交试验和喷管结构有限元热应力分析,获得径向弹性模量、母线方向(环向)弹性模量、径向热导率、母线方向(环向)热导率、径向热膨胀系数、母线方向(环向)热膨胀系数、密度和比定压热容等八因素三水平情况下的母线方向拉应力极值、环向压应力极值和层间剪切应力极值。通过极差分析,初步获得优化的材料参数设计方案,然后对试验结果进行方差分析,得出母线方向弹性模量、径向热导率和母线方向热膨胀系数这3个因素是非常显著的;结合喷管扩张段C/C复合材料的应用环境和工艺条件,得出最终的材料优化设计方案,并进行有限元热应力分析,发现应力极值都远小于现有针刺C/C复合材料的许用应力。     

一种新型滑撬用针刺C/C复合材料制备与性能研究

研制一种新型滑撬用低成本“铺层-针刺”C/C复合材料,分析了其力学性能、热学性能和微观结构,并与现有国外滑撬用C/C复合材料进行了比较。结果表明,研制的C/C复合材料的力学性能、热性能优良,其层间剪切强度、压缩强度和冲击强度分别达到26.98 MPa、255.8 MPa和361.06 J/m,与国外同类材料相比,分别高96.4%、80.1%和262.2%,热导率提高约50%,线胀系数降低约60%以上,有效提高了抗热震性能和高温工作的可靠性。     

Vectran纤维复合材料拉伸与撕裂性能研究

文章对Vectran纤维织物及Vectran纤维织物复合材料的拉伸和撕裂性能进行了试验研究;分析了环境温度对Vectran纤维织物拉伸性能的影响;讨论了不同涂层厚度下织物复合材料的抗拉特性与破坏模式。试验结果表明Vectran纤维织物材料的拉伸性能明显的受环境温度影响;材料失效破坏模式,对Vectran纤维织物主要为纤...     

Fragmentation of hypervelocity aluminum projectiles on fabrics

This paper presents work performed for a study investigating the ability of different flexible materials to induce fragmentation of a hypervelocity projectile. Samples were chosen to represent a wide range of industrially available types of flexible materials like ceramic, aramid and carbon fabrics as well as a thin metallic mesh. Impact conditions and areal density were kept constant for all targets. Betacloth and multi-layer insulation (B-MLI) are mounted onto the targets to account for thermal system engineering requirements. All tests were performed using the Space light-gas gun facility (SLGG) of the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI. Projectiles were aluminum spheres with 5 mm diameter impacting at approximately 6.3 km/s. Fragmentation was evaluated using a witness plate behind the target. An aramid and a ceramic fabric lead the ranking of fabrics with the best projectile fragmentation and debris cloud dispersion performance. A comparison with an equal-density rigid aluminum plate is presented. The work presented can be applied to optimize the micrometeoroid and space debris (MM/SD) shielding structure of inflatable modules.     

空间高稳定碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构制备及性能

针对空间高稳定结构在极端环境下的灵敏度和稳定性需求，提出一种新型高稳定、高承载的轻质碳/碳(C/C)蜂窝夹层结构方案。碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构由化学气相渗透(CVI)致密化获得的整体碳/碳蜂窝和面板经胶粘剂粘接集成，通过评价蜂窝、面板以及夹层结构的内部质量、力学性能及热物理性能，展示了碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构在承载和尺度稳定性方面的优势。研究结果表明,典型特征碳/碳蜂窝承载性能稳定，平压强度＞10 MPa，L/W向剪切强度＞4 MPa，典型特征碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构热膨胀系数低，满足空间环境条件下面内热膨胀系数绝对值低于 1×10 -7 /℃的高稳定设计需求。     

针刺炭布/网胎复合织物的组分形态及性能研究

将T-300炭纤维平纹布和聚丙烯腈（PAN）预氧化纤维网胎预复合,接力层叠、针刺、炭化后制备了炭布/网胎复合织物.在分析复合织物组分形态的基础上,研究了针刺深度和针刺密度对复合织物性能的影响.研究结果表明,随针刺深度增大,复合织物密度增大,X-Y向和Z向拉伸强度均存在极值;随针刺密度增加,复合织物X-Y向拉伸强度下降,而复合织物密度和Z向拉伸强度则存在极值.     

星载天线反射面型面热变形影响因素分析

星载天线在轨运行时受到周期性的温度变化影响,天线反射面会发生热变形,影响天线增益.热膨胀系数是描述结构热变形的重要参数,并且会随温度变化;在进行结构热变形分析时若将热膨胀系数视为常数会给仿真分析带来误差.文章以抛物面天线反射面为研究对象,考虑热膨胀系数随温度的变化,针对ULE玻璃和M55层合板材料的反射面,仿真分析反射...     

航天飞行器防热层与天线窗口热匹配行为研究

针对防热层与天线盖板的热匹配及烧蚀匹配开展研究,通过有限元方法,分析了尺寸效应对于天线盖板热匹配的影响,同时结合电弧风洞实验验证了防热层与天线盖板在高温下的烧蚀匹配行为。研究结果表明,按照实验件尺寸20 mm×20 mm,在实验环境条件下,防热层最大热应力为2.98 MPa,小于低密度石英酚醛复合材料在高温下的拉伸强度,不存在热匹配风险。当天线盖板尺寸大于60 mm时,防热层局部接触应力约为5.3 MPa,大于防热层在高温下的抗拉强度,天线盖板与周边防热层保证0.3 mm安装间隙,天线盖板在高温下的最大膨胀量为0.03~0.04 mm,远小于间隙值,因此不存在热匹配风险。天线盖板在与防热层烧蚀过程中,由于耐温较高,在高温下基本无烧蚀,低密度石英酚醛防热层烧蚀量约为 1.1 mm,因此在后续防热设计中可在天线盖板前缘处预留台阶,以减小高温下的烧蚀不匹配风险。     

材料热膨胀系数对太阳电池板应力的影响

文章利用解析法研究了材料热膨胀系数对温度场中太阳电池板最大应力的影响.分析结果表明:聚酰亚胺及与其相邻的硅橡胶中存在最大拉压及切应力,选用较低热膨胀系数的聚酰亚胺薄膜可以显著降低结构最大应力值.     

Vectran织物复合材料冲击响应与失效模式分析

文章以Vectran纤维织物与涂覆低温硅胶的Vectran织物复合材料为研究对象,通过低速冲击实验研究了材料的冲击响应与破坏模式,分析了冲击速率、冲头尺寸与冲头形状对材料冲击特性的影响。实验结果表明:Vectran纤维织物冲击破坏模式主要为主纱线的拉伸破坏,以及冲头非接触区域纱线的弹塑性变形与滑移;涂覆硅胶的Vectran织物复合材料冲击破坏模式主要为纤维断裂和拔出;织物复合材料具有明显的应变速率效应。     

热防护系统分区协调耦合推进方法

提出一种适用于热防护系统(TPS)热控性能研究的分区协调耦合推进方法,其中采用有限体积法(FVM)进行气动热分析,FVM空间离散采用NND格式,而结构传热采用有限元法(FEM)进行分析,且在耦合面采用基于控制面的双向映射插值方法进行数据传递。进行了圆管算例分析,2 s时刻驻点处温度计算值与试验值相对误差为4.95%。研究了空天飞行器头锥TPS的热控性能,非耦合方法获得的防热瓦和应变隔离垫(SIP)最高温度分别比耦合结果高114.4 K和32.6 K,这是由于非耦合方法未考虑壁面温度升高对气动热的反馈作用,而耦合方法充分考虑了此影响。采用高热辐射率的涂层、低导热系数和较厚的防热瓦能有效提高热防护系统的隔热性能和降低主动冷却系统的功率和重量,而防热瓦最高温度对其导热系数和厚度不敏感。     

Environmental effects on the dynamics and control of an orbiting large flexible antenna system

The environmental effects on a proposed large flexible space structure, namely, the Hoop/Column antenna system are studied. Mathematical models for the disturbances resulting from the interaction of solar radiation pressure with the vibrating and also thermally deformed antenna structure are developed. Expressions for the stabilizing gravity-gradient torques are also obtained. The uncontrolled transient response of the antenna system shows that the structure may tumble in orbit due to the expected disturbances. Linear quadratic regulator techniques are used to develop control laws for the actuators which could provide both shape and orientation control. The controlled response of the system is simulated for various initial conditions. The steady state rms pointing accuracy and the antenna surface accuracy are met in all the cases considered here. In order to reduce the control effort required to maintain the shape and orientation, the thermal deformations will have to be minimized. In the preliminary design of the system, materials should be considered which have a higher thermal conductivity and a lower coefficient of linear expansion, within cost constraints.     

氧气/煤油发动机燃气热物理参数及输运系数计算

为了给氧气/煤油发动机设计和热防护设计提供必要的设计参数,针对氧气/煤油燃气进行热力学计算。运用吉布斯最小自由焓计算模型得到燃气平衡组成,通过拟合公式的方法得到燃气的热物理参数及输运系数。通过计算,得到氧气/煤油燃气的组分及比焓、密度、比熵、粘性系数等热物理参数和输运系数随温度和压力的变化特性。分析结果表明:水离解对氧气/煤油燃气组分变化存在显著影响,压力增大会导致水离解起始温度升高;氧气/煤油燃气比焓、比熵、定压比热、粘性系数、热传导系数变化在温度较低时受压力影响较小,当水开始离解后,压力的影响显著增强;组分在燃气中的扩散系数同时受到了温度和组分摩尔分数的影响;燃气普朗特数变化受热传导系数变化的影响较大,水离解后,热传导系数的迅速增大使燃气的普朗特数迅速减小。