精确动力学模型下的火星探测轨道设计

首先在二体意义下采用粒子群优化算法（PSO）求解Lambert问题,确定发射窗口和二体地火转移轨道。使用圆锥曲线拼接法设计地心停泊轨道、逃逸轨道,并作为轨道精确设计的初值,以建立在火星的B平面参数和地火转移时间为约束,在精确动力学模型下进行微分迭代修正,最终得到满足约束的精确轨道。将设计轨道在STK软件中仿真,结果吻合。     

基于微分方程法的近程交会滑移轨道设计方法

考虑能量、时间、视线等约束条件,基于微分方程法研究了近程自主交会滑移轨道设计方法．推导了近程接近操作与撤离操作滑移轨道的参数求解公式,设计了含待定参数的相对距离与相对速率的负一次和二次幂函数形式的微分方程,并以能耗为性能指标,提出了确定微分方程待定参数的方法．另外,研究了利用约束轨道降低视线角的方法．在给定的约束条件下,仿真验证了用含待定参数的微分方程法及改变约束轨道的微分方程法设计滑移轨道的有效性．     

基于遗传算法的最优Lambert双脉冲转移

研究了初始位置和转移时间不固定的Lambert双脉冲轨道转移的数值解,用三 维图和截面图直观显示了初始位置、转移时间和速度增量的关系,并说明了其在实际工程任 务中的应用价值.基于数值解,提出了Lambert双脉冲轨道转移的优化问题.目标是找到最 优初始位置和转移时间,使燃料和时间的加权和最小.给出了遗传算法求解该优化问题的设 计步骤.该算法应用于2个算例:①平面圆轨道的燃料最优转移,并将遗传算法和Hohmann 转移的结果进行了比较;②椭圆轨道、初始位置有约束的燃料和时间最优转移.结果说明 了遗传算法寻找最优转移解是准确有效的.      

燃料受限的时间最优多脉冲交会问题

主要研究了时间最优多脉冲交会问题中最优交会时间和最优脉冲数随各因素的变化规律.建立了考虑路径约束的数学模型,并利用遗传算法对问题进行了求解.在此基础上通过大量的数值计算研究了共面圆轨道间交会问题中各因素(包括轨道半径比、初始相位差、燃料以及路径约束)对最优交会时间和最优脉冲次数的影响,并总结出了最优交会时间和最优脉冲数随各因素的变化规律.根据最优交会时间随各因素变化的曲线较为"平缓"(均为单调或只有一个极值)的事实,指出可以利用较少的特征点通过插值的方法来快速求解最优交会策略.结论对于空间营救和在轨规避等实际任务的轨道设计具有一定的参考价值.     

多冲量近程交会最优化模型

文章基于Lawden方程对椭圆参考轨道的近程最优交会问题进行了研究,并提出了一种混合遗传算法求解最优近程交会问题。首先在一定假设条件下给出了目标在椭圆参考轨道的近距离相对运动模型——Lawden方程,构建了多脉冲最优交会问题模型并进行了理论分析。性能指标选为轨道交会过程中燃料消耗和时间消耗加权最小的多目标优化指标,优化参数为脉冲大小和脉冲施加时刻,终端状态受到相对位置和相对速度的约束。然后介绍了具有较强全局和局部寻优能力的混合遗传算法。最后以四脉冲为例进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,是否考虑第一次脉冲位置,总燃料消耗变化不明显。因此,追踪航天器一旦捕获到目标信息即可施加第一次脉冲。仿真结果还证明了混合遗传算法在求解最优交会问题时的有效性。因此,混合遗传算法对基于Lawden方程的椭圆参考轨道近程最优交会问题的求解可行。     

基于星下点机动的再入飞行器离轨规划

针对约束再入点地理位置的再入飞行器离轨问题,提出了一种基于星下点机动的离轨规划方法。再入飞行器的离轨轨道设计受到飞行器当前轨道状态和再入点参数的约束。首先,基于轨道飞行原理,建立了一般椭圆轨道冲量模型下离轨制动参数和再入点参数的关系,分析了最优离轨的推力施加原则;其次,在考虑地球自转的前提下,提出了直接离轨必要条件,针对约束再入点经纬度的问题,完善了利用非线性规划优化方法确定有限推力模型下离轨点位置的策略,同时给出了符合燃料最优目标的离轨制动参数;最后,探讨了一般情况下初始轨道不满足直接离轨必要条件时,为满足星下点约束而进行的轨道机动施加策略。      

模糊优化在飞机总体设计中的应用

采用线性函数建立了飞机气动力与隐身一体化设计优化目标的满意度函数和约束的满足度函数,用综合加权法建立了多个目标的总满意度函数,研究了机翼平面外形参数和翼身融合参数的气动力/隐身一体化模糊优化设计,并与常规优化方法进行了对比;采用罚函数将约束优化转化为无约束优化,并用单纯形方法求解.     

能量最优与燃料最优Lambert交会问题

Lambert双脉冲交会问题是航天工程中轨道转移和在轨交会等领域的重要问题,而能量最优和燃料最优Lambert交会问题是针对典型应用背景和工程需求衍生的一类Lambert优化问题。针对能量最优与燃料最优Lambert双脉冲交会问题提出一种基于矢量形式的解析计算方法,给出能量最优和燃料最优Lambert交会问题的矢量形式解析解,同时对2种最优交会问题求解的性质与特点进行了分析对比。仿真结果验证了计算的正确性及燃料最优轨道相比能量最优轨道燃料消耗较少的事实。      

月地转移轨道中应急调整异面着陆场的轨道控制及优化方法

摘要： 针对月地返回轨道周期较长、不确定性较大的特点,结合我国主、副着陆场的分布情况,提出一种通过在月地返回轨道中实施双脉冲机动,以实现在应急条件下将再入平面调整至原再入平面以外的异面再入落区方法.应用一种迭代算法实现了在月地系统复杂引力场中求解Lambert问题的精确解;而后,结合最优的必要性判定条件以及模拟退火算法,应用一种交互式脉冲优化方法,可求得双脉冲机动的最优解为0.025 2 km/s,满足工程实际约束.     

一种基于控制参数化的双连杆机械臂最优PID参数整定方法

考虑一类双连杆机械臂的PID控制问题,提出一种基于控制参数化的最优PID参数整定方法.首先,把系统的性能指标建模为最优控制中的连续状态不等式约束.其次,将双连杆机械臂的最优PID参数整定问题转化为含连续状态不等式约束的最优参数选择问题.然后,应用约束转录法结合局部平滑法来处理连续状态不等式约束.得到一个标准的最优参数选择问题,且这个标准问题可以用最优控制软件MISER 3.2来求解.由于是基于梯度的方法来求解问题,所以在文中推导了代价函数和经过处理后约束的梯度公式.最后,通过数值仿真验证了提出的方法的有效性.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.