共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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The International Rosetta Mission, cornerstone of the European Space Agency Scientific Programme, was launched on 2nd March 2004 to its 10 years journey to comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta will reach the comet in summer 2014, orbit it for about 1.5 years down to distances of a few Kilometres and deliver the Lander Philae onto its surface. After its successful asteroid fly-by in September 2008, Rosetta came back to Earth, for the final gravity acceleration towards its longest heliocentric orbit, up to a distance of 5.3 AU. It is during this phase that Rosetta crossed for the second time the main asteroids belt and performed a close encounter with asteroid (21)Lutetia on the 10th of July 2010 at a distance of ca. 3160 km and a relative velocity of 15 km/s. The payload complement of the spacecraft was activated to perform highly valuable scientific observations. The approach phase to the celestial body required a careful and accurate optical navigation campaign that will prove to be useful also for the comet approach phase. The experience gained with first asteroid flyby in 2008 was fed back into the operations definition and preparation for this highly critical phase; this concerns in particular the operations of the navigation camera for the close-loop autonomous asteroid tracking and of the main scientific camera for high resolution imaging. It was shortly after the flyby that Rosetta became the solar-powered spacecraft to have flown furthest from the Sun (>2.72 AU). This paper presents the activities carried out and planned for the definition, preparation and implementation of the asteroid flyby mission operations, including the test campaign conducted to improve the performance of the spacecraft and payload compared to the previous flyby. The results of the flyby itself are presented, with the operations implemented, the achieved performance and the lessons learned. 相似文献
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2005年世界航天发展述评(上) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2005年是名副其实的航天年。美国、欧洲、俄罗斯、日本等国家和地区面向未来,纷纷出台了雄心勃勃的航天发展战略或中长期发展规划,航天预算不断增长;一些大中型运载火箭更新换代,多项新型运载火箭研制计划先后面世,低成本快速发射小型火箭研制进展迅速并取得重要成果;新型军用和民用卫星相继升空,研制计划取得新的进展,新一代卫星的关键技术不断取得突破,空间攻防对抗也有所进展;载人航天受到世界关注,中国神舟6号飞船实现多人多天飞行,美国调整载人航天发展途径,美俄公布新型载人航天器详细方案;深空探测有新的突破,行星、彗星和小行星探测取得重要成就,重返月球和火星探测继续成为今后的发展热点。 相似文献
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航天事业在20世纪已取得显著进展和辉煌成就。21世纪即将来临。在21世纪,世界航天如何发展、将取得哪些重大成就,是人们关注的话题。为此,笔者根据有关材料汇编了这份材料,以供参考。共4讲,第一、二讲已刊登在本刊1998年第4期,下面为第三、四讲。 相似文献
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21世纪国外深空探测发展计划及进展 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
21世纪初期,国外深空探测计划层出不穷,各类深空探测器不断升空。文章主要概述新世纪各航天国家或地区的深空探测计划,并分别论述对月球、火星和其他行星以及小天体的探测计划及其进展,最后进行综合分析研究。 相似文献
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Vorobiev D Maillet A Fortrat JO Pastushkova L Allevard AM Sigaudo D Cartier R Patricot M Andre-Deshays C Kotovskaya A Grigoriev A Gharib C Gauquelin G 《Acta Astronautica》1995,36(8-12):733-742
During the Altair MIR' 93 mission we studied several parameters involved in blood volume regulation. The experiment was done on two cosmonauts before (B-60, B-30), during (D6, D12, D18 for French and D7, D12, D17 for Russian) and after the flight (R+1, R+3 and R+7). Space flight durations were different for two cosmonauts: for the Russian the flight duration was 198 days and for the French 21 days. On board the MIR station only urinary (volume and electrolytes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and catecholamines) and salivary (cGMP and cortisol) samples were collected, centrifuged and stored in freezer. Lithium was used as a tracer to know exactly the 24 h urine output (CNES urine collection Kit). Before and after flight, blood was drawn with an epicite needle and vacutainer system for hormonal assays (renin, antidiuretic hormone, cGMP, ANP and aldosterone) in two positions: after 30 min rest in upright seated position and after 90 min of supine position. Salivary samples were collected simultaneously. During flight a decrease of diuresis and ANP and an increase of osmolality were found. No modifications of hematocrit, but an increase of salivary cGMP and cortisol were also observed. The decrease of urinary ANP is in favor of hypovolemia as described in previous flights. The postflight examinations revealed changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism which indicate a hypohydration status and a stimulation of hormonal system responsible for water and electrolyte retention in order to readapt to the normal gravity. 相似文献
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2005年的航天发射次数基本维持了2004年的水平,共进行了55 次航天发射(2004年为54次),其中俄罗斯26次,美国12次,中国5次,欧洲5次,海射公司4次,日本2次,印度1次。这些发射共携带了3颗行星际探测器(彗星、火星和金星探测器)、1架航天飞机、7艘飞船(3艘载人,4艘货运)和65颗各类卫星。全年发射事故较多,共出现3次发射失败和1次部分失败,且均发生在俄罗斯。3次发射失败分别为6月21日闪电M火箭在普列谢茨克发射俄闪电3K军用通信卫星、6月21日波浪火箭从潜艇上发射宇宙1太阳帆技术验证卫星和10月8日呼啸KM火箭在普列谢茨克发射欧空局的“低温星”地球科学卫星。1次部分失败为10月27日宇宙3M火箭在普列谢茨克进行的“一箭九星”发射,其中俄“莫扎耶茨”5科研卫星分离失败,另有两颗卫星失去联络。 相似文献
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Cardiovascular Actaptation was evaluated on 2 astronauts: one wearing thigh cuffs from flight day 1 to 8 (14d flight), the second without cuffs (21d flight). Ultrasound investigations were performed at rest and during LBNP. Results: Without thigh cuffs the cardiovascular Actaptation consists in (1) the development of a hypovolemia with an increase of the heart rate and the cardiac output, (2) the decrease of the vascular tone in the deep (mesenteric and splanchnic) and peripheral (Lower limbs) vascular areas. The use of thigh cuffs maintains the volemia and the cardiac output at the preflight level (without heart rate increase) and prevents the loss of vascular tone in the deep and peripheral areas. Moreover the adaptative process changes since the cuffs are removed and even the volemia seems to be unaffected at this stage the vascular tone decreases to a comparable extend as during the flight without cuffs. Nevertheless during the flight without cuffs or 3 days after removing the cuffs hemodynamic signs of decreased orthostatic tolerance are present during the inflight and the 3 days post flight LBNP. Presently the possible contribution of the thigh cuffs to the reduction of the vascular deconditioning has not been tested yet. 相似文献
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