《计测技术）2011年第1期目次

基于RBF神经网络的微惯性测量组合标定双轨法D—InSAR 形变测量的误差分析 渗透法标准湿度发生器中渗透管的研制     

掩星大气探测系统误差源分析

根据掩星大气探测反演原理,研究了影响系统产品精度的误差源,并对多普勒观测误差、天线相位中心变化误差、多路径误差、卫星质心变化误差、导航卫星钟飘、卫星姿态变化误差和精密定轨速度误差进行分析,根据工程实现可行性提出了系统误差分配建议,为掩星大气探测系统设计提供参考.      

测量时刻偏差对单星定轨误差的影响分析

为评估测量时刻偏差对单星定轨等效测量误差的影响,根据单星定轨处理策略分析了其理论模型,指出测站接收机的测量时刻偏差由测站时钟钟差以及测量时刻不准确度等组成。试验数据分析表明,测站钟差经一阶多项式拟合后的残差可近似为零均值的测量噪声;数值仿真结果表明,卫星信号发射时刻1ms误差导致GEO、IGSO、MEO三种卫星的等效测距误差分别为006cm、40cm、80cm。     

接收机的非理想性对复相关值测量的影响

分析了矩形模型接收机频率响应的非理想性对综合孔径微波辐射计复相关值测量的影响.频率响应非理想性包括中心频率不一致、带宽不一致、群延迟不一致、本振相位不一致及带内波动,它们通过条纹洗涤函数产生复相关值测量误差.分析结果表明,群延迟不一致与本振相位不一致是产生复相关值相位误差的主要原因,中心频率不一致、带宽不一致、群延迟不一致及带内波动是产生复相关值幅度误差的主要原因,通过噪声注入法可校正这些幅度和相位误差,并用以上理论对北航二维综合孔径微波辐射计(BHU-2D)校正前后的误差进行了估计.      

三点法EST测量直线度的误差分析

叙述了三点法误差分离技术测量回转体素线直线度误差的原理，分析了参数选择、测头间距误差、传感器标定误差、工件安装误差对测量误差的影响，探讨了对信号谐波和测量噪声的抑制措施，以提高直线度误差的测量准确度。     

星载反射阵天线形变对其辐射特性的影响

高增益、低剖面、低质量的平面反射阵天线广泛应用于卫星通信及空间探测领域.目前虽有多种新型星载反射阵天线设计，但尚未大规模实际应用.反射阵天线在加工、组装过程中出现的误差以及在空间高低温环境中产生的形变误差都会对其电特性产生影响.为验证反射阵天线大规模实际应用于空间探测的可行性，研究了反射阵天线可能出现的形变误差对其辐射特性的影响，从理论上分析了反射阵单元发生位移、旋转、变形时反射相位的变化规律，并且从反射阵天线设计实例出发，利用科学计算和电磁仿真软件对天线的方向图、增益等特性进行仿真分析，研究形变对反射阵天线电性能的影响.      

面向InSAR的空气扰动影响机翼挠曲变形建模

针对多节点InSAR机翼挠曲变形误差问题，提出了一种基于机理模型综合参数辨识的方法对空气扰动影响机翼挠曲变形分层建模。首先，将大气湍流作为InSAR成像工作段的主要空气扰动，并基于Dryden模型分析得出了载机工作高度和速度是影响大气湍流的主要因素，将大气湍流影响机翼挠曲变形建模转换为载机在不同工作状态（高度变化、速度变化）的机翼挠曲变形分层建模。其次，基于空气动力学理论及悬臂梁变形理论建立机翼挠曲变形机理模型，借助计算流体力学与计算结构力学仿真分析获取实验数据辨识模型参数。最后，通过仿真实验验证，所提方法与模态叠加原理计算横向位移精度均优于0.6 mm（相对误差0.3%），轴向位移精度均优于0.015 mm（相对误差0.2%）。对实验室搭建的分布式光纤光栅测量系统进行测试，利用模态叠加原理计算变形量来验证所提方法，横向位移精度优于0.3 mm（相对误差1%），轴向位移精度优于0.06 mm（相对误差3%）。      

USB观测数据时标偏差影响分析与评估

USB系统是目前中国载人航天和月球探测任务的主要测控网.由于USB测量设备本身以及无线电信号传播媒介以及其他误差因素的影响,USB测量数据中包含了各种误差,需要在定轨时对观测数据进行误差修正.通常,例行的USB测量误差修正包括对流层折射修正、电离层延迟修正和通道延迟修正,但对定轨过程中可能影响观测数据计算精度的时标偏差并未作修正.针对USB测距测速观测数据,详细研究了观测数据时标偏差对观测值计算精度的影响,分析了误差影响特性,建立了相应的误差修正模型,并通过与卫星星历偏差对USB测距测速观测值计算精度影响特征的比较,发现时标偏差对测量的影响与轨道沿迹误差对观测计算值的影响等效,这使得在定轨过程中分离时标偏差的难度较大.提出了基于星载GPS定位数据分离时标偏差的方法,并利用某次任务的实测数据,分离出了该次任务中USB测量的时标偏差.最后针对目前USB数据时标偏差影响和观测误差量级相当的情况,建议将目前的观测时标精度提高到优于0.1ms的水平,使得时标偏差的影响降低到比观测误差小一个量级的水平.     

基于双频GPS观测的简化动力学最小二乘批处理精密定轨

星载双频GPS载波相位和伪距观测量已成为低轨卫星获取精确三维位置和速度信息的主要方式. 本文以非差消电离载波相位和伪距组合作为观测量,应用简化动力学最小二乘批处理方法进行地球低轨卫星的精密定轨,并给出完整定轨流程. 采用逐段常量的经验加速度对动力学模型误差进行补偿,描述了经验加速度敏感矩阵及稀疏带状矩阵求逆的有效计算方法. 利用GRACE-A卫星GPS观测数据对定轨位置精度进行分析,结果显示,三维位置定轨精度优于5cm,经验加速度在径向、切向和法向上的补偿水平不超过40nm·s-2,大气阻力系数和辐射光压系数的估计值符合物理实际,星载接收机钟差大致呈线性并具有短周期小波动.      

一种基于时间-矢量模型的InSAR测高分析方法

针对编队飞行InSAR卫星系统状态参数所具有的"时变性"、"立体性"特征,提出了一种基于时间—矢量分析的InSAR测高模型,开发了计算仿真程序。对单个飞行周期内地面目标的绝对高程精度与系统状态参数之间的关系进行了详细分析。由于地面绝对高程信息重建基于矢量分析,提出了使用矩阵表示系统状态参数误差传播系数的分析方法,分析揭示出随着编队飞行卫星轨道构形的不断变化所导致的绝对高程精度的变化规律。分析结果为系统关键技术分解提供了理论依据。     

艇载声波测量临近空间风场可行性分析

提出一种临近空间艇载原位测量大气风场的新方法,该方法利用声波传播时延差测量临近空间大气风场.介绍了该方法的原理,分析了测风误差来源和测风精度.通过分析声波在临近空间高度的衰减,对信号载波频率和传播距离进行了选择,并对不同信噪比条件下声波时延估计精度进行了仿真分析.结果表明:在临近空间20~50km高度,传播距离为2~5m,距离测量精度为1mm,平台测速精度为0.1m·s-1,信噪比优于-2dB条件下,时延估计精度优于1μs,利用该方法测风精度能达到0.2m·s-1的较高水平.      

Landslide monitoring by combining of CR-InSAR and GPS techniques

Considering the limitations related to the landslide monitoring by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, the method of integration of Globe Positioning System (GPS) with Corner Reflector Interferometric SAR (CR-InSAR) techniques is proposed in this paper. Firstly, deformation in radar line-of-slight (LOS) direction is optimized by introducing the GPS-measured height and atmospheric delay products into the CR-InSAR model. Then, GPS-measured horizontal deformation and CR-InSAR measured LOS deformation are combined to produce the more accurate vertical deformation. Finally, high precision three-dimensional deformation (N, E, U) is projected to the along-slope direction to monitor the actual movement of landslide. In order to test this method, four X-band stripmap-mode TerraSAR images, eight Trihedral Corner Reflectors (TCR) data and eight GPS observed data are collected to monitor the deformation of three potential landslide fields located at the north of Shaanxi province, China. The detailed analysis demonstrates that the estimated precision of along-slope direction is about two times better for proposed method (±1.1 mm) versus GPS (±2.1 mm) in this case. Meanwhile, our result indicates that almost all of the monitoring points present the trends of sliding down along the slope at the different levels from April 9 2011 to August 30 2011, showing the certain instability. Further investigation of the relationship between the magnitudes of displacement at CR points and the implementation of early control reflects the rationality of our result. Our proposed method could provide of the strong support in the high precision landslide deformation monitoring.     

A novel system parameters design and performance analysis method for Distributed Satellite-borne SAR system

As a promising new technology emerged in recent years, the Distributed Satellite-borne SAR (DSS) system with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) imaging capability has been recognized by the remote sensing community as an integrated part of the spaceborne earth observation system. However, most researches on DSS were focused on individual aspects of system design/analysis and data processing, while few studies have been dedicated to establishing a standard methodological framework for universal DSS system design. Aiming at this problem, the topics of DSS system error analysis and design method are investigated in this paper. Firstly, a rigorous error propagation model of height measurement is theoretically derived from the DSS InSAR imaging geometry, and the impact of each error sources in this model on the height measurement accuracy is analyzed individually. In particular, the baseline length and its measurement error in the InSAR imaging plane are identified as the dominant factors. Second, a new method for DSS system design is proposed based on our analyses with the error propagation model. This method consists of two important phases, namely collaboration design and monostatic design. The major objective of collaboration design is to determine the configuration and parameters for the coordination between satellites in the DSS system. Afterwards, the key parameters for single satellite and the payload are determined by the monostatic design. Thirdly, a system performance analysis method is developed to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the pre-designed DSS system. In the next section, a typical example of DSS system design is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system design and analysis methods. The target DSS system has the same goal and hardware configuration as the TanDEM-X mission. Finally, the conclusion is drawn with our major findings are presented.     

混频器矢量表征测试方法研究

介绍了一种测量射频混频器的新方法。该方法利用反射测量,能给出准确的输入匹配、输出匹配以及变频损耗的幅度、相位和群时延响应,并适用于互易且镜频响应可以被滤除的混频器。首先,对该测量方法进行了分析,建立了单端口矢量误差模型。然后,对该模型的S参数矩阵进行了推导,给出了混频器特性参数计算公式。最后,用实验验证了该方法的正确性。     

Optimal combination of InSAR and GPS for measuring interseismic crustal deformation

High spatial resolution measurements of interseismic deformation along major faults are critical for understanding the earthquake cycle and for assessing earthquake hazard. We propose a new remove/filter/restore technique to optimally combine GPS and InSAR data to measure interseismic crustal deformation, considering the spacing of GPS stations in California and the characteristics of interseismic signal and noise using InSAR. To constrain the longer wavelengths (>40 km) we use GPS measurements, combined with a dislocation model, and for the shorter wavelength information we rely on InSAR measurements. Expanding the standard techniques, which use a planar ramp to remove long wavelength error, we use a Gaussian filter technique. Our method has the advantage of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, controlling the variance of atmosphere error, and being isotropic. Our theoretical analysis indicates this technique can improve the signal-to-noise ratio by up to 20%. We test this method along three segments of the San Andreas Fault (Southern section near Salton Sea, Creeping section near Parkfield and Mojave/Big Bend section near Los Angeles), and find improvements of 26%, 11% and 8% in these areas, respectively. Our data shows a zone of uplift to the west of the Creeping section of the San Andreas Fault and an area of subsidence near the city of Lancaster. This work suggests that after only 5 years of data collection, ALOS interferograms will provide a major improvement in measuring details of interseismic deformation.     

一种用于深空导航定位的新型DOR信标

甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)是深空探测器导航定位的重要手段之一,深空探测器的VLBI观测通常采用差分单程测距(DOR)信标和双差单程测距(Delta-DOR)测量体制,精确地测量深空探测器相对于河外射电源的角距.相位杂散是影响Delta-DOR测量精度的主要误差源之一,针对这项误差研究了一种基于伪随机噪声调制方式的新型...     

从射电天文观测数据反演电离层行扰的相速

本文结合ＴＩＤｓ的形成机制及其测量技术，对它的传播特性作了有益于测量的讨论，指出：（１）ＴＩＤｓ是由两个正交波组成；（２）测量电子总含量所表征的ＴＩＤｓ与测量电子浓度所表征者同样有效，据此导出了从测量数据反演其相速的公式，并对波幅的抑制效应作了讨论。     

大气湍流对深空天线组阵相位影响分析

深空测控网采用大规模天线组阵系统比单个大天线具有一定优势,构建一个Ka频段的天线组阵系统无论对于星际测控通信还是天文观测都是一种经济、可持续扩展的技术方案。然而天线组阵系统工作于Ka频段时,由于天线间相位的快速起伏漂移将使得合成信噪比迅速恶化,尤其对于深空测控上行链路信号的相位监测和闭环控制带来巨大挑战,所以对天线间大气相位扰动测量和数值模拟非常必要。参考国外相关的干涉测量数据,首先分析了天线组阵大气相位扰动测量和统计分析方法;然后利用微波大气湍流模型,建立了天线组阵相位漂移抖动模型;对大气湍流引起的相位延迟扰动过程进行了仿真实现。利用模型产生的天线组阵相位抖动数值,可以测试和评估天线组阵信号合成处理系统的适用性。     

星载InSAR空间基线指向优化与设计

分布式卫星SAR系统是近年来受到广泛重视的一种新的雷达成像手段,其中分布式InSAR充分利用编队星座卫星间构成的空间基线进行干涉测高,从而实现立体成像.在InSAR系统设计中,解决好编队星座的设计问题是实现高性能成像的前提和保证,合理的星座构形设计有助于提高测高精度,从而获得高品质的雷达成像效果.从InSAR测高精度分析结果入手,由飞行力学角度阐述星间相对运动对测高精度产生的影响,并基于分析结果给出了一种有别于现有星座的特色编队构形,并对其性能进行了初步分析.