机加展开壁板负实体结合参数化建模方法

整体壁板的加工首先需要建立三维模型,再进行数控铣削,最后弯曲成形。展开壁板数字化模型的质量直接影响壁板零件的质量,所以机加展开壁板的建模具有重要意义。为了提高飞机壁板展开建模的准确性和效率,本文通过实例介绍了应用CATIA V5软件,对机加整体壁板展开的参数化及负实体建模新方法,以及在建模过程中所遇到问题的处理方法。     

复合材料帽形加筋壁板剪切屈曲性能

对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）帽形加筋壁板的剪切屈曲进行了试验、理论分析和数值模拟。根据线弹性理论推导了复合材料帽形加筋壁板蒙皮的应变分布；针对复合材料帽形加筋壁板3种蒙皮板条单元截取宽度和两种边界条件，利用理论公式和半经验公式计算了加筋壁板的剪切屈曲载荷；利用特征值法和几何非线性法进行了剪切屈曲模拟分析；将得到的分析结果与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：根据线弹性理论得到的蒙皮应变分布与试验结果一致，验证了推导结果的正确性；选择合适的边界条件和蒙皮板条单元截取宽度，利用理论公式和半经验公式可得到加筋壁板较准确的屈曲载荷；利用特征值法得到的屈曲载荷较试验屈曲载荷高，选择合适的几何初始缺陷系数利用几何非线性分析方法可模拟复合材料帽形加筋壁板在剪切载荷作用下的屈曲过程。     

超声速流动中功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振机理

对高超声速环境中功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振机理及分岔特性进行了研究。分别采用活塞理论和Eckert参考焓方法模拟气动力以及气动加热效应,在求解板内二维热传导方程以及考虑温升对材料物性影响的基础上,建立了一个气动加热-气动弹性双向耦合的功能梯度曲壁板的热气动弹性颤振模型。采用有限元方法对曲壁板控制方程进行了数值模拟,着重分析了不同拱高下曲壁板的分岔行为,探讨了拱高变化对曲壁板分岔图的影响,发现了曲壁板颤振三种典型的颤振行为,即:热屈曲、混沌以及规则振动。对初始拱高板厚比为1时,曲壁板的两种规则振动行为进行对比发现,随着马赫数的增大,气动加热效应所引起的热内力会使曲壁板的规则振动更加复杂,同时振动的主振型及频率均会发生变化。     

风扇出口导向叶片低噪声设计Ⅱ:数值验证

作为风扇出口导向叶片（Outlet Guide Vanes，OGV）低噪声设计系列文章的第2篇，本文对气动/声学一体化设计获得的2个OGV低噪声方案的降噪效果进行了数值验证。为了对低噪声优化方案的降噪效果进行详细评估，首先，采用非线性谐波法对优化前后的风扇/增压级开展了数值仿真，对OGV不同截面和叶片表面脉动压力进行了对比分析，发现低噪声优化设计方案有效降低了转/静干涉引起的脉动压力；然后，通过掠形和倾斜的合理组合，改变了叶片表面的相位分布，沿径向的相位变化增加了OGV对尾迹响应相互抵消的机会，从而有利于噪声的降低；最后，采用Wilson的波分解方法开展了对各方案的模态分析，对降噪效果进行了量化评估。结果显示，优化后的低噪声方案除起飞状态1BPF外，降噪量均超过了5 dB。     

T型长桁边缘倒角对蒙皮纤维屈曲的影响

针对T型加筋壁板典型结构共胶接成型过程中T型长桁边缘处蒙皮纤维屈曲的问题,开展了T型长桁边缘倒角对蒙皮纤维屈曲的影响研究,对长桁边缘产生纤维屈曲的原因、机理以及长桁边缘倒角角度与纤维屈曲程度关系进行研究。结果表明,共胶接成型制备T型加筋壁板时,长桁缘条面边缘倒角能改善长桁缘条边缘处蒙皮的纤维屈曲的程度;长桁边缘处蒙皮纤维屈曲的剧烈程度与长桁缘条边缘倒角角度和蒙皮厚度成正比,与蒙皮铺层中90°纤维铺层比例成反比。工程应用中,对长桁边缘适当倒角,在不使用工艺软模的条件下有利于提高复合材料加筋壁板的成型质量。     

整体壁板压弯成形的形状控制

针对整体壁板压弯成形过程中由于回弹导致的压弯成形精度低和不可控问题，提出整体壁板压弯成形形状控制方法。以铝合金（7050-T7451）机翼整体壁板为研究对象，设计了整体壁板缩比试件模型，基于弹塑性变形理论和几何分析建立了压弯成形局部变形下压量解析预测模型，基于有限元法建立了压弯成形整体变形有限元仿真预测模型，并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比；在压弯成形局部-整体变形预测模型的基础上，综合考虑局部-整体变形精度，利用迭代补偿机制与逐步逼近思想，构建了压弯成形轮廓曲线迭代模型。通过与传统的试错法进行对比，研究结果表明所提方法能够以更高的精度、更快的收敛速度有效控制压弯件的成形形状。     

翼身融合民机典型PRSEUS受压壁板屈曲及渐进损伤分析

由NASA和波音公司共同提出的拉挤杆缝合高效一体化结构（PRSEUS），由于具有优异的抗压稳定性和止损/止裂等承载优势，已成为解决翼身融合布局民机非圆截面机身结构承载效率低和稳定性差等问题的主要途径。本文针对典型PRSEUS受压壁板结构，开展了线性/非线性屈曲及渐进损伤分析；提出了综合考虑蒙皮、止裂带、长桁翻边、隔框翻边等一体化缝合元件贯穿支撑构型几何关系和偏置参考面的建模方法，提高了PRSEUS受压壁板有限元模型的精度；提出了综合考虑屈曲特征值、非线性屈曲载荷等多影响因素的网格收敛性分析方法，提高了PRSEUS受压壁板屈曲分析的计算效率；提出了最小屈曲特征值、几何节点偏移以及最小屈曲特征值-几何节点偏移组合式等3种初始缺陷引入方法，提高了PRSEUS受压壁板损伤分析的计算精度；完成了基于纤维与基体损伤本构关系的典型PRSEUS受压壁板非线性屈曲损伤分析，通过与试验结果对比，给出了针对PRSEUS结构的非线性屈曲渐进损伤演化分析方法。为翼身融合布局民机PRSEUS结构的稳定性/损伤分析和设计提供了方法和技术支撑。     

高速飞行器壁板颤振分析的研究进展

壁板颤振是壁板结构在高速气流中发生的一种自激振动现象，特别是超音速和高超音速飞行器上特别容易发生这种现象。壁板颤振引发的非线性振动将对高速飞行器结构的疲劳强度、飞行性能和飞行安全带来不利的影响。随着高速飞行器研发工作的开展，壁板颤振问题将得到越来越多的重视。根据目前国内外高速飞行器壁板颤振的研究现状，介绍了壁板颤振的六种分析模型并从结构理论和气动力理论出发详述了这种分类的依据。阐述了温度、气流偏角、壁板几何尺寸及边界条件对壁板颤振的影响规律。并介绍了目前用于分析壁板颤振问题的频域和时域方法并总结了各种分析方法的优缺点。最后归纳了目前对高速飞行器壁板颤振研究得出的几个重要结论，提出了今后在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中需要解决的若干问题。     

含离散源损伤的复合材料壁板的剩余强度评估

为研究含离散源损伤的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料曲面帽形加筋壁板在内压-轴压联合载荷下的剩余强度，对7长桁4框的复合材料曲面帽形加筋壁板进行了试验和分析。结果表明，与离散源损伤距离超过1个典型长桁间距壁板的蒙皮和长桁在轴压载荷作用下轴向应变分布较均匀；加载过程中，损伤区附近应力重新分配，降低了应力集中，离散源损伤可简化为圆孔；基于FD判据和经典层压板理论的计算方法能较准确的计算出含离散源损伤的曲面帽形加筋壁板在内压-轴压联合载荷下的剩余强度；并针对复合材料曲面帽形加筋壁板的结构特点、应变分布特征及破坏模式提出一种在内压-轴压联合载荷下轴向剩余强度的工程估算方法；计算结果均与试验结果吻合较好。     

民用飞机机身整体壁板设计

介绍了整体壁板的特点及民用飞机机身整体壁板的设计原则，详细地论述了壁板的蒙皮厚度、长桁截面参数的确定以及凸台的功能及设计方法，另外，对整体壁板的维修性及新工艺方法也进行了简要的论述。     

外涵偏轴分开排气喷管的流场和声场数值计算

以某型涡扇发动机为原型,建立了1/10缩比的分开排气式涡扇发动机排气喷管物理模型,采用大涡模拟(LES)计算了不同外涵偏轴距离的排气喷管非稳态流场,利用FW-H(Ffows Williams-Hawkings)声学模型和傅里叶变换得到了排气喷流噪声声压级空间分布特征.计算结果表明:外涵偏轴式分开排气喷管有抑制排气喷流噪声的作用.喷流噪声整体抑制效果与偏轴距离有关,在偏轴距离为0.15D时,排气喷管下方的噪声降低达到最大,且排气噪声峰值由原型的146.7dB降低到139.5dB,降低了7.2dB.研究的排气结构和数值计算方法可作为分开排气式涡扇发动机降噪设计的参考.      

Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

Comments on "Optimum Bandwidth of a Low-Pass Filter for Detection of a Pulse in Nonstationary Noise"

In a recent correspondence1 a calculation of the optimum bandwidth of a low-pass RC filter for the detection of a pulse signal in nonstationary noise was presented. The purpose of this correspondence is: 1) to point out additional references to the work which has been conducted in the stationary noise case, and 2) to present an interesting alternate derivation of the expected output noise power for the nonstationary noise case.     

Doppler visibility of coherent ultrawideband random noise radar systems

Random noise radar has recently been used in a variety of imaging and surveillance applications. These systems can be made phase coherent using the technique of heterodyne correlation. Phase coherence has been exploited to measure Doppler and thereby the velocity of moving targets. The Doppler visibility, i.e., the ability to extract Doppler information over the inherent clutter spectra, is constrained by system parameters, especially the phase noise generated by microwave components. Our paper proposes a new phase noise model for the heterodyne mixer as applicable for ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar and for the local oscillator in the time domain. The Doppler spectra are simulated by including phase noise contamination effects and compared with our previous experimental results. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization routine is applied to synthesize the effects of a variety of parameter combinations to derive a suitable empirical formula for estimating the Doppler visibility in dB. According to the phase noise analysis and the simulation results, the Doppler visibility of UWB random noise radar depends primarily on the following parameters: 1) the local oscillator (LO) drive level of the receiver heterodyne mixer, 2) the saturation current in the receiver heterodyne mixer, 3) the bandwidth of the transmit noise source, and 4) the target velocity. Other parameters such as the carrier frequency of the receiver LO and the loaded quality factor of the LO have a small effect over the range of applicability of the model and are therefore neglected in the model formulation. The Doppler visibility curves generated from this formula match the simulation results very well over the applicable parameter range within 1 dB. Our model may therefore be used to quickly estimate the Doppler visibility of random UWB noise radars for trade-off analysis     

Low-voltage CMOS Folded-cascode Mixer

The folded-cascode structure is used to realize the low-voltage low-power consumption mixer, whose performance parameters have big influence on the navigation radio receiver's performance. Adopting the folded-cascode structure, the folded-cascode mixer (FCM) has a lower power supply voltage of 1.2 V and realizes the design trade-offs among the high transconductance, high linearity and low noise. The difficulties of realizing the trade-offs between the linearity and noise performance, the linearity and conversion gain, the conversion gain and noise performance are reduced. Fabricated in an radio frequency (RF) 0.18 μm CMOS process, the FCM has an active area of about 200 μm ×150 μm and consumes approximate 3.9 mW. The test results show that the FCM features a conversion gain (Gc) of some 14.5 dB, an input 1 dB compression point (Pin-1dB) of almost -13 dBm and a dual sideband (DSB) noise figure of around 12 dB. The FCM can be applied to the navigation radio receivers and electronic systems for aviation and aerospace or other related fields.     

不同飞行状态下施翼与大气湍流的干扰噪声

本文简述了一种直升机旋翼与大气湍流入流相干扰产生的噪声预估方法。这一方法考虑了桨叶上非定常载荷的弦向及展向非紧致性，桨叶－桨叶载荷之间的相关，通过结合大气湍流能量谱模型与快速畸变湍流收缩模型来确定旋翼平面处非均匀、各向异性湍流场的特性，使得这种方法可用于直升机在真实飞行状态下的旋翼与湍流场干扰噪声计算。利用文献中模型旋翼试验的结果，验证了本方法的可行性，并计算了某型直升机在六种飞行状态下的流场畸变情况及旋翼与湍流干扰的远场噪声谱，结果表明：在准悬停及低速爬升状态，湍流场的畸变较大，而在中、快速前飞状态，湍流场的畸变最小，在低速爬升状态，线性总声压级最小。     

消失球方法及其对旋翼厚度噪声的分析研究

对旋翼厚度噪声及其数值模拟方法进行了讨论,着重解决了以下两个问题：（1）通过理论和数值分析,讨论了使用消失球公式计算旋翼旋转噪声时计算结果的有效性;（2）通过计算机模拟,深入分析了旋翼厚度噪声的特征。     

Calculation of Output Noise Variances for Discrete Time-Invariant Filters

Certain calculations to minimize output noise variance are introduced. Many applied problems in sampled data systems require that data be smoothed in the presence of noise for the prediction of future positions, velocities, or accelerations. Smoothing coefficients in discrete time-invariant filters are computed to minimize the output noise variance, but under the constraints that the function and derivatives be predicted ahead. The output noise variance is seen to be a function of the input noise, the number of input signals (N+1) that the filter has to smooth, and the prediction time ?T. Four examples are given in the derivation of smoothing coefficients for step and ramp inputs subjected to either almost white noise or Gaussian-Markoff noise. The examples illustrate the number of constraint relations that the filter smoothing coefficients must satisfy for function and/or derivative convergence under noise-free conditions. The smoothing coefficients are also a function of the type of noise input into the system or the discrete filter. From the examples, it can be observed that as N becomes larger, the output noise variance becomes smaller, but the computation time is increased.     

大型客机前起落架气动噪声源三维阵列识别技术研究

起落架噪声作为现代大型飞机机体噪声在起降阶段的主要贡献成分,其噪声机理较为复杂,涉及到钝体湍流涡脱落噪声、腔体部件空腔噪声以及起落架舱腔体与支柱柱体之间的非线性耦合噪声。由于起落架中存在复杂的三维流场以及声波的反射和绕射会产生噪声,而二维麦克风阵列在垂向的分辨率较差,无法获得声源完整且准确的三维空间分布信息,因此采用三维麦克风阵列技术对起落架噪声进行研究。使用3D Beamforming算法(波束成形算法)和3D CLEAN-SC算法(空间相干的洁净算法)结合同步测量和非同步测量的方式实现了对模拟信号和实际测量数据所得频谱中特定的离散声进行声源识别定位,并在北航D5低速风洞进行开口段气动噪声实验,以1/2缩比的LAGOON起落架为研究对象,在过顶和流向方向布置两组平面阵列,构成三维阵列进行同步和非同步的噪声测量,确定了起落架中主要噪声源的位置,对认知噪声机理提供了新的借鉴和思考。     

直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展

随着直升机的广泛使用,旋翼气动噪声问题逐渐得到重视。概述了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声、高速脉冲(HSI)噪声、桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声和宽带噪声的国内外研究现状,简述了旋翼气动噪声理论、试验、计算发展历程以及各阶段的研究成果,并对后缘襟翼、高阶谐波控制(HHC)、单片桨叶控制(IBC)、主动扭转桨叶等噪声控制方法和概念进行了介绍。重点叙述了旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展,包括大气、地面和飞行轨迹等对直升机旋翼噪声的影响,机身散射声场以及机动噪声计算方法等方面取得的成就。对直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究进行了总结,并对其发展前景提出了展望。