改进的耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法研究

针对耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法所存在的影响其工程应用效果的3个重要问题,加以研究和改进.在结构使用载荷谱下进行一组模拟试件的耐久性试验;依据裂纹萌生寿命试验数据,用计算反推法确定结构细节裂纹萌生p-s-N曲线三参数式的参数c_p;分析了对数裂纹萌生寿命标准差对经济寿命的重要影响,取该标准差值为飞机结构对数疲劳寿命的常用标准差值0.176~0.2,从而建立了能够准确预测结构经济寿命的改进的耐久性裂纹萌生方法.这种方法已在我国多种飞机结构的耐久性评定中得到成功的应用.     

变更载荷谱情况下的耐久性分析技术与应用

针对全尺寸飞机结构疲劳(耐久性)试验过程中更改载荷谱情况下对全尺寸结构疲劳试验机(单机)进行耐久性评定的需求,基于耐久性分析的概率断裂力学方法和改进的裂纹萌生方法,提出了综合不同谱下耐久性试验数据集确定描述结构细节原始疲劳质量的当量初始缺陷尺寸分布的方法,给出了载荷谱变更情况下计算各应力区裂纹超越概率的损伤累加方法,从而建立了能够准确预测载荷谱变更情况下结构经济寿命的耐久性评定方法.这种方法已成功应用于某型飞机结构全尺寸试验中更改载荷谱情况的耐久性评定,有着重要的工程应用价值.      

飞机结构MSD失效概率的敏感性分析

考虑到飞机结构的多部位损伤（MSD,Multiple Site Damage）结构裂纹萌生位置的不同可能对结构的安全性能存在影响,分析结构失效概率对各应力集中部位裂纹萌生寿命和应力的敏感性,量化其对结构安全性能的影响.裂纹萌生寿命采用对数正态模型,通过定义核函数建立MSD结构失效的敏感性分析模型, 采用Monte-Carlo模拟计算概率敏感度.该方法利用Monte-Carlo概率分析的结果,只需增加少许计算量即可得到失效概率对参数的敏感度.将该方法应用于共线多孔板分析,得到了给定寿命下失效概率对各关键位置应力和裂纹萌生寿命对数均值的敏感度,从而确定了对结构安全影响最大的位置.      

机群结构耐久性分析的裂纹萌生方法

为采用裂纹萌生方法(CIA)进行机群结构耐久性分析,需要综合考虑载荷谱分散和结构特性分散,但是关于综合考虑结构特性和载荷谱分散的机群寿命标准差取值应如何确定并未给出明确的方法。为此,进行了某飞机某关键结构7B04 T74铝合金模拟试件在3个单机谱下的耐久性试验,通过断口判读确定试件裂纹萌生寿命,反推得到结构细节的三参数式P-S-N曲线参数,对比分析表明载荷谱差异对P-S-N曲线参数无影响。为描述机群载荷谱分散的影响,提出了机群"当量"P-S-N曲线的概念和参数估计方法。采用疲劳分析方法确定细节裂纹超越概率,对损伤度进行评估,建立了综合考虑结构特性分散和载荷谱分散的CIA。      

飞机结构多部位损伤发生的可能性分析

基于疲劳统计学与断裂力学的基础,利用已有的飞机单细节结构试验结果,提出一种定量计算飞机结构发生多部位损伤(MSD,Multiple Site Damage)可能性的方法.该方法简化了飞机结构发生MSD可能性的计算,为飞机结构的安全性评估提供基础.该方法认为单细节的裂纹萌生寿命服从正态分布或对数正态分布.对于多细节的飞机结构,到某一时刻,当2个或2个以上细节萌生裂纹时,则认为该结构发生了MSD.给出了具体的方法介绍和理论推导,并给出了一个具体的计算示例,得到MSD产生概率与应力水平的关系曲线.计算结果表明,该方法计算合理,较符合实际情况,利于工程应用.      

飞机结构经济维修方案优化技术

在现代先进飞机结构耐久性设计技术中,结构经济维修是一个重要方面.为了确保飞机结构的经济寿命和可靠性,必须制订合理的结构经济维修方案.本文详细地讨论了各种因素对确定飞机结构经济维修方案的影响及其确定原则,从工程实用的角度建立了以耐久性分析为基础的飞机结构经济维修方案优化方法.该方法考虑了修理后结构经济寿命估算的特点,给出了一个实际飞机结构修理方案制订的算例.     

飞机结构耐久性/损伤容限综合设计与分析

飞机结构单独采用耐久性设计或者单独采用损伤容限设计都会影响飞机结构的最优化设计.针对此问题,在现有的飞机结构耐久性和损伤容限分析方法基础上提出了飞机结构耐久性／损伤容限综合设计与分析方法并建立了分析流程图.在保证结构安全和经济维修的前题下,提出了以飞机结构重量和检修一体化作为飞机结构优化设计的指标.该方法可用于新研飞机的设计和现役飞机寿命的可靠性评定分析,具有实用价值.      

腐蚀环境下的随机耐久性分析方法

为了对恶劣环境下工作的飞机结构进行耐久性分析,建立了腐蚀环境下的随机耐久性分析方法.假设地面停放预腐蚀和空中飞行腐蚀疲劳相互独立,腐蚀环境下的结构疲劳质量服从威布尔分布,采用对数正态随机变量模型描述裂纹扩展过程,得到了裂纹超越概率的表达式.通过与一般环境下和腐蚀环境下的概率断裂力学方法的对比,证实方法更接近于飞机结构的真实使用情况,可以用于腐蚀环境下工作的飞机结构的耐久性评定.     

S06钢疲劳性能及其概率特性

采用高频疲劳试验方法对新型高强度沉淀硬化马氏体不锈钢S06钢中长寿命疲劳性能进行了测量,结果发现:随着应力水平降低,疲劳裂纹趋向于从试样内部萌生,裂纹内部萌生的试样寿命高于表面萌生的试样寿命,二者分散性很大.为了对S06钢长寿命疲劳数据概率特性进行正确的评估,主要对内部萌生机制下的数据进行了研究:利用定时截尾数据的极大似然估计方法和定时截尾数据的柯尔莫哥洛夫检验方法对长寿命区一定应力水平下的疲劳寿命概率分布情况进行了研究,结果表明疲劳寿命服从对数正态分布;采用考虑越出数据的极大似然方法对S06钢应力寿命数据进行拟合,建立了P-S-N曲线模型;利用P-S-N曲线对S06钢长寿命区疲劳强度概率分布进行了讨论.     

温度/机械载荷作用下裂纹扩展的随机化分析

为描述温度/机械载荷共同作用下裂纹扩展速率,基于疲劳和蠕变裂纹扩展的线性叠加模型,给出了结合试验的修正方法.该方法根据试验结果提取新的材料参数,解决了原模型中由于交变载荷对蠕变裂纹扩展的影响所导致的材料参数不独立的问题.在此修正模型基础上,引入对数正态随机过程,建立了温度/机械载荷共同作用下的裂纹扩展随机模型,并采用泰勒级数展开法获得了指定裂纹长度下寿命分布和指定寿命下裂纹长度分布的表达式.通过算例比较随机模型和试验结果获得的寿命分布,证实了该随机化处理方法的可靠性.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.