Radiometric detection of spread-spectrum signals in noise ofuncertain power

The standard analysis of the radiometric detectability of a spread-spectrum signal assumes a background of stationary, white Gaussian noise whose power spectral density can be measured very accurately. This assumption yields a fairly high probability of interception, even for signals of short duration. By explicitly considering the effect of uncertain knowledge of the noise power density, it is demonstrated that detection of these signals by a wideband radiometer can be considerably more difficult in practice than is indicated by the standard result. Worst-case performance bounds are provided as a function of input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), time-bandwidth (TW) product and peak-to-peak noise uncertainty. The results are illustrated graphically for a number of situations of interest. It is also shown that asymptotically, as the TW product becomes large, the SNR required for detection becomes a function of noise uncertainty only and is independent of the detection parameters and the observation interval     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

Frequency-hopping signal detection using partial band coverage

The performance of a channelized radiometer in detecting a frequency-hopping signal is analyzed for a variable number of parallel radiometers not necessarily covering the entire hopping band. The full band may not be covered because of an attempt to avoid interfering signals, limited radiometer resources, lack of knowledge of the band frequency location, or combinations of these factors. The analysis provides for calculation of the value of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to achieve a given probability of detection for a specified false-alarm rate, assuming an observation interval equivalent to N hops using either a fixed or a moving observation window. The dependence of the probability of detection on a misalignment of the detector observation intervals with the hop transitions is also analyzed. Numerical results are presented and discussed. Applied to a typical slow-hopping VHF radio, the results imply that a 150-hop transmission can be detected by a channelized radiometer covering half the hopping band when the SNR is about 2 dB     

Sequential track extraction

Sensors like radar or sonar usually produce data on the basis of a single frame of observation: target detections. The detection performance is described by quantities like detection probability Pd and false alarm density f. A different task of detection is formation of tracks of targets unknown in number from data of multiple consecutive frames of observation. This leads to quantities which are of a higher level of abstraction: extracted tracks. This again is a detection process. Under benign conditions (high Pd, low f and well separated targets) conventional methods of track initiation are recommended to solve a simple task. However, under hard conditions the process of track extraction is known to be difficult. We here concentrate on the case of well separated targets and derive an optimal combinatorial method which can be used under hard operating conditions. The method relates to MHT (multiple hypothesis tracking), uses a sequential likelihood ratio test and derives benefit from processing signal strength information. The performance of the track extraction method is described by parameters such as detection probability and false detection rate on track level, while Pd and f are input parameters which relate to the signal-to-noise interference ratio (SNIR), the clutter density, and the threshold set for target detection. In particular the average test lengths are analyzed parametrically as they are relevant for a user to estimate the time delay for track formation under hard conditions     

Detection probabilities for correlated Rayleigh fading signals

Both the method of saddlepoint integration and its associated saddlepoint approximation are applied to calculating the probability of detecting correlated Rayleigh-fading signals in Gaussian noise by means of a detector that integrates M samples of the output of a quadratic rectifier. The quadrature components of the signal samples are modeled as an autoregressive moving-average process, and specific results are exhibited for a first-order Markov process. By these methods the fluctuation loss can be computed for much larger values of M and for larger values of the detection probability than previously. Values calculated by the saddlepoint approximation prove to be close enough to the exact values to be useful over a broad range of signal parameters     

Identification Techniques for SARSAT Signals

A process for the identification of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals related to search and rescue satellite-aided tracking (SARSAT) is presented. The ELT identification process is particularly important in order to increase the probability of detection and eliminate sources of interference from the data set. A set of ELT signal parameters is introduced and methods for estimating these parameters are developed. A theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of these methods is provided.     

Quantization of PMT Signals for Meteorological Satellites

Quantization rules are examined for a satellite radiometer in the visual range. Effects of photomultiplier tube (PMT) noise on the detection of cloud brightness levels are of particular interest because the expected radiance levels are high. Effects of area integration are considered to improve the probability of detection at high radiance levels.     

一种新的等效拟配初值计算方法

在简要分析传统等效拟配初值选取方法不足的基础上,提出了一种基于Matlab信号处理工具箱提供的invfreqs函数的初值计算方法。整个计算过程不需要人工参与,所得拟配初值接近优化的终值,与传统初值选取方法相比,提高了拟配效率和成功率。仿真结果表明,该初值计算方法具有良好的工程应用价值。     

Analysis of an adaptive CFAR detector in non-Gaussian interference

Coherent signal detection in non-Gaussian interference is presently of interest in adaptive array applications. Conventional array detection algorithms inherently model the interference with a multivariate Gaussian random vector. However, non-Gaussian interference models are also under investigation for applications where the Gaussian assumption may not be appropriate. We analyze the performance of an adaptive array receiver for signal detection in interference modeled with a non-Gaussian distribution referred to as a spherically invariant random vector (SIRV). We first motivate this interference model with results from radar clutter measurements collected in the Mountain Top Program. Then we develop analytical expressions for the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection for the adaptive array receiver. Our analysis shows that the receiver has constant false alarm rate (CFAR) performance with respect to all the interference parameters. Some illustrative examples are included that compare the detection performance of this CFAR receiver with a receiver that has prior knowledge of the interference parameters     

Calculating Detection Probabilities for Adaptive Thresholds

In calculating detection probabiities for radar and sonar systems it is usually assumed that the threshold required to yield a certain probability of false alarm is known. This is often not the case for real systems and therefore the threshold must be estimated using some measure related to the test statistic. This paper presents a calculation technique that handles estimated (adaptive) thresholds in a general framework that can be applied easily to many detection problems. False alarm and detection probabilities are calculated from the characteristic function of the noise or signal plus noise variate and the characteristic function of the threshold estimate. To illustrate the method the detection performance of overlapped discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) is calculated for a narrowband Gaussian target signal.     

Limitations of radiometer performance in spherically invariantnoise

The radiometer is a common method for detection of unknown signals in noise. Most analyses of radiometer performance are based on assumptions of stationary Gaussian noise with known marginal statistics. In this note, we use a spherically invariant noise model to derive simple expressions for radiometer performance degradation in noise variance uncertainty. Numerical examples are provided to show that channel uncertainty imposes a substantial penalty in detection performance     

分布式接收宽带多目标信号盲检测迭代处理方法

随着软硬件技术的飞速发展和宽带接收机的广泛使用,频谱检测向着高瞬时带宽的方向发展,传统基于信道化处理的频谱检测方法存在搜索速度慢、处理效率低下的问题。文章提出了 1种新的分布式接收宽带多目标信号盲检测迭代处理方法,在无须预先知道信号数目及信号频谱位置的情况下,能够实现特定虚警概率多信号盲检测,具备较高的灵活性和稳健性。首先,在对信号特征进行分析的基础上,通过构造线性模型,将分布式接收多目标信号检测转化为线性模型求解问题进行处理;然后,基于贝叶斯多参数联合求解模型,在对未知参数先验分布进行合理假设的基础上,推导了各未知参数变分分布及信号检测门限的解析表达式,采用变分分布软信息迭代的方式实现多传感器信号、多参数联合估计,并利用每次迭代参数估计结果,对信号检测门限进行更新,通过置零操作实现预设虚警概率下的多信号盲检测;最后,通过仿真实验对所提方法性能进行了分析,并与相关方法进行了对比。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效利用多路接收信号信息,实现宽带未知多目标信号的盲检测,有效提升短数据下的算法处理效能,与现有方法相比,在接收单元数目较多以及信噪比较低时具有明显优势。     

Calculating Detection Probabilities for Systems Employing Noncoherent Integration

Cumulative probability distributions that occur in radar and sonar detection problems are calculated directly from the characteristic function by using a Fourier series. The error in the result is controlled by two parameters which can be adjusted to suit the application. The technique is applied to the problem of determining the detection performance of consecutive discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) for a narrowband Gaussian signal with a rectangular spectrum. Since the characteristic function is used directly in its product form this technique does not suffer from the numerical problems associated with the partial fraction approach. The technique can handle many different problems in a single computational structure making it a valuable tool in system performance studies.     

从探测概率的角度评价飞机的隐身性能

采用雷达散射截面(RCS)均值来衡量飞机的隐身性能并不能给出足够充分的信息,从信号检测概率的角度来衡量飞机的可探测性可以提供更完整的信息。本文从探测概率的角度详细分析了4种典型隐身飞机RCS起伏数据与虚警概率、探测概率、探测距离、信噪比(SNR)等参数间的关系,并给出了完整的推导过程,采用此方法可以对任意飞机目标在给定雷达参数下的可探测性进行准确计算。一般在雷达性能评估中需要用到RCS起伏模型,本文对飞机目标回波信号进行检测分析时采用数值计算方法,信号的概率密度函数(PDF)直接来源于原始回波起伏信号,避免了模型拟合带来的回波特性失真,且不会产生大的计算误差。通过对比分析计算结果发现:单脉冲检测下回波信号均值中值比越大,回波取值范围越小,则信号的检测概率越小,其中均值中值比一般相差3倍以上时可以得到明显不同的检测概率;在快起伏假设下,非相参积累检测的积累脉冲数Nin即便较小,也能得到较大的信噪比增益,此增益可能大于Nin。     

Two-Stage CFAR Detectors for Multiple-Range-Bin Radars

Two-stage detectors using generalized sign and four-level conditional statistics for signal detection in multiple-range-bin radars are described. The resulting detectors are of constant false-alarm rate (CFAR). Performances are evaluated and compared with singlestage versions. If the a priori probability of either the no-target case or the target-presence case is large (close to 1), a two-stage test can be designed to have the advantage of reducing the average number of samples required without sacrificing detection probability. With the proper choices of parameters, significant improvement in the efficiency can be achieved. Asymptotic relative efficiency of two-stage detectors with respect to single-stage detectors is derived and some numerical results are evaluated.     

Polygonal Detection Thresholds for In-Phase and Quadrature Channels

A joint detection threshold corresponding to a circle around the origin of the in-phase and quadrature components of a radar IF process is equivalent to envelope thresholding. Square and octagonal approximations to the circle are evaluated for prescribed false-alarm probabilities and the variation of detection probability with signal phase.     

Fluctuating Target Detection in Clutter Using Sidelobe Blanking Logic

In an earlier paper, Maisel [6] considered two-channel detection systems using a sidelobe blanking logic when a nonfluctuating target was present. This paper is an extension of the earlier work to include fluctuating targets. The Swerling I, II, III, and IV models are considered when single-pulse detection is of interest. An adaptive threshold procedure is also briefly discussed whereby the probability of false alarm at any given resolution cell is maintained constant, even though the input clutter level may vary from cell to cell or from beam position to beam position. Useful data are presented for detection probabilities in the range 0.5 to 0.9, for false alarm probabilities in the range 104 to 10-8, and for a false detection probability of 0.1 for a sidelobe target yielding an apparent signal to total noise power density ratio of 13.0 dB in the main beam receiver.     

白天激光漫反射测距中微弱信号检测的单开门多触发方法

白天激光漫反射测距因存在强背景噪声,导致微弱回波信号的检测十分困难,严重限制了激光漫反射测距的广泛应用。因此,提出了采用单开门多触发方法解决白天激光漫反射测距的微弱信号检测难题。首先,介绍了一种GM-APD (Geiger-ModeAvalanchePhotoDiode,盖革模式雪崩光电二极管)多触发概率分布函数的快速求解方法。接着,取激光漫反射测距系统典型参数,理论分析了多触发情况下的回波信号检测概率,分析结果表明单开门多触发方法可提高激光漫反射测距在白天情况下的回波信号检测概率。同时,通过对触发次数限制的优选,可以增加有效检测比,减少白天观测条件下回波信号的提取代价。最终,通过系统仿真验证了理论分析结果的正确性。因此,单开门多触发方法是解决白天激光漫反射测距微弱信号检测的可行途径之一。     

Energy Detection of a Random Process in Colored Gaussian Noise

A likelihood receiver for a Gaussian random signal process in colored Gaussian noise is realized with a quadratic form of a finite-duration sample of the input process. Such a receiver may be called a "filtered energy detector." The output statistic is compared with a threshold and if the threshold is exceeded, a signal is said to be present. False alarm and detection probabilities may be estimated if tabulated distributions can be fitted to the actual distributions of the test statistic which are unknown. Gamma distributions were fitted to the conditional probability densities of the output statistic by equating means and variances, formulas for which are derived assuming a large observation interval. A numerical example is given for the case in which the noise and signal processes have spectral densities of the same shape or are flat. The optimum filter turns out to be a band-limited noise whitener. The factors governing false alarm and detection probabilities are the filter bandwidth, the sample duration, and the signal level compared to the noise. Two sets of receiver operating characteristic curves are presented to complete the example.     

复合高斯杂波中距离扩展目标的迭代近似GLRT检测器

 研究了结构化的复合高斯杂波(CGC)背景中距离扩展目标自适应检测问题。针对异质杂波背景中的近似广义似然比检验(AGLRT-HTG)检测器应用于CGC背景中时存在一定的信杂比损失问题,结构化的复合高斯杂波采用自回归过程建模,结合近似广义似然比检验(AGLRT)方法和迭代估计思想,提出了CGC背景中距离扩展目标的迭代近似广义似然比检测器(RAGLRT-CGC)。从理论上分析了极限情况下RAGLRT-CGC虚警概率与检测门限关系的解析表达式。仿真结果表明,在CGC背景中,RAGLRT-CGC对不同多主散射点目标具有较好的鲁棒性,并且检测性能明显优于AGLRT-HTG。