转型下的美军空间力量发展

美国从1997年明确“军事转型”以来，相继制定了一系列重要的军事空间力量发展规划，如美国空军航天司令部(AFSPC)于1998年公布的《长期规划——2020年设想》(43称《2020设想》)以及分别于2001年和2003年公布的《2004财年及以后战略主导规划》和《2006财年及以后战略主导规划》(简称《2004规划》和《2006规划》)。这些规划从作战概念、作战任务领域的思路提出了美军的空间力量结构，《2006规划》还进一步明确提出美军必须实现军事能力向空间转型，要分阶段、有重点地发展“空间力量增强、空间对抗、空间力量运用和空间支持”等武器装备，确保美军空间作战能力的优势地位，以获得“全谱”优势。     

网电空间战对未来防空体系的影响研究

网电一体战的作战目标是破坏和控制敌方的信息基础和战略命脉,摧毁和致瘫敌方的作战指挥控制系统.分析了网电空间战的一般特点和军事特点,并结合网电攻击的案例分析了其对未来防空战争的影响,其影响主要表现在：作战空间由“地表维”和“垂直维”延伸至“网电维”,利用和控制网电空间将成为未来防空作战的主题,网电空间对抗成为提升未来防空作战能力的核心.     

国外空间对抗装备技术的发展途径与趋势

空间已成为事关国家安全和利益的战略“制高点”。主要航天国家围绕控制“制高点”,采取不同策略发展空间对抗能力。国外已具备有限的空间对抗实战能力,但是空间对抗装备在世界范围内总体上仍处于技术发展阶段。空间对抗装备技术将在与导弹攻防对抗、网络攻防对抗技术的交叉与叠加中演进升级。预计2030年前后,国外将形成一个比较全面、完整和成熟的空间对抗装备体系。     

体系对抗条件下的攻防对抗新发展

近年来,世界各国在空间领域的竞争日趋激烈,空间安全形势发生了较大变化.世界航天强国高度重视空间安全,不断研究、调整空间安全战略,策划发展空间对抗装备与技术,使得空间安全战略、空间安全装备与技术的发展呈现新的态势,尤其是引领全球空间对抗技术发展方向的美国.2010年新版《美国国家空间政策》提出体系对抗条件下攻防对抗的新理念;2011年2月发布的《国家安全空间战略》首次明确指出将构建多层次的威慑能力.与此同时,美国、欧洲、澳大利亚、加拿大等多个国家近几年加速发展空间对抗前沿技术,使得空间对抗领域的新概念、新技术不断涌现.未来,空间对抗地位将会不断提高,空间对抗能力的较量将会愈加激烈.     

美国空间对抗新思维与装备技术发展新动向

美国2011年出台《国家安全空间战略》,针对空间对抗问题,首次提出多层空间威慑措施,首次从战略层面指明美国未来空间对抗装备和技术的发展方向,体现出美国空间对抗的新思维。对照美国空间对抗的新思维和空间对抗装备技术发展的新动向,可以看出,这种新思维已在落实中。新形势下,其他国家争取有限制天权面临风险增加、难度增大等新挑战。     

2002年空间系统攻防对抗技术发展动态

进入21世纪以后,国外(尤 其是美国)控制空间的策略已逐 步从反卫星为主演变为更全面的 空间系统攻防对抗。美国在 2002年9月公布的《美国国家 安全战略》中指出,保护卫星和 空间能力是确保美国向全球迅速 部署军事力量的一个重要部分,     

美国的空间对抗装备技术（上）

按照美国空军近期颁布的《2006财年及以后战略主规划》、《国家安全空间力量发展路线图》和《空间对抗作战》等报告条令，空间作战任务可以概括归纳为空间对抗，空间支援，空间力量增强和空间力量运用四个方面，其中空间对抗是空间作战最基本的核心任务。空间对抗对于完成战略，战术的作战能力具有至关重要的作用，空间对抗有防御性空间对抗（DCS）和进攻性空间对抗（OCS）两种作战样式，它们都依赖于强大的态势感知能力。空间对抗是指通过允许乙方部队利用空间能力，同时遏制对手拥有同样的能力，获得和维持理想的空间优势。美国希望通过发展空间对抗武器装备，进一步提高美军的作战能力，拉大与其他国家在军事上的差距，从而建立一支不受任何挑战，具备攻防兼备能力的军事力量。     

美国空间态势感知力量研究(上)

<正>美国十分重视空间领域的军事效应,将空间领域作为谋求全球霸权的重要战略支撑。美国为了维护空间优势和增强空间控制能力,制定了明确的空间政策和战略,建设了大量的空间设施。作为空间的核心能力,空间攻防对抗能力是在空间战场环境下进行空间力量运用的保证,因此美国将空间攻防对抗能力作为维护空间力量优势的重要基础。同时,美国意识到空间态势感知能力是空间攻防对抗的基础,对空     

空间仿生可变构智能感知网络技术

基于仿生集群系统感知功能与行为的视角，提出了空间感知网络的若干前沿科学问题，包括仿生可变构异构空间分布式智能感知网络设计、单星自主机动对准和协调操控、星群协同相对测量与控制等。在干扰对抗态势下，空间感知网络的生存智能需求是保持各节点的可变构型网络、异构分布式感知与协调控制，从抗扰、容错和节能等角度提出了未来智能感知网络所应具有的安全、绿色和免疫等特征。仿生空间感知网络的目标是通过可变构异构分布式星群设计，实现星群多源信息融合和“眼、耳、脑、体、群”的智能协调，提高感知网络的智能协调能力以及对于空地目标与空间态势的感知、理解、预判和机动处置能力。     

空地一体化信息对抗系统构架设想

首先介绍“空天一体化”作战体系概念及信息对抗系统的组成和系统特点,并基于目前信息对抗系统的现状和对未来信息战的推测,对空地一体化信息对抗系统构架做了初步的设想。重点介绍空地一体化信息对抗系统的需求、系统构架、组成、特点及关键技术。     

航天器安全防护保障探讨

把对航天器安全的威胁分为硬和软两大类，分析了对航天器产生威胁的类别，以及为保证航天器安全而需要采取的措施。介绍了研究的内容，需要建设的空间信息对抗系统和空间信息探测网。     

微小卫星的现状及其在空间攻防中的应用

微小卫星正以其独特的优势在越来越多的领域发挥重要作用.主要介绍了现代小卫星的概念、分类和特点,并以美国和欧空局为例分析了微小卫星的发展现状,最后详细介绍了微小卫星在空间攻防中的应用前景.     

Fast-track development of space technology in China

China's space industry faces challenges from the rapid growth in domestic demand for satellite services, international competition from the other members of the space club and infiltration of its domestic markets by foreign space companies. To counter this the country is making space a priority in current plans to improve national economic and social development, paying particular attention to applications satellites. Policies aimed at accelerating development include increasing state support for space, improving management - especially of invested funds - creating a better infrastructure and aiming for serial production of satellite components. It is acknowledged that much can be learnt from other countries and China is keen to pursue cooperative endeavours, but it intends also to retain its independence.     

The search for extraterrestrial artifacts (SETA)

The rationale for the use of interstellar artifacts by intelligent life in the universe is described. The advantages of using interstellar probes as a means of exploration and communication are presented and shown to be significant enough to counter the time, energy, and technology arguments generally raised against contact via extraterrestrial artifacts. Four classes of artifacts are defined: Those seeking contact, those seeking to avoid contact, those intended to provide a passive technological threshold for detection, and those for which detection is irrelevant. The Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA) is based on the latter two classes. Under the assumption that an extraterrestrial probe will be interested in life in our solar system, a near-Earth search space is defined. This search space is accessible to us now with ground and satellite observing facilities. The current observational status of SETA is reviewed and contrasted with the achievable detection limits for the different parts of the search space.     

Reorganization of the space development structure in Japan

At the end of 2002 a new law was passed to create a single space agency for Japan out of the merger of NASDA and NAL with ISAS. The new agency will be an independent administrative institution with day-to-day autonomy from the government. The authors provide the background to the decision to restructure Japan's space development and describe the goals, organization and scope of activities of the agency. Steps have been taken to counter concerns that consolidating the three existing organizations could hamper the conduct of basic research.     

空间信息对抗中的单星对卫星无源定位跟踪方法

针对空间信息对抗中的侦察卫星变轨和对地面“静默”等特点，本文提出了一种基于UT(Unscented Transform)变换的UKF(Unscented Kalman Filtering)滤波跟踪方法，实现了单个侦察卫星仅仅测量角度对辐射卫星的轨道的无源跟踪和定位，经过计算饥仿真表明，仅仪利用单个卫星对卫星只测角定位是可能的，且在测角精度较高时，该方法的轨道跟踪精度可达1公里以内。     

Radiation protection of astronauts in LEO

Radiological protection for space flights is often perceived as a technico-scientific problem. All this is the result of the effects of radiation encountered in space and manned flight conditions. The main characteristics of this radiation come from its complex composition and its large energy spectrum which must be taken into account as well as flux variations by both solar activity and the vehicle position on orbit. Inside a vehicle, structures constitute irregularly distributed shields and lead to a specific dose at each location. To be able to protect the crew, it is first necessary to understand the threat and therefore to identify the radiation environment: extraterrestrial and orbital. As the environment varies with both the orbit position and time, the dose received in each critical organ during missions must be determined and compared with acceptable limits. To counter the threat, which may exceed acceptable limits, a strategy is required, including the complementary aspects of prevention, detection, protection and possibly treatment.     

Market-based approaches for controlling space mission costs: the Cassini Resource Exchange

Using economic incentives to control costs is a new concept for space missions. The basic tenets of market-based approaches run counter to typical centralized management techniques often utilized for complex space missions. NASA's Cassini mission to Saturn used a market trading system to assist the Science Instrument Manager in guiding the development of the spacecraft's science payload. This system allowed science instrument teams to trade resources among themselves to best manage their resources (mass, power, data rate, and budget). Thus, Cassini Project management was no longer responsible for adjudicating and reallocating resources that result from instrument development problems. Instrument teams were responsible for directly managing their resources and if they ran into a development problem it was their responsibility to resolve their problem by descoping or through the use of a 'resource exchange.' Under the trading system, instrument cost growth was less than 1% and the total payload mass was under its allocation by 7%. This result is in stark contrast to the 50%–100% increases in these resources on past missions.     

System identification of dynamic closed-loop control of total peripheral resistance by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.

Prolonged exposure to microgravity in space flight missions (days) impairs the mechanisms responsible for defense of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cardiac output (CO) against orthostatic stress in the post-flight period. The mechanisms responsible for the observed orthostatic intolerance are not yet completely understood. Additionally, effective counter measures to attenuate this pathophysiological response are not available. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of our proposed system identification method to predict closed-loop dynamic changes in TPR induced by changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP). For this purpose we designed and employed a novel experimental animal model for the examination of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in the dynamic closed-loop control of total peripheral resistance (TPR), and applied system identification to the analysis of beat-to-beat fluctuations in the measured signals. Grant numbers: NAG5-4989.     

高精度TDOA测量技术研究

针对时差定位系统中影响定位精度的关键因素——时差测量精度,分析了时差测量误差的来源,提出利用链路转发技术,将副站截获到的雷达信号转发到主站,避免了时统误差。同。时利用浮动门限对视频脉冲进行高精度整形以减小触发误差,并采用脉冲计数与内插采样相结合的方法,有效地克服了传统脉冲计数法带来的量化误差,从而达到提高时差测量精度、改善时差定位系统定位精度的目的。