The CO2 greenhouse effect and the thermal history of the atmosphere.

The influence of the expected rise of CO2 content in our atmosphere upon terrestrial temperature is uncertain. A significant increase in temperature could be threatening to certain aspects of terrestrial biology. On the other hand, it is a general consensus among paleobiologists that the Earth possessed a CO2 atmosphere in the past billion years, without dramatic temperature variations endangering the continuity of life. In order to clarify this problem, and to contribute to the understanding of the CO2 greenhouse effect on Venus we have computed the absorption spectrum of CO2 for a wide range of atmospheric concentrations. More than 2500 spectral lines of the 15 micron band were taken into account in our line-by-line calculation. We have used an empirical exponential line-shape function at the line edges. Our results agree with the experimental data of F. W. Taylor. The estimated increase in surface temperature does not reach the boiling point of water even for CO2 concentrations thousands of times larger than the present concentrations. Higher energy (>666 cm-1) CO2 bands and/or an increase in atmospheric H2O may, however, amplify the greenhouse effect.     

Structure and UV absorption of QCCs: carbonaceous dust analogues.

"Quenched Carbonaceous Composites (QCCs)" are carbonaceous interstellar dust analogues synthesized in the laboratory from a hydrocarbon plasma. We produced new types of carbonaceous condensates from the ejecta of plasma with mixtures of methane and hydrogen as source gases. We find that QCC with an absorbance peak at 220 nm is composed of onion-like spherules, and QCCs with an absorbance peak at 230-240 nm are composed of polyhedral particles. The onion-like QCC contains aromatic hydrogen bonds, and it shows the 3.3 and 11.4 micrometers absorption bands. The QCC with an absorbance peak at 230-240 nm is composed of ribbons with bent graphitic layers. This suggests that the carrier of the interstellar 220 nm extinction band might also be an emitter of the interstellar diffuse emission bands.     

W33B的羟基脉泽辐射

使用两个跃迁频率,观测W33B的OH分子左右圆偏振的脉泽辐射.从左右圆偏振谱的Zeeman速度分裂,导得脉泽活动区的磁场大约为5mG.采用均匀抽运,完全饱和辐射的球模型,估计脉泽活动区的原恒星物质的氢分子数密度为3×107cm-3.      

Quenched Carbonaceous Composite: a laboratory analog for carbonaceous material in the interstellar medium.

We review the properties of Quenched Carbonaceous Composite (QCC), a residue produced from a hydrocarbon plasma, and the properties of its derivatives. A. Sakata and his colleagues have shown that QCC has a 220 nm absorption band, visible fluorescence matching the extended red emission seen in reflection nebulae, and infrared absorption bands that correspond to the infrared emission features in reflection nebulae, HII regions, and planetary nebulae. These properties make QCC a strong candidate material as a laboratory analog to the carbonaceous material in the interstellar medium. QCC is distinguished from the PAH hypothesis in that (1) it is a condensate composed of aromatic and aliphatic molecules, as well as radicals; (2) it exhibits a 220 nm absorption that is very similar in wavelength to the 217 nm absorption in the interstellar medium; (3) it exhibits visible fluorescence consistent with that seen in reflection nebulae; and (4) the bands at 7.7 and 8.6 microns are caused by ketone bands in oxidized QCC. The aromatic component in QCC is thought to be typically 1-4 rings, with the majority being about 1-2 rings.     

Possible evidence of hydrocarbons released by the nucleus of Halley's comet.

After subtracting the intense dust-scattered continuum from the original spectra transmitted by the Vega 2 three-channel spectrometer, a broad-band emission emerges in the 342-375 nm spectral range when the cometocentric projected distance p is smaller than 5000 km. This newly detected emission varies as p-1, which implies that the involved molecule(s) has a parent-type behavior. The emission band presents four peaks at 347, 356, 364 and 373 nm. It is tentatively identified as being due to phenanthrene, a three-cycle aromatic condensed hydrocarbon. A determination of the gQ product, where g is the fluorescence quantum efficiency and Q the production rate gives gQ = 1.2 x 10(25). If g = 0.012, it comes Q = 1 x 10(27) s-1. The detection of phenanthrene in Halley's inner coma is an important argument in favor of a similarity of composition between cometary material and interstellar matter. It supports the hypothesis that comets have kept trace of the interstellar composition through the solar system formation epoch.     

近红外绝对光谱响应度传递标准的研制CSCD

在光辐射计量中,陷阱探测技术是一种重要的探测技术,陷阱探测器是光辐射功率基准量值保持和传递的主要媒介。 InGaAs 陷阱探测器常被作为（900～1700）nm 波段光辐射计量的传递标准。本文基于陷阱探测技术,针对近红外波段量值传递的需求,研制了 InGaAs 陷阱探测器,并进行了性能测试。测试结果显示：在1064nm处绝对光谱响应率为0.7098A/ W,测量不确定度达到0.1%,在（0.1～3） mW 内,其非线性指标优于0.99993,1h 测试非稳定性为0.00495%,空间非均匀性达到0.05%,满足作为传递标准的技术要求。     

Temporal variation of the volume emission rates between OI5577 and O2(0,1)

The intensities of the upper mesospheric airglow emissions, OI 557.7 nm and O₂(b) atmospheric (0,1) band at 864.5 nm, have been measured since October 1998 using a ground-based multichannel airglow photometer located near the equator at São João do Cariri (7S, 35W). The intensity ratio between the two emissions, OI5577/O₂b(0,1), was obtained as a function of time. The annual average of the ratio R in 1998 was 0.41 ± 0.14, and showed considerable day to day variations, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. Nocturnal variations of the ratio also demonstrate a large amplitude of oscillation, varying between 0.3 to 0.6. These results were compared with a model calculation.     

凹半球形轨道分子屏分子流场理论计算

借助一个封闭的球形理论模型,对稳态非均匀分子流环境下的凹半球形轨道分子屏进行研究,计算了试验区分子数密度分布情况,讨论了主要影响因素,结果显示,利用凹半球形轨道分子屏可获得１０＾８分子数／ｍ＾３（等效于１０＾－１２Ｐａ）的极高真空,分子屏出气对试验区分子数密度的贡献是主要的,分子屏粘附系数增大不能有效改善空载情况分子屏试验区的真空度。     

Preliminary total dose measurements on LDEF.

After spending nearly six years in Earth orbit twenty stacks consisting of radiation detectors and biological objects are now back on Earth. These stacks (Experiment A0015 Free Flyer Biostack) are part of the fifty seven science and technology experiments of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) of NASA. The major objectives of the Free Flyer Biostack experiments are to investigate the biological effectiveness of single heavy ions of the cosmic radiation in various biological systems and to provide information about the spectral composition of the radiation field and the total dose received in the LDEF orbit. The Biostacks are mounted in two different locations of the LDEF. Up to three layers of Lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) of different isotopic composition were located at different depths of some Biostacks. The preliminary analysis of the TLD yields maximum absorbed dose rates of 2.24 mGy day-1 behind 0.7 g cm-2 shielding and 1.17 mGy day-1 behind 12 g cm-2 shielding. A thermal neutron fluence of 1.7 n cm-2 s-1 is determined from the differences in absorbed dose for different isotopic mixtures of Lithium. The results of this experiment on LDEF are especially valuable and of high importance since LDEF stayed for about six years in the prospected orbit of the Space Station Freedom. There is no knowledge about the effectiveness of the space radiation in long-term spaceflights and the dosimetric data in this orbit are scarce.     

海口上空中高层大气强烈的突发钠层观测

海南激光雷达站（20°N,110°E）2011年11月2日观测到强烈的突发钠层（SSL）.该SSL峰值密度达37087cm-3,半峰全宽仅为0.9km.对该SSL发生前后的钠层峰值密度和高度特性进行分析.统计激光雷达2010年5月至2013年12月共计377天观测到的SSL事件222次,其中仅有1次SSL峰值密度超过30000cm-3.对比距离最近的海南儋州（19.5°N,109.1°E）测高仪和VHF雷达观测到的突发E层（Es）事件,分析事件的相关性.Es最低高度与SSL峰值高度差均在5km以内,约有75%的Es与SSL时间差在±30min之内.实验中使用continuum的Nd:YAG激光器和泵浦染料激光器产生589nm激光,能量为45mJ,使用直径为1000mm的望远镜接收钠层的光子回波.      

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions and the diffuse interstellar bands.

Neutral naphthalene (C10H8), phenanthrene (C14H10), and pyrene (C16H10) absorb strongly in the ultraviolet and may contribute to the extinction curve. High abundances are required to produce detectable structures. The cations of these PAHs absorb in the visible. C10H8+ has 12 discrete absorption bands which fall between 6800 and 5000 angstroms. The strongest band at 6741 angstroms falls close to the weak 6742 angstroms diffuse interstellar band (DIB). Five other weaker bands also match DIBs. The possibility that C10H8+ is responsible for some of the DIBs can be tested by searching for new DIBs at 6520, 6151, and 5965 angstroms, other moderately strong naphthalene cation band positions. If C10H8+ is indeed responsible for the 6742 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.3% of the cosmic carbon. The spectrum of C16H10+ is dominated by a strong band at 4435 angstroms in an Ar matrix and 4395 angstroms in a Ne matrix, a position which falls very close to the strongest DIB, that at 4430 angstroms. If C16H10+, or a closely related pyrene-like ion is indeed responsible for the 4430 angstroms feature, it accounts for 0.2% of the cosmic carbon. We also report an intense, very broad UV-to-visible continuum which is associated with both ions and could explain how PAHs convert interstellar UV and visible radiation into IR.     

Collocated ionosonde and dense GPS/GLONASS network measurements of midlatitude MSTIDs

To analyze midlatitude medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over Kazan (55.5°N, 49°E), Russia, the sufficiently dense network of GNSS receivers (more than 150 ground-based stations) were used. For the first time, daytime MSTIDs in the form of their main signature (band structure) on high-resolution two-dimensional maps of the total electron content perturbation (TEC maps) are compared with ionosonde data with a high temporal resolution. For a pair of events, a relationship between southwestward TEC perturbations and evolution of F2 layer traces was established. So F2 peak frequency varied in antiphase to TEC perturbations. The ionograms show that during the movement of plasma depletion band (overhead ionosonde) the F2 peak frequency is the highest, and vice versa, for the plasma enhancement band, the F2 peak frequency is the lowest. One possible explanation may be a greater inclination of the radio beam from the vertical during the placement of a plasma enhancement band above the ionosonde, as evidenced by the absence of multiple reflections and the increased occurrence rate of additional cusp trace. Another possible explanation may be the redistribution of the electron content in the topside ionosphere with a small decrease in the F peak concentration of the layer with a small increase in TEC along the line-of-sight. Analysis of F2 peak frequency variation shows that observed peak-to-peak values of TEC perturbation equal to 0.4 and 1 TECU correspond to the values of ΔN/N equal to 13% and 28%. The need for further research is evident.     

太阳同步轨道卫星光学特性

为了分析太阳同步轨道卫星的光学特性,对FY-1卫星的可见光和红外波段光学信号进行了仿真计算和模拟试验验证.通过对外部辐射及内部热源的分析,计算了卫星的温度场,采用随机起伏表面算法模拟表面覆盖材料外表面,通过阴影遮挡判断及双向反射分布函数(BRDF, Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型计算卫星对外部辐射的反射特性,编程计算得到在可见光0.4~1.0μm和红外8~14 μm,14~16 μm波段下卫星的光学特性.结果表明红外辐射亮度与表面温度相关,8~14 μm最大约90 W/(m²·sr)、14~16 μm最大约20 W/(m²·sr).空间可见光辐射强度具有明显的镜面反射效应,卫星主体峰值2 200 W/sr.通过地面模拟测量空间目标的温度和红外辐射验证了温度及红外辐射仿真计算模型,可见光辐射强度仿真计算结果与地面模型卫星测量结果误差在20%以内.     

Model analysis of Space Shuttle dosimetry data.

An extensive model analysis of plastic track detector measurements of high-LET particles on the Space Shuttle has been performed. Three shuttle flights: STS-51F (low-altitude, high-inclination), STS-51J (high-altitude, low-inclination), and STS-61C (low-altitude, low-inclination) are considered. The model includes contributions from trapped protons and galactic cosmic radiation, as well as target secondary particles. Target secondaries, expected to be of importance in thickly shielded space environments, are found to be a significant component of the measured LET (linear energy transfer) spectra.     

Probability of cell hits in selected organs and tissues by high-LET particles at the ISS orbit.

The fluence of high-LET particles (HLP) with LET infinity H2O greater than 15 keV micrometers-1 in selected organs and tissues were measured with plastic nuclear track detectors using a life-size human phantom on the 9th Shuttle-Mir Mission (STS-91). The planar-track fluence of HLP during the 9.8-day mission ranged from 1.9 x 10(3) n cm-2 (bladder) to 5.1 x 10(3) n cm-2 (brain) by a factor of 2.7. Based on these data, a probability of HLP hits to a matured cell of each organ or tissue was roughly estimated for a 90-day ISS mission. In the calculation, all cells were assumed to be spheres with a geometric cross-sectional area of 500 micrometers2 and the cell-hit frequency from isotropic space radiation can be described by the Poisson-distribution function. As results, the probability of one or more than 1 hit to a single cell by HLP for 90 days ranged from 17% to 38%; that of two or more than 2 hits was estimated to be 1.3-8.2%.     

Up-to-date observations of space energetic particles made by the Chinese satellite Fengyun-1 (B).

This paper presents the observational results of space energetic particles obtained by the Cosmic Ray Composition Monitor (CRCM) onboard the Chinese satellite, Fengyun-1(B). These results, including those of a few solar proton events, the geomagnetically trapped particles and the anomalous cosmic ray components, were obtained from 3 September 1990 to 15 February 1991. The observed elements include H, He, C, N, O and Fe of energies from 4-23 MeV/u. It was found that the proton fluxes of the inner Radiation Belt (IRB) increased obviously during the period of solar proton event (SPE). A few kinds of heavy ions (Z > or = 6) were also detected in the IRB. As to the anomalous cosmic ray component (ACRC), in addition to C, N and O, anomalous iron particles were also recorded.     

Possible physical properties of the flow in the vicinity of the heliopause

An interface between the fully ionized hydrogen plasma of the solar wind (SW) and the partially ionized hydrogen gas flow of the local interstellar medium (LISM) is formed as a region where there is a strong interaction between these two flows. The interface is bounded by the solar wind termination shock (TS) and the LISM bow shock (BS) and is separated on two regions by the heliopause (HP) separating the solar wind and charged component of the LISM (plasma component below). The BS is formed due to the deceleration of the supersonic LISM flow relative to the solar system. Regions of the interface between the TS and HP and between the HP and BS were in literature named as the inner and outer heliosheaths, respectively. An investigation of the structure and physical properties of the heliosheath is at present especially interested due to the fact that Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 have crossed the TS in December 2004 (Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Acuna, M.Y., et al. Crossing the termination shock into the the heliosheath. Magnetic fields. Science 309, 2027–2029, 2005; Fisk, L.A. Journey into the unknown beyond. Science 309, 2016–2017, 2005; Decker, R.B., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., et al. Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock and heliosheath. Science 309, 2020–2024, 2005; Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., et al. Voyager 1 explores the termination shock region and the heliosheath beyond. Science 309, 2017–2020, 2005) and in September 2007 (Jokipii, J.R. A shock for Voyager 2. Nature 454, 38–39, 2008; Gurnett, D.A., Kurth, W.S. Intense plasma waves at and near the solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 78–80, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07023; Wang, L., Lin, R.P., Larson, D.E., Luhmann, J.G. Domination of heliosheath pressure by shock-accelerated pickup ions from observations of neutral atoms. Nature 454, 81–83, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07068.14; Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Acuna, M.H., et al. Magnetic fields at the solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 75–77, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07029; Richardson, J.D., Kasper, J.C., Wang, C., et al. Cool heliosheath plasma and deceleration of the upstream solar wind at the termination shock. Nature 454, 63–66, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07024; Stone, E.C., Cummings, A.C., McDonald, F.B., et al. An asymmetric solar wind termination shock. Nature 454, 71–74, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature07022; Decker, R.B., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., et al. Mediation of the solar wind termination shock by non-thermal ions. Nature 454, 67–70, 2008. doi: 10.1038/nature 07030), respectively, and entered to the inner heliosheath.     

IR and UV spectroscopic data for polyynes: predictions for long carbon chain compounds in Titan's atmosphere.

A better understanding of the complex organic chemistry occurring in the methane rich atmosphere of Titan can be achieved via the comparison of observations with results obtained by theoretical models. Available observations are still few but their analysis requires the knowledge of a large set of data, namely frequencies and absolute band intensities. Cross sections are also needed to develop the chemical schemes of photochemical models, in particular the schemes leading to the formation of haze particles visible on Titan. Unfortunately, some of these parameters are not well known, especially if one takes into account the extreme physical conditions of the studied object. This lack of data is particularly enhanced for polyynes because these compounds are highly unstable at the usual pressure and temperature conditions of a laboratory and therefore are very difficult to study. We have developed UV and IR studies, coupling experimental and theoretical approaches, in order to extrapolate the parameters available for short polyynes to longer carbon chains. In the mid-UV range, when the length of the chain increases, the absorption system of polyynes is shifted to longer wavelength and its oscillator strength increases linearly. In the IR range, with the increase of the number of carbon bonds, the positions of the CCC and CCH bending modes shift to lower energy, the latest converging rapidly to a fixed value of 620.5 cm-1 for an infinite length polyyne. Implications for detection and evolution of polyynes in Titan's atmosphere are emphasised.     

Summary of current radiation dosimetry results on manned spacecraft.

Measurements of radiation exposures aboard manned space flights of various altitudes, orbital inclinations and durations were performed by means of passive radiation detectors, thermoluminescent detectors (TLD's), and in some cases by active electronic counters. The TLD's and electronic counters covered the lower portion of the LET (linear energy transfer) spectra, while the nuclear track detectors measured high-LET produced by HZE particles. In Spacelab (SL-1), TLD's recorded a range of 102 to 190-millirad, yielding an average low-LET dose rate of 11.2 mrad per day inside the module, about twice the dose rate measured on previous space shuttle flights. Because of a higher inclination of the SL-1 orbit (57 degrees versus 28.5 degrees for previous shuttle flights), substantial fluxes of highly ionizing HZE particles were also observed, yielding an overall average mission dose-equivalent of about 135 millirem, about three times higher than measured an previous shuttle missions. A dose rate more than an order of magnitude higher than for any other space shuttle light was obtained for mission STS-41C, reflecting the highest orbital altitude to date of 519 km.     

Observations from Fengyun Satellites

Fengyun (FY) Satellite has a polar-orbiting series and a geostationary series. Up to now, 7 polar-orbiting (FY-1A/B/C/D and FY-3A/B/C) and 7 geostationary (FY-2A/B/C/D/E/F/G) satellites were launched. FY data has been being intensively applied not only to meteorological monitoring and prediction but also to many other fields regarding ecology, environment, disaster and so on.