一种改进的虚拟永磁风力发电系统模拟平台

提出了一种包含风剪塔影效应的风力发电系统的改进型模拟方案。以背靠背三相变流器平台为基础,建立了考虑包含风剪塔影效应的虚拟永磁直驱风力发电系统的数学模型,进而搭建其控制系统；针对简化叶尖速比与转矩系数拟合的问题,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的分段线性拟合的方法来简化拟合方程；利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建虚拟风力发电系统模拟平台,对负载变化时的模拟平台输出以及有无风剪塔影效应时风力机的机械转矩变化进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该平台能够较好地模拟出风力机发电机组地运行特性。     

Wind Power System Using an Adaptive Sherbius Induction Machine

A wind turbine driven variable speed power generation system using a static Sherbius scheme in the generation mode is described. A control methodology to adapt the power output characteristics of double output induction generator to the output characteristics of the driving turbine is proposed. The control scheme has been implemented and experimental test results show that the induction machine can be made to adapt to the desired characteristics.     

Dynamics of Wind Generators on Electric Utility Networks

Dynamic interaction of wind-turbine-driven generators on electric utility networks was studied by computer simulation. Nonlinear representations of wind-turbine and various drive train elements and Park equation representations of synchronous and induction generators were implemented. An infinite capacity network was assumed. Time history responses for various system configurations were computed using as the input function severe wind gust data added to cyclical torque variations occurring at turbine blade frequency. Results indicated that severe transient mechanical and electrical stresses can be induced for certain system configurations. Best results were obtained by interposing rate or damped compliant couplings between the wind turbine and a synchronous generator. The induction generator did not appear to require such means. Blade pitch control (or equivalent) was required to limit output above rated wind velocities for wind turbines configured to produce maximum mum specific power. The blade pitch control loop must exhibit high performance to limit transient overshoots. An aerodynamically limited turbine driving an induction generator exhibited good response without the need for blade pitch control, but at the cost of increased turbine rotor diameter. Further work is indicated, taking into account wind-turbine aeroelastic effects, finite capacity networks, and other factors.     

风速缺失情况下风电场功率调度分析

为了得到最优风电场功率调度方案,必须掌握任意时刻各风机风速输入值,进而得出各风机出力大小。当风速测量仪出现故障而不能正常工作时,风电机组风速数据将出现错误或缺失。建立线性回归方程,找出每台机组间输入风速的联系便可得到缺失的风速值。当风场发生“空转弃风”时,电网管理部门下达限电指令,风电场输出指定规模的有功、无功功率。将风场内所有双馈异步发电机损耗最低为目标函数,确定有功、无功调度方案。运用MATLAB软件建立风场模型,仿真结果验证了调度模型的可行性。     

计及全风况小干扰稳定的双馈风机变换器控制参数设计

随着双馈风电并网容量增大,系统的稳定性与风机变换器控制参数的相关性也越来越大,风机变换器控制参数整定时必须计及电网小干扰稳定性。针对双馈风机单机无穷大系统,建立风机工作在全风况下的小信号模型,采用李雅普诺夫线性化方法并考虑风速分区,分别推导出风机在最大功率跟踪区、恒转速区、恒功率区电网小干扰稳定分析的状态方程。分析风机变换器控制参数与特征根之间的相关性,引入表征系统稳定性强弱的小干扰稳定裕度指标,提出使系统全风况小干扰稳定的风机变换器控制参数设计方案。实例仿真表明:所提方案可快速获取有效参数,并保证全风况下电网小干扰稳定性。     

可调桨距冲压空气涡轮气动特性实验与数值分析

冲压空气涡轮风洞实验主要目的是采用相似准则,模拟空中加油工作状态,测量涡轮输出功率,分析涡轮气动特性。实验分别使用励磁发电机和加油泵作为测功器,通过调桨变距并测量最大输出功率。气动特性实验表明在风洞气流速度比加油机最小飞行速度低16%的条件下,冲压涡轮输出功率即可满足加油需要。论文还采用高数值稳定性代数Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型模拟冲压涡轮全三维混合型流场,分析流场主要气动特性,讨论桨叶表面载荷的分布。数值模拟结果显示在冲压空气涡轮桨叶近轮毂区域需要进一步优化。      

风力发电机输出功率条件子集区间估计方法

根据风力发电机的风速和输出功率历史数据,对风机输出功率均值与风速的关系进行最小二乘参数辨识,以此为基础求出风机输出功率偏差与风速的关系。采用Python概率分析确定风机输出功率偏差各子集的概率分布类型,估计其特征参数,以求出其概率密度函数,进而对风机输出功率偏差进行概率置信区间预测。基于风机输出功率均值与风速的关系和风机输出功率偏差子集的置信区间估计模型,实现了根据风速预报值对风机输出功率的置信区间进行预测。用实际风机的历史纪录对所提方法进行了测试和验证。结果表明:基于风速将风机输出功率偏差划分成多个子集,可提高风机输出功率概率置信区间预测的精准度。     

Unified Voltage and Pitch Angle Controller for Wind-Driven Induction Generator System

A unified voltage and pitch angle controller (UVPC) for a wind-driven induction generator system is presented to reach effective voltage control and to stabilize generator speed and system frequency. The proposed UVPC comprises a linear optimal controller (LOC), a supplementary voltage regulator (SVR), and a supplementary pitch angle controller (SPC). An ac voltage regulator and a dc voltage regulator are designed in the SVR to generate the desired voltage magnitude and phase angle for the voltage-sourced inverter (VSI). On the other hand, the SPC is designed based on fuzzy logic inference rules in order to generate the desired pitch angle command for the variable blade pitch such that the mechanical power can be controlled in a very efficient manner. When the system is operated in the islanding condition, an approach based on the concept of relative rotating speed has been developed for the measurement of system frequency deviation. Simulation and experimental results reveal that both bus voltage and mechanical power can be effectively controlled by the proposed UVPC for the wind energy conversion system (WECS) either connected with or disconnected from the power grid when there is sufficient wind energy.     

基于预测扭矩前馈的涡轴发动机内模控制方法

基于内模原理设计了涡轴发动机功率涡轮转速控制器.针对主旋翼扭矩变化对功率涡轮转速的干扰,提出了一种基于极端学习机的扭矩预测方法.极端学习机训练基于动态仿真数据,其输入通过相关分析获得.基于内模原理的功率涡轮转速控制器采用极点配置的设计方法,将输入信号的内模直接加入控制器,实现鲁棒跟踪.扭矩前馈采用比例微分(PD)控制策略,实现对发动机负载变化干扰的有效补偿.数字仿真结果表明:极端学习机扭矩预测精度高,扭矩相对误差小于1.5‰,与不加前馈控制相比,所提出的控制方法减小了机动飞行过程中功率涡轮转速的超调或下垂30%以上.      

具有效率优化计算的异步电动机自抗扰与滑模直接转矩控制

为了克服异步电动机直接转矩控制中转矩和电流脉动大等缺点,设计改进的自抗扰速度控制器取代传统的比例积分(PI)控制器。根据异步电动机的数学模型以及滑模变结构控制理论设计了一种基于转矩误差和磁链平方误差的新型滑模控制器。考虑电机运行过程中负载转矩未知问题,设计了一种基于Supertwisting算法的负载转矩观测器。Supertwisting定子磁链观测器的应用提高了观测精确度。通过效率优化计算得出稳态时最优定子磁链,并将其引入调速系统。仿真试验结果表明,该控制策略有效地减小了转矩和电流脉动,并且对外部扰动具有较强抑制作用,同时能够降低电机运行损耗,具有良好的动态和稳态性能。     

永磁直驱风电机组的机侧多整流器并联运行控制研究

永磁直驱风电机组的容量通常达到了兆瓦级,采用并联型结构是主要的扩容方式。传统的风电变流器机侧整流器具有独立的直流母线,虽具有控制简单的优点,但也存在成本高、体积增加等问题。针对这个问题,提出了一种新型的永磁直驱风电机组机侧多整流器共直流母线并联运行控制策略。该控制策略的控制目的是抑制共直流母线的整流器模块之间由于不同步造成的环流,因此首先对具有公共直流母线的多整流器运行的直流环路和零序电流动态进行了建模和分析,设计了独立的电流控制器,并通过同步载波移相配合生成了多簇脉冲调制信号给不同的整流器模块,但相互的控制器使用了同一个转子位置观测器,从而实现了每个模块的电流同步和均衡,并匹配了最优的总发电机转矩。最后,为了验证控制策略的有效性,基于1.5MW的永磁直驱风电机组试验平台进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,在新型控制策略下,变流器机侧多整流器模块能正常运行,并具有较优的性能。     

基于直升机/ 发动机综合模型的变旋翼转速控制研究

为了实现直升机旋翼转速在宽广范围内连续变化且涡轴发动机连续提供输出轴功率,采用1种扭矩序列转移控制方案来实现该传动链。通过2台涡轴发动机和2台多级变速器与旋翼协调工作,发动机依次连接或脱开旋翼,提供旋翼转速大范围内变化,并提供旋翼连续变化的功率。在扭矩转移过程中,针对发动机扭矩强扰动问题设计了鲁棒LMI控制器+ADRC扭矩前馈补偿控制器,最后基于直升机／发动机综合模型进行数值仿真,验证了扭矩转移方案的可行性。仿真结果表明：在转移过程中的扭矩强扰动对发动机动力涡轮转速的影响较小,旋翼转速可以实现较大范围内的快速平滑变化。     

一种内置式永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的效率优化方法

提出了一种适用于内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)直接转矩控制驱动系统的效率优化方法。基于考虑铁心损耗的IPMSM模型,对电机损耗与运行转速、电磁转矩以及定子磁链三者之间的关系进行了研究分析。根据典型的IPMSM直接转矩控制不使用零电压矢量的特点,对电机功率损耗计算式进行了简化,推导得出在一定运行工况条件下IPMSM的效率最优定子磁链幅值。仿真结果验证了该方法不仅可以保持直接转矩控制动态响应的快速性,而且有效地提高了电机在稳态运行时的效率。     

反推滑模控制在电磁耦合调速型风电机组中的应用研究

针对电磁耦合调速型风电机组的风能跟踪中存在的跟踪效果较差的问题,提出了一种基于反推滑模控制的最大风能跟踪控制算法。依据风力机运行特性和电磁耦合器的工作原理建立了电磁耦合调速型调速型风电机组的数学模型,阐述了在该风电机组中最优转矩控制的具体应用方法,并获得参考转矩。最后依据反推滑模控制原理设计分别应用于最大风能跟踪区恒转速区的转矩滑模反推控制器和转速滑模反推控制器,验证了系统的稳定性。与转矩反推控制和传统最优转矩控制相比,该方法能够快速准确地跟踪风速的变化,以最佳叶尖速比运行,更好地实现最大风能跟踪的目标。     

基于TS模糊加权的风电机组变桨距的双模切换优化控制

传统的PID变桨距控制策略存在转速波动较大、变桨的跟随性差等不足。以风速在额定风速以上时,使风力发电机的输出功率稳定在额定功率为研究目标。针对变桨系统的惯性与延迟导致控制过程动态调节时间长、超调量大等问题,提出了基于TS模糊加权的模糊与PID双模切换优化变桨距控制策略。以Simulink为试验平台,搭建了永磁直驱风力发电机组的变桨控制模型。通过仿真验证表明,所提方法具有模糊控制与PID控制两者的优点,控制输出的桨距角精度更高、响应速度更快、功率更加靠近发电机输出的额定功率。     

Economical Design of Wind Generating Plants

A definitive analysis technique is proposed for designing wind generating plants to produce electrical energy at minimum cost. The method employs variation in essential design parameters: rated power level, rated wind velocity, design wind velocity, and number of generator poles. These parameters in turn define wind turbine radius, turbine speed, rated torque at step-up gear input, and step-up gear ratio. When these are combined with site (or region) specific wind statistics, appropriate wind plant cost functions, and criteria by which to compute annual cost of ownership, the result yields the cost of produced energy for the several design variations. The selected design is that one for which the cost of produced energy is minimum.     

基于直升机/涡轴发动机综合仿真平台的发动机非线性模型预测控制

 基于具有可靠置信度的直升机/涡轴发动机综合仿真平台,研究了涡轴发动机带约束优化的非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)技术。首先通过设计多输出迭代约简最小二乘支持向量回归机(RRLSSVR),训练具有较好实时性、精度及泛化能力的内嵌式预测模型,在高度0~5 km、前飞速度0~75 m/s范围内模型精度达5‰。其次,考虑了扭矩、燃油流量、动力涡轮转速、燃气涡轮转速等综合信息及相关约束对控制效果的影响,利用在线序列二次规划(SQP)算法实现滚动优化控制,而后加入目标转速偏差的积分项以消除静差,保证输出恒定。最后,通过对直升机进行机动飞行大扰动仿真验证了该预测控制器对扰动的抑制能力,相比传统串级PID控制,能够显著降低动力涡轮转速下垂/超调量,达到更好的控制品质。     

异步电机起动/发电系统起动向发电的转换研究

用异步电机与电力电子变换器结合构成的起动/发电系统作航空电源是一个很有意义的课题。对异步电机起动/发电系统中起动向发电的转换进行了研究,提出充分利用系统中变换器可快速控制定子磁链转速的特点,改变电磁转矩的方向,实现起动到发电的转换。详细介绍了转换过程控制方案,该方案可实现起动到发电的平滑转换,且在进入发电状态后直流母线电压由起动电源电压自动增长到所需的发电电压,最终稳定发电。最后给出了仿真与实验结果。     

吊舱发电系统涵道式冲压空气涡轮叶片性能的研究

涵道式冲压空气涡轮是提供飞机吊舱自主发电系统能量的关键部件,其性能直接影响系统的效率。在对比了不同翼型的气动性能之后,优选出具有NACA6321、NACA23015和NACA4412三种翼型的叶片NACAZ1、NACAZ2和NACAZ3作为吊舱发电系统实验用涡轮叶片。采用优化Glauert方法,对上述3种叶片的推力系数、扭矩系数、功率系数与叶尖速比之间的关系进行了计算。计算结果表明:同样风速条件下,NACAZ2的推力系数和扭矩系数最大,NACAZ1的最小;在叶尖速比为2时,NACAZ2叶片的功率系数比NACAZ1的大16%。实验表明:NACAZ2的功率系数最大,NACAZ3的功率系数与NACAZ2的相近,叶尖速比为2时,NACAZ2的功率系数比NACAZ1的大37%。具有NACAZ2叶片的实验涡轮启动性能好,输出功率较大,综合性能较优。     

A novel control method for turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed based on the Ngdot estimator through LQG/LTR and rotor predicted torque feedforward

In order to compensate for the disturbance of wide variation in rotor demanded torque on power turbine speed and realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine during variable rotor speed, a cascade PID control method based on the acceleration estimator of gas turbine speed (Ngdot) and rotor predicted torque feedforward is proposed. Firstly, a two-speed Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) model is applied in the integrated rotor/turboshaft engine system to achieve variable rotor speed. Then, an online estimation method of Ngdot based on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian with Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) is proposed for power turbine speed cascade control. Finally, according to the cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator, a rotor demanded torque predicted method based on the Min-batch Gradient Descent-Neural Network (MGD-NN) is put forward to compromise the influence of rotor torque interference. The simulation results show that compared with cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator and the one combined with collective pitch feedforward control, the novel control method proposed can reduce the overshoot of power turbine speed by more than 20%, which possesses faster response, superior dynamic effect and satisfactory robustness performance. The control method proposed can realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed better.