中国小卫星全寿命周期故障分布研究

基于航天东方红卫星有限公司已发射的100多颗现代小卫星的在轨故障统计数据,研究发现国内小卫星在轨故障的分布规律呈威布尔分布特点。继而针对CAST968平台和CAST2000平台小卫星的实际在轨故障数据给出在轨故障分布的经验公式,结合国内小卫星正样研制阶段的故障分布研究成果,对小卫星全寿命周期的故障分布规律和特点进行分析和总结,在国内首次给出小卫星全寿命周期的故障概率密度曲线和浴盆曲线。     

空间辐射环境引起在轨卫星故障分析与加固对策

文章对卫星由于空间辐射环境导致的在轨故障进行了统计;对某卫星数传综合处理器在轨单粒子翻转故障的现象、机理和措施等进行了分析;根据在轨故障案例、实际工程经验和仿真分析,从硬件和软件两方面提出了具体的降低单粒子效应的多种抗辐射加固设计方法,以延长卫星在轨工作寿命。     

The risks and impacts of space weather: Policy recommendations and initiatives

Space weather affects global technological systems and societies. Space weather, or the dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space environment and their impacts on technological systems, can produce coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particles, and geomagnetic disturbances. These space weather events can cause extreme currents in the electric grid, widespread blackouts, and phone and internet communication failures both in space and within the Earth's atmosphere. Severe space weather can damage satellites used for global positioning, communications, and weather forecasting. It also creates a risk of radiation exposure to astronauts and commercial airline crews and passengers. Accurate forecast knowledge of the space weather threat and timing of events is critical to planning and preparation to minimize socioeconomic impacts. This paper reviews the scope of the space weather threat on the global community today. It describes current international and US public policy initiatives to mitigate risk to infrastructure, public safety, and human life. It examines recent international reports and US federal disaster reduction plans to meet these challenges and provides recommendations to increase public awareness and implement public policies to prepare, prevent, and recover from possible catastrophic failures of commercial and government infrastructures caused by a major space weather event.     

东方红三号系列卫星在轨故障统计分析

迄今为止，东方红三号系列卫星累计运行时间已近30年，积累了相当可观的故障数据。文章在统计5颗卫星在轨故障信息的基础上，分析了该型卫星在轨故障随工作时间的总体变化规律，不同后果的故障和不同分系统的故障随工作时间的变化规律，以及卫星的可靠性增长。结论认为，该型早期卫星故障符合典型的浴盆曲线模型，早期故障较多，后期故障频繁；该型后期卫星同样存在早期失效，但特征不明显，除去空间干扰因素，卫星运行期间故障趋势相对平缓，卫星可靠性明显提高。     

地球辐射带槽区粒子环境动态变化对中轨卫星辐射效应的影响

中轨卫星运行于地球辐射带槽区,而槽区粒子辐射环境可能存在显著涨落,增加卫星抗辐射设计输入的不确定性。文章利用典型地球辐射带模型,对中轨卫星累积性辐射效应的主要来源进行深入分析,再结合槽区粒子辐射环境动态变化特征,初步量化分析其对中轨卫星遭遇辐射效应的影响。结果表明:槽区粒子辐射环境的动态变化对星表材料及太阳电池辐射损伤的附加影响较小;槽区质子填充事件对8000 km以上高度轨道的电离总剂量有明显影响（但此类事件遭遇概率很低）;槽区电子填充事件使10 000 km以上高度轨道的电离总剂量明显增大,这点必须在相应的卫星抗辐射设计要求中予以考虑。     

Construction of theories of motion, ephemerides, and databases for natural satellites of planets

A knowledge base for natural satellites of planets is created. On the basis of observations, new numerical models of motion are constructed for all 96 outer satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A special database is compiled from all available observational data for natural satellites of planets, as well as a bibliographical database and information system of physical and orbital parameters of planets and satellites. The tools for calculations of ephemerides of all natural satellites (except for the Moon) of planets are developed. They represent the final result of studies and actually incorporate the entire knowledge about dynamics of the satellites of planets. Also developed are special ephemerides in order to observe singular phenomena in the apparent motion of the satellites of planets. A computer environment and the Internet allowed us to concentrate all above-listed options in a single toolkit easily available to any user in the world.     

空间环境研究的现状与展望

空间环境研究的内容包括空间环境模式研究、空间环境效应研究和空间环境实验研究。当前国外空间环境研究注重对大型软件组织多学科、多单位长期合作研究;模式研究与实验研究紧密结合;注意开发对工程适用的模式;工作重点是太阳帆板带电和低轨卫星表面带电。建议我国在今后的空间环境研究中加强联合,集中攻克急需的大型软件;加强对材料特性的实验研究;着手发射环境效应卫星;开拓空间环境研究的新领域;在空间环境效应研究中加强卫星研制单位、卫星操作部门与环境效应研究单位的合作。     

基于实测数据的卫星公路运输动力学特性仿真分析方法

为解决卫星运输跑车试验耗时耗力的问题,采用仿真方法研究了卫星在公路运输过程中的动力学特性。先基于大量实测数据,建立仿真分析输入谱;再通过Patran/Nastran有限元软件建立包装箱–卫星的联合仿真模型,对经过组合体模态试验修正后的模型进行了模态分析和随机振动响应分析,得到了模型的前6阶模态振型以及关键部位的加速度和应力响应RMS值。结果表明:联合仿真模型各部位的应力RMS值远低于材料屈服极限,卫星结构具有足够的安全裕度。该仿真分析方法可以准确有效地分析卫星在运输过程中经受的力学环境,为卫星结构及包装箱设计提供依据。     

Stability of a ring of connected satellites

The motion of a large number of artificial satellites connected in a ring one after another by tethers of variable length is considered. Every satellite is supposed to have a control system programmed according to some tether tension law as a function of the distance between tethered satellites. The effect of the tension control law on the stability of stationary rotation of this ring is investigated. The final stability condition includes two requirements: 1) the nominal tether tension should be less than a definite limit equal, up to numerical coefficient, to one satellite weight divided by the number of satellites; 2) tether tension should decrease (or remain constant) with the increase of the distance between tethered satellites. In dynamics the artificial rings of this kind are much like their natural prototype—meteor rings. On the other hand, the investigation of the artificial rings contributes to developing an unexpected view upon meteor rings, suggesting a model of an imaginary equivalent string.     

目标机动条件下的定点伴飞控制方法研究

对目标机动条件下的定点伴飞控制进行了研究。根据相对运动关系,建立适于伴飞模式的相对运动方程,将目标机动大小作为未知量加入相对运动方程,构建不确定系统。用LQR和Lyapunov法结合的方式设计相应定点伴飞控制律。理论证明了在目标机动时该控制律仍能实现系统的渐近稳定。仿真结果验证了该控制律的有效性。     

Queuing theory application in imaging service analysis for small Earth observation satellites

The performance of Earth observation satellites is usually analyzed by real data or system simulation, which is accurate but not systematic. Modelling satellite service systems with queueing theory and analysing the performance statistics systematically will provide a useful guide in designing satellite systems. Earth observation satellites could be regarded as a two tandem server system with a finite buffer in between, providing two-stage service: image capture and image download service. In this paper, we introduce the queueing models for different service systems: the pure image capture service system, the two-stage service system with Poisson distribution download service, the pure download service system, and the two-stage system with general download service. Formulated solutions are given and some results are shown. From this work we can see queueing theory provides a good way to analyse the performance of small earth observation satellites, which is useful for system mission analysis and optimisation in design stage.     

Fault detection,identification and reconstruction for gyroscope in satellite based on independent component analysis

Although satellites are designed with high reliability, faults do occur when satellites are in orbit. To avoid the important services being affected, redundancy is used in satellites. There are many sensors in satellites. In order to reduce the cost, space, weight and power consumption, redundant sensors should be added to satellite as few as possible. Analytical redundancy is an efficient way to optimize the application of redundant. The gyroscope is the attitude determination sensor of the satellite. The minimum redundant structure of the gyroscope system is as follows: three gyroscopes installed in three-axis orthogonally and one gyroscope installed with slantwise for redundancy(3o+1S).To achieve fault detection, identification and reconstruction, hypothesis of statistical independence between the three-axis angular rates and hypothesis of statistical independence between the angular rates and fault are proposed. The scenario that only one sensor is faulting and there are only additive fault and full fault is supposed. Under these assumptions, firstly a threshold method is used for fault detection. After a fault is detected, independent component analysis (ICA) based algorithm for fault identification is employed. To overcome the ambiguities of ICA, correlation coefficients and prior information of the mixed matrix are used. Finally, the reconstruction matrix is obtained. By using this matrix fault signal is extracted so that the yaw, roll and pitch axes (three-axis) angular rates of the satellite can be recovered. Numerical simulations show this method can fulfill fault detection, identification and reconstruction of the gyroscope system.     

编队飞行小卫星相对姿态控制研究

以四元数作为定位参数对编队飞行小卫星进行相对姿态控制。首先给出了以误差四元数作为反馈量 ,基于参考卫星的相对姿态控制律 ,其次 ,研究了由若干颗相同卫星组成的编队卫星 ,在卫星姿态达到指定的方位时 ,相互之间也要满足一定要求的相对姿态控制律。最后进行了仿真计算 ,说明了两种相对姿态控制的有效性和可行性     

卫星太阳电池阵在轨故障统计及分析

文章针对2000年1月至2012年9月期间79颗在轨卫星发生的114次太阳电池阵故障事件进行了分类统计分析,并利用Kaplan-Meier估计量分析方法对这些在轨故障进行了可靠性分析。结果表明:太阳电池阵的故障多发生在卫星在轨第一年,其中电子类故障发生率较高;不同卫星平台的系统缺陷或设计共性问题也与太阳电池阵故障紧密相关。最后,结合我国卫星太阳电池阵设计及制造工艺技术,提出了加强出厂前的测试和试验验证、加强仿真建模、加强冗余设计等建议。     

上面级在发射轨道的辐射外热流分析

研究发射轨道的外热流是进行火箭上面级和卫星热控设计的基础。文章给出了基于一组轨道和姿态参数的太阳矢量与地球矢量的计算方法。针对圆柱外形的上面级,分析了其发射轨道外热流的变化规律,利用该计算方法计算了太阳矢量,而太阳矢量在长时间滑行段相对固定,太阳矢量和受晒因子随发射时间而发生大幅度的变化,使得外热流工况变得非常复杂。通过对太阳定姿且绕箭体纵轴慢旋,可改善火箭上面级的飞行热环境,简化卫星和上面级的热控系统设计。     

卫星在轨失效统计分析

从故障影响的设备、范围、时间特性等方面,对20世纪70年代以来国内外卫星272次典型在轨故障进行了分析。研究发现,发生故障的设备和发生故障的时间等都存在明显的规律性。对这些故障特性的深入研究可以制定针对性的故障防护措施,以降低卫星故障的发生率,并有助于在故障发生后采取及时正确的措施以避免灾难性后果。基于上述研究,文章给出了卫星设计过程中有效规避故障的一些建议,以提高卫星的在轨存活率。     

地球静止轨道卫星硅太阳电池在轨特性分析

空间辐照效应的影响,使太阳电池输出功率随其在轨时间的推移而逐渐衰减。文章以2颗在轨的地球静止轨道卫星为研究对象,对某类我国自主研发的硅太阳电池的在轨输出功率衰减率进行了分析。并针对所获得的相关遥测参数,通过数值统计与数学分析的方法,采用确定的计算公式得出太阳电池阵的总输出电流,用以表征其输出功率。文章提出了一种曲线平移...     

A new space vision for NASA—And for space entrepreneurs too?

Despite its scientific successes, NASA has over the past two decades lost its way, spending billions of dollars on transportation systems that have at bottom been failures. President Obama's cancellation of the costly and unwieldy Constellation program provides an opportunity for genuine reform of the agency and the US space program, through harnessing the innovatory and cost-effective power of commercial entrepreneurs. Examples of the kinds of project they might undertake – including solar power satellites, ‘space taxis’ and a space elevator – are discussed.     

遥感系列卫星在轨微振动测量与分析

在遥感系列卫星上装载了微振动环境测量系统并进行了在轨微振动环境测量。文章介绍了4颗遥感卫星的在轨微振动环境参数获取与分析。结果表明:星上各活动部件中主要的扰振源为反作用轮和辐射计/散射计转动机构;卫星稳定运行时的最大微振动量级约为57 mg,传递到光学敏感设备衰减度约为15%。     

Antenna radiation effects on the orbits of GPS and INTELSAT satellites

A large number of disturbances add to the main force exerted by Earth's gravitational field and affect the actual orbital trajectory of artificial satellites. They possess antennas with specific purposes, such as telecommunication systems operating at specific ranges of frequencies and radiated power. For instance, the antennas used in the GPS and INTELSAT satellites are quadrifilar helix and parabolic reflectors respectively. The radiation emitted by the antennas produces a radiation reaction force on the satellite making its orbital elements deviate from their expected values. Using a mathematical model for the radiation reaction force caused by the antenna, derived from the electromagnetic theory and the energy-momentum conservation law, the perturbation effects on the orbits of the GPS and INTELSAT satellites were studied. The numerical integrator used to solve the satellite equations of motion is based on the Runge–Kutta method of fourth and fifth orders. The theoretical model of antenna radiation reaction takes into account the satellite mass, antenna radiated power and maximum gain of the antenna.