Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

The status of space science and technology in developed countries — The european experience

Space research in Western Europe began in the form of independent national space programmes confined in the first instance to the use of sounding rockets. These early steps were soon supplemented by bilateral collaborative projects with the USA and USSR whose agencies provided the satellite launch vehicles that Europe lacked at that time.In 1962 as a result of an agreement between ten member states the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) was established for the purpose of carrying out a programme of space science. ESRO was succeeded in 1974 by the European Space Agency (ESA) with a much broader range of activities covering both scientific research and the application of space technology together with the development of launch vehicles.At the present time the totality of space activities of the ESA member states is made up of national programmes and collaborative projects with other nations and agencies together with participation in the agreed ESA programme. Because of its essentially non-military character, its relatively modest level of funding and its multinational nature the European experience with ESA may provide some useful guidance in the development of space science and technology elsewhere in the world.     

低成本多小天体并行交会技术

小天体资源开发方兴未艾,为降低开发风险和成本,需要发射无人探测器交会观测多个待选目标小天体。传统多目标探测方案存在无法多次交会、成本高,周期长等不足。提出的低成本多小天体并行交会技术,能够对多小天体探测任务进行解耦,实现基于微纳飞行器的低成本多目标并行交会勘查,从而降低探测成本,缩短探测周期。该技术结合行星借力与不变流形机制构建了低能量星际转移方案。然后引入扰动流形思想,使微纳飞行器能够实现与目标小天体的快速交会。进一步,提出了一种多目标小天体探测全局搜索方法,该方法基于在日地halo轨道上停泊的微纳飞行器集群,逐次确定小天体探测目标,并利用上述方法完成了多微纳飞行器与多小天体的交会。数值仿真结果表明,该方案能够大幅度降低转移过程的燃料消耗,并缩短转移时间。     

Status of space science and technology — An Australian perspective

The “Tyranny of Distance” has had a profound influence on Australian history and reaction to it has been an important factor in determining national scientific and technological goals. Because of its size and geographical remoteness, Australia is one of the countries to have gained substantially from the applications of space technology particularly in the fields of communications, meteorology and remote sensing. Australia is the fifth largest investor in INTELSAT which carries a major fraction of the nation's overseas telecommunications. A domestic satellite system, AUSSAT, is being acquired to improve telecommunications within the country. Australia is heavily dependent on satellite data for routine meteorological forecasting. Data from the Australian Landsat Station are in strong demand, particularly for mineral exploration. In the field of space science, Australia is collaborating with Canada and the United States in feasibility studies for STARLAB, a free-flying UV-optical one metre telescope proposed for launch by the US Space Shuttle beginning in 1989. These scientific and technological programs in which Australia is participating are all dependent upon the space programs of other nations and in describing the status of space science and technology from an Australian perspective some comments will be made on particular aspects of the space programs of the United States and Japan.     

基于CAN 总线的分布式智能发控技术研究

导弹地面发控设备多采用集中式控制技术。随着控制规模及系统复杂程度的提升,对发控设备中发控计算机的性能要求越来越高,系统越来越复杂。本文提出一种基于CAN 总线的分布式智能发控技术,并在某发控设备的研制背景下给出具体方案。该方案采用某通用型SOPC 计算机模块作为上位机,采用多个DSP 控制模块作为下位机,利用CAN 总线进行上下位机通信,实现对若干发导弹的发射控制。该分布式控制系统具有体积小、低功耗、可靠性高、维修性好、成本低等技术特点,为智能发控提供一种新的技术途径。     

Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

In 1957, the launch of the first artificial satellite ushered in a new era for modern space science.The past 50 years' developments in China's space science have witnessed many major missions, and substantial progress has been achieved in space science study, exploration technology as well as experiment technology. Strategic Priority Program on Space Science was officially started in 2011. Through both self-developed space science missions and those with international cooperation,it is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be realized, leapfrog development of related high-tech will be achieved to establish the important strategic status of space science in national development. To sum up, the implementation of the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science will definitely promote the rapid development of China's space science endeavor, making contributions to China's development and the progress of human civilization.      

The role of the space industry in building capacity in emerging space nations

The space industry in established space-faring nations is playing an increasingly important role in the development of capacity in emerging space nations. The role of industry ranges from provision of turn-key systems, to provision of training and joint development of satellites in partnership with emerging space countries. Ranked number 1 worldwide in terms of satellites ordered in 2006, Thales Alenia Space is at the heart of the most high performance satellite technologies in both civil and defense sectors. The company has been involved in parterships with a number of emerging space nations. This paper discusses several key factors for successful interaction of industry with national space programmes in emerging space nations.     

Proposal for a United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative

The United Nations Programme on Space Applications, implemented by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, promotes the benefits of space-based solutions for sustainable economic and social development. The Programme assists Member States of the United Nations to establish indigenous capacities for the use of space technology and its applications. In the past the Programme has primarily been focusing on the use of space applications and on basic space science activities. However, in recent years there has been a strong interest in a growing number of space-using countries to build space technology capacities, for example, the ability to develop and operate small satellites. In reaction to this development, the United Nations in cooperation with the International Academy of Astronautics has been organizing annual workshops on small satellites in the service of developing countries. Space technology related issues have also been addressed as part of various other activities of the Programme on Space Applications. Building on these experiences, the Office for Outer Space Affairs is now considering the launch of a new initiative, preliminarily titled the United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative (UNBSTI), to promote basic space technology development. The initiative would be implemented in the framework of the Programme on Space Applications and its aim would be to help building sustainable capacities for basic space technology education and development, thereby advancing the operational use of space technology and its applications.     

基于CAN总线的控制系统地面仿真测试平台研究

针对采用CAN总线进行数据传输的小卫星和运载火箭控制系统开展地面仿真测试评估研究。基于CAN总线和以太网构成总线网络,构建卫星和运载火箭控制系统地面仿真测试评估平台,给出总线上各仿真节点和实物节点的软硬件设计方案,设计了机内测试模拟方案。仿真验证分析表明,利用该平台可以对卫星和运载火箭控制系统信号、总线运行情况、控制周期和网络时延等进行正确分析,为卫星和运载火箭控制系统方案评估、控制方法和快速测试方法研究等提供理论依据和技术支持。     

速度相关初制导拐弯规律设计

防空导弹初制导要实现向目标射向拐弯,使得初制导段结束时刻导弹姿态、速度达到要求。本文针对助推发动机推重比小导致初制导段时间长且参数散布大的问题,提出了速度相关初制导拐弯规律,并在姿态指令中加入重力补偿项,用于解决助推飞行段初制导精度差的问题。仿真结果表明,这种拐弯规律可以有效适应不同推力状态下初制导精度要求,且初制导结束时刻攻角小,有利于初、中制导交班。     

Science Research and Utilization Planning of China's Space Station in Operation Period 2022-2032

The core module of China's Space Station (CSS) is scheduled to be launched around the end of 2020, and the experimental module I and II will be launched in the next two years. After on-orbit constructions, CSS will be transferred into an operation period over 10 years (2022-2032 and beyond) to continuously implement space science missions. At present, based on the project selection and research work in the ground development period of CSS, China is systematically making a utilization mission planning for the operation period, which focuses on the fields of aerospace medicine and human research, space life science and biotechnology, microgravity fluid physics, combustion science, materials science, fundamental physics, space astronomy and astrophysics, Earth science, space physics and space environment, space application technology, etc. In combination with the latest development trend of space science and technology, China will continue to update planning for science research and technology development, carry out project cultivation, payload R&D, and upgrade onboard and ground experiment supporting systems to achieve greater comprehensive benefits in science, technology, economy, and society.      

Recent developments in ultraviolet filters and coatings

A number of new high efficiency optical coatings have recently been developed at wavelengths in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet for use in space science experiments. The development of these coatings has resulted in the design and manufacture of wavelength selective filters used in reflectance at near normal incidence that have high VUV reflectance with little near-UV and visible reflectance. Very narrow band transmission filters are now available at wavelengths as short as 1500Å with bandwidths as narrow as 35–40Å. In addition, high efficiency anti-reflection coatings as well as neutral density filters are now available at many wavelengths in this region.Material limitations, more severe than those in the visible, place certain restrictions on the size, wavelength, and degree of selectivity that is achievable with present technology. A summary of the current commercial technology along with the material limitations is presented.     

折叠翼无人机冷气发射装置动态特性分析及优化

针对冷气投放装置工作过程中存在的机械系统和气压系统耦合非线性动力学问题,提出了一种满足折叠翼无人机（UAV）结构形式和空中发射技术要求的冷气发射动态特性分析方法及优化设计方法。以某型折叠翼无人机为研究对象,基于联合仿真建立了无人机气动发射系统动力学模型,搭建了冷气发射系统试验样机,并完成压缩气体空中发射试验,验证了仿真模型的准确性。在此基础上,分析了无人机与冷气发射装置主要系统参数对无人机发射动态性能的影响,针对该系统进行了参数优化设计。结果表明:储气瓶体积和充气压力是影响无人机冷气发射动态特性的关键参数,随着储气瓶体积和充气压力增大,最大发射速度和加速度明显增大,储气瓶体积从15 L增加至30 L,最大发射速度增加了52.7%,最大发射加速度增长了60.9%呈正相关影响;充气压力从0.4 MPa增加至0.7 MPa,最大发射速度增长了50.5%,最大发射加速度增长了69.9%;发射角度对无人机发射性能影响较小,可忽略不计。      

Role of newly emerging flux in the flare process

New flux emerging from below the photosphere is believed to give rise to small flares and also to be capable of triggering large events when extra energy is stored in the overlying field. A summary is given of the observations of emerging flux, together with the current theoretical ideas on its behaviour.     

Testing a Mars science outpost in the Antarctic dry valleys.

Field research conducted in the Antarctic has been providing insights about the nature of Mars in the science disciplines of exobiology and geology. Located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land (160 degrees and 164 degrees E longitude and 76 degrees 30' and 78 degrees 30' S latitude), research outposts are inhabited by teams of 4-6 scientists. We propose that the design of these outposts be expanded to enable meaningful tests of many of the systems that will be needed for the successful conduct of exploration activities on Mars. Although there are some important differences between the environment in the Antarctic dry valleys and on Mars, the many similarities and particularly the field science activities, make the dry valleys a useful terrestrial analog to conditions on Mars. Three areas have been identified for testing at a small science outpost in the dry valleys; 1) studying human factors and physiology in an isolated environment; 2) testing emerging technologies (e.g., innovative power management systems, advanced life support facilities including partial bioregenerative life support systems for water recycling and food growth, telerobotics, etc.); and 3) conducting basic scientific research that will enhance our understanding of Mars while contributing to the planning for human exploration. We suggest that an important early result of a Mars habitat program will be the experience gained by interfacing humans and their supporting technology in a remote and stressful environment.     

小型旋翼无人机潜射控制器设计

小型旋翼无人机在潜射过程中的弹射和姿态控制直接影响着潜射工程任务的成败。针对小型旋翼无人机在潜射过程中姿态难以快速调整、发射初始姿态易受海浪干扰等问题,提出一种无人机潜射系统的控制方案。采用带有矢量控制的助推火箭来调整无人机在发射段的姿态,并通过海浪预测模型优化无人机发射时间窗口;针对小型旋翼无人机在弹出后旋翼展开时的姿态不稳定问题,采用基于L1自适应控制方法的姿态控制律进行无人机的增稳设计。仿真结果表明:助推火箭的矢量控制发动机能够在2s内快速调整无人机的俯仰姿态,设计的L1自适应姿态控制律能够在无人机旋翼展开的2s内实现俯仰姿态的稳定控制,并且对潜射场景中气动参数的不确定变化具有一定的鲁棒性。      

The DEMETER micro satellite launch campaign: A cheap access to space

The CNES micro satellite DEMETER has been successfully launched on June 29th 2004 by a DNEPR launcher, from the Baïkonur Cosmodrome. DEMETER was the main payload among eight co-passengers.Initiated by CNES in 1998, DEMETER is the first model of the MYRIADE micro satellites line of products; its objectives are both scientific and technological; the satellite has now been flying for science for almost one year.The space head module of the launcher has been developed by the Ukrainian company Yuzhnoye, and a complete fit check test campaign has been performed in December 2003 to confirm the compatibility of the payloads with their launcher interfaces.The launch campaign took place at Baïkonur Cosmodrome from the end of May to the end of June 2004, implying a close partnership between the CNES satellite team and the Russian and Ukrainian launcher authorities: DEMETER has been a pioneer not only for the concept itself, but also for being the first satellite of this range (three axis stabilized, including an hydrazine propulsion system and developed by a national space agency) to be launched on a former intercontinental ballistic missile SS18. The launch service was managed by ISC Kosmotras, and it was the first sun synchronous orbit launch for DNEPR.The present paper deals with the details of DEMETER satellite and its launch, and preliminary results.     

基于火箭测量系统的无线传感器网络技术研究CSCD

无线传感器网络技术是未来电子测量与数据获取的重要发展方向之一。在简要介绍无线传感器网络技术的基础上,分析归纳了该技术应用于火箭测量系统的技术难点,其中针对环境适应性和通信协议两个关键点进行了深入挖掘和理论建模,为构建一个可靠高效的箭上无线数据获取方式提供了论证和依据。     

新一代总线技术AFDX在箭载测量系统设计中的应用研究

传统的箭载测量系统数据传输由点到点的电缆完成,存在布线复杂、占用空间大、质量大、通信速率低等方面的不足,为此提出将新一代总线AFDX应用于箭载测量系统的设计思路。介绍了新一代基于以太网的总线技术AFDX,研究、比较了其技术特点和关键技术,并对基于AFDX的箭载测量系统数据综合网络拓扑结构进行了设计,为设计更高可靠性、更快通信速率、更强灵活性的箭载测量系统提供参考依据。     

长征运载火箭发射地火直接转移轨道研究

针对发射场射向范围和低温入轨级在停泊轨道上最长允许滑行时间严格受限下，工程设计火星探测任务发射轨道时，优化保障2~3周发射日期窗口的困难，以及精确设计拼接探测器分离点时刻轨道6根数耗时周期长等问题，提出了加入滑行时间限制再精确双向微分修正的设计算法（有别于传统B平面矢量法）。由地球影响球边界速度直接解出长征运载火箭入轨点轨道根数，将火箭飞行星下点弧段表示成滑行时间的分析式，快速找到满足诸多设计约束的初始发射轨道；并解决了考虑探测器小幅深空机动后火箭发射轨道的深入优化问题。精确力学模型下数值微分改进后，获得高精度计算结果，同等可比条件下运算精度不低于STK软件。实现了从地面起飞到抵达近火点的飞行轨道整体优化，确保了首次探火工程的顺利实施。