超低轨航天器气动设计与计算方法探讨

对于运行在150~300km高度的超低轨航天器,气动力是轨道与姿态控制须考虑的主要扰动因素。文章首先剖析了超低轨航天器气动构型的关键要素,提出了本体截面与长细比、翼面形状与布局的设计准则;从来流特性、气体-表面作用、航天器物理特性3个方面阐述气动建模的内容与方法;综合运用射线跟踪平板(RTP)与试验粒子蒙特卡洛(TPMC)2种自由分子流模拟方法,提出一种适合工程应用的气动计算与飞行仿真流程。最后,以重力梯度测量卫星为实例,开展了初步的方案设计、模型确认与方法探索,验证了气动建模与计算流程的正确性。文章所提出的气动研究思路,对超低轨航天器的气动设计、计算等工作,均具有一定的参考意义。     

大型三轴气浮台转动惯量和干扰力矩高精度联合辨识技术

利用三轴气浮台对遥感卫星进行载荷平台一体化全系统闭环物理仿真,可模拟卫星在轨运行时的动力学特性,验证整星在轨状态下的姿控特性和相机成像特性等。高精度辨识气浮台转动惯量和综合干扰力矩为三轴气浮台质量特性调整及量化评估整星级试验性能提供重要参数。文章提出一种新的大型三轴气浮台转动惯量和干扰力矩联合辨识技术,通过台上飞轮对三轴施加激励作用,利用激光陀螺等姿态测量数据实现对台体惯量矩阵和干扰力矩的高精度联合辨识。与传统辨识方法不同,该技术仅利用本体角速度信息,不需要角加速度信息,避免了角速度微分引起的噪声放大,将转动惯量辨识相对误差控制在3.5%以内,气浮系统综合干扰力矩优于0.003 N·m,满足了高精度参数辨识需求。     

空间机器人抓捕目标后动力学参数辨识研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人抓捕目标后的动力学参数辨识问题,提出一种参数辨识的持续激励轨迹设计方法。首先,基于动量守恒原理建立了自由漂浮空间机器人的动力学参数辨识模型;然后,采用有限傅里叶级数对空间机器人的机械臂关节运动轨迹进行参数化表示,并以参数辨识回归矩阵条件数最小化为指标,通过求解一个包含多约束的非线性优化问题得到傅里叶级数的待定系数;最后,采用基于QR分解的递推最小二乘估计方法实现对采样数据的序贯处理,并求解出待辨识参数。仿真结果表明,提出的激励轨迹设计方法可以显著提高空间机器人参数辨识的收敛速度和准确性。     

星敏感器慢变误差校准方法研究

对星敏感器慢变误差(LFE)校准方法进行了研究。根据星敏LFE主要是源于周期性的空间热环境变化的机理,将星敏的LFE作为周期信号,用傅里叶级数表述。用最小二乘法估算陀螺常值漂移中的周期量,再由常值漂移估计辨识出星敏LFE的参数,确定LFE傅里叶级数中正弦和余弦函数的振幅。根据傅里叶级数形式的LFE模型和估得的LFE参数,模拟产生LFE的表达式,对星敏的输出进行补偿校正。给出了星敏LFE的辨识过程。研究表明:星敏LFE补偿后,改善了姿态估计精度和陀螺常值漂移估计准确度,显著提高姿态确定系统的性能。     

一种超低轨卫星干扰力矩与故障的估计及补偿方法

针对超低轨道卫星在轨运行时存在强烈大气阻力力矩以及姿态控制执行机构故障的情况,基于并行学习策略理论,提出了一种估计与补偿干扰和故障的方法。首先,作为参数辨识的一种思路,并行学习自适应辨识策略被引入到干扰及故障估计问题中,相较传统的观测器,该策略可将干扰和故障同时分别估计,并放松了对实时姿态信息及指令力矩信息的需求。然后,利用上述估计值设计姿态控制器以保证干扰及故障情况下实现卫星的高精度姿态控制。最后,通过对具体的任务过程进行数值模拟,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

跨流区超低轨航天器快速气动力计算方法

超低轨飞行器常工作在过渡流区中,过渡流区中气动特性多变,建模困难,目前缺少较好的快速气动力计算方法。在面元法的基础上,提出了设计迎风单元筛选算法与logistics-log桥函数,对连续流区与自由流区结果进行加权,实现超低轨卫星的气动力估算。在方法验证中,对圆柱与钝头双楔体在宽努森数(Kn)范围下的气动力进行测算,发现结果与直接模拟蒙特卡洛法(DSMC)数据一致。对典型超低轨飞行器地球重力场和海洋环流探测卫星(GOCE)的气动力进行分析,发现GOCE随着姿态变化阻力变化明显,需要舵面或陀螺仪进行姿态控制;在不同高度下的阻力量级变化大,在超低轨运行时需要动力系统维持高度。     

基于遥测电流的太阳翼在轨振动参数辨识方法

针对传统太阳翼在轨振动特性测试需采用高精度星载设备或额外增设测量装置的问题，建立了太阳翼发电电流与太阳光线入射角之间、太阳翼在轨振动与太阳翼发电电流波动之间的关系。在此基础上提出了仅依靠遥测电流波动信息辨识太阳翼在轨振动固有频率和阻尼比的方法，即：首先通过傅里叶变换获取电流波动信号的幅频响应；结合模态分析结果辨识振动频率及对应阶次信息；通过滤波算法分解各阶次振动，逐一计算对应阻尼比。为验证本方法有效性及误差水平，构造了由多个单自由度衰减振动及随机信号叠加而成的模拟电流波动信号进行仿真分析，结果表明方法有效，误差可接受。在某卫星太阳翼在轨振动参数辨识上的应用实例也表明，本文所提出的方法满足工程应用需求。     

应用机器视觉的柔性卫星在轨模态辨识方法

针对柔性卫星在轨模态辨识问题,提出一种应用机器视觉对卫星大型柔性附件在轨受到激励时进行模态辨识的方法。通过对视觉系统进行在轨标定以获取辨识数据源,并考虑机器视觉引起的噪声大、高频模态辨识困难等问题,采用将信号增强与奇异熵降噪相结合的高频增强,剔除虚假模态以改进模态辨识效果。利用气浮平台进行全物理试验,以低幅随机激励模拟卫星在轨平稳运行状态,采用上述方法辨识得到卫星模态参数。试验结果表明:文章提出的方法工程易实现,高频增强后辨识度高,可用于柔性卫星在轨模态辨识。     

应用遥测数据的地球同步轨道卫星热变形分析

地球同步轨道卫星会受在轨环境影响而产生热变形,进而影响载荷的对地指向精度,由于空间环境的不确定性和热变形的非线性,在轨的热变形难以量化。文章研究了应用真实在轨遥测数据分析卫星星体热变形的规律,将热变形视作日周期项与年周期项的组合,建立了傅里叶级数形式的数学模型,并利用最小二乘法提出了星体热变形参数的估计方法。对两颗卫星的星体热变形进行了估计和补偿仿真,参数估计结果一致性好,表明了建模的合理性与补偿的可行性。热变形日周期项得到了很好的补偿,其峰峰值降低了80%,年周期项的峰峰值部分降低达80%,但整体上不如日周期项。     

卫星系统热特性分析

考虑空间轨道外热流、卫星表面自身辐射、热载荷等因素影响,建立卫星温度场计算模型,在采用蒙特卡罗(Monte-Carlo)法求解卫星复杂辐射边界条件的基础上,利用有限容积法对卫星在轨飞行阶段的瞬态温度场进行数值模拟,计算得到卫星瞬态温度场,并考虑其表面自身辐射及空间轨道外热流等因素,建立卫星红外辐射通量计算模型,计算得到不同时刻、不同热载荷情况下的卫星红外辐射通量分布,并简要分析了在轨卫星热控涂层衰减所带来的表面太阳吸收比的变化对卫星温度场的影响。     

采用双目视觉的非合作空间目标相对导航与惯性参数辨识方法

针对面向在轨服务的非合作空间目标测量感知问题，提出了一种基于双目视觉的相对导航与惯性参数辨识方法。利用目标表面的特征点建立几何坐标系，并分别设计了姿态测量和相对导航滤波器，实现了目标姿态、角速度、轨道，质心位置与惯量比的高精度估计。在此基础上，通过黏附卫星与非合作目标形成组合体，利用相对导航算法获得的质心位置和惯量比在黏附前后的变化，实现了目标质量和转动惯量的辨识。数值仿真试验证明了算法的有效性。     

Uncontrollable Rotational Motion of the Mir Orbital Station

The results of determining the rotational motion of the Mir orbital station are presented for four long segments of its unmanned uncontrolled flight in 1999–2000. The determination was carried out using the data of onboard measurements of the Earth's magnetic field intensity. These data, taken for a time interval of several hours, were jointly processed by the least squares method with the help of integration of the equations of station motion relative to its center of mass. As a result of this processing, the initial conditions of motion and the parameters of the mathematical model used were evaluated. The technique of processing is verified using the telemetry data on angular velocity of the station and its attitude parameters. Two types of motion were applied on the investigated segments. One of them (three segments) presents a rotation around the axis of the minimum moment of inertia. This axis executes small oscillations with respect to a normal to the orbit plane. Such a motion was used for the first time on domestic manned orbital complexes. The second type of motion begins with a biaxial rotation which, in a few weeks, goes over into a motion very similar to the rotation around the normal to the orbit plane, but around the axis of the maximum moment of inertia.     

One method of gravitational attitude control of a rotating satellite

The mode of spinning up a low-orbit satellite in the plane of its orbit is studied. In this mode, the satellite rotates around its longitudinal axis (principal central axis of the minimum moment of inertia), which executes small oscillations with respect to the normal to the orbit plane; the angular velocity of the rotation around the longitudinal axis is several tenths of a degree per second. Gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments were taken into account in the equations of satellite’s motion, as well as a dissipative moment from eddy currents induced in the shell of the satellite by the Earth’s magnetic field. A small parameter characterizing deviation of the satellite from a dynamically symmetric shape and nongravitational external moments are introduced into the equations. A two-dimensional integral surface of the equations of motion, describing quasistationary rotations of the satellite close to cylindrical precession of the corresponding symmetrical satellite in a gravitational field, has been studied by the method of small parameter and numerically. We propose to consider such quasistationary rotations as unperturbed motions of the satellite in the spin-up mode.     

Variation of the Satellite Orbit Altitude by the Light Pressure Force

The possibility of the uncontrolled increase of the altitude of an almost circular satellite orbit by the force of the light pressure is investigated. The satellite is equipped with a damper and a system of mirrors (solar batteries can serve as such a system). The flight of the satellite takes place in the mode of a single-axis gravitational orientation, the axis of its minimum principal central moment of inertia makes a small angle with the local vertical and the motion of the satellite around this axis constitutes forced oscillations under the impact of the moment of force of the light pressure. The form of the oscillations and the initial orbit are chosen so that the transverse component of the force of the light pressure acting upon the satellite be positive and the semimajor axis of the orbit would continuously increase. As this takes place, the orbit remains almost circular. We investigate the evolution of the orbit over an extended time interval by the method which employs separate integration of the equations of the orbital and rotational motions of the satellite. The method includes outer and inner cycles. The outer cycle involves the numerical integration of the averaged equations of motion of the satellite center of mass. The inner cycle serves to calculate the right-hand sides of these equations. It amounts to constructing an asymptotically stable periodic motion of the satellite in the mode of a single-axis gravitational orientation for current values of the orbit elements and to averaging the equations of the orbital motion along it. It is demonstrated that the monotone increase of the semimajor axis takes place during the first 15 years of motion. In actuality, the semimajor axis oscillates with a period of about 60 years. The eccentricity and inclination of the orbit remain close to their initial values.     

Dynamics of a gyrostat satellite with the vector of gyrostatic moment in the principal plane of inertia

Dynamics of a gyrostat satellite moving along a circular orbit in a central Newtonian field of force is investigated. In a particular case, when the gyrostatic moment vector lies in one of the satellite’s principal central planes of inertia, all positions of equilibrium are determined, and the conditions of their existence are analyzed. Also determined are bifurcation values of dimensionless parameters, at which the number of equilibrium positions changes. As a result of analysis of the generalized energy integral, for each equilibrium orientation the sufficient conditions of stability are derived. Evolution of the regions where the sufficient conditions of stability are valid is investigated under variation of the system’s dimensionless parameters.     

基于能量最优解析解的飞轮磁卸载方法

为改善传统卫星飞轮磁卸载,提出了一种基于能量最优解析解的磁卸载法。根据在轨卫星所处地磁场强度的变化规律,将卫星磁力矩器产生的磁矩作傅里叶级数展开,按卫星飞行一圈所需卸载的角动量由最优控制理论求出三轴磁矩的解析解。证明了该卸载法的稳定性,估算了干扰力矩及其作用,讨论了轨道倾角的影响,并给出了小倾角时的修正飞轮卸载控制律。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该飞轮卸载法简单且节能,效果明显优于传统的磁卸载法。     

Single-Axis Solar Orientation of a Satellite of the Earth

The possibility of using the mode of single-axis solar orientation is considered for a satellite placed into a nearly circular orbit with an altitude of 900 km and bearing a solar sail. The satellite (together with the sail) has an axisymmetric structure, its symmetry axis being the principal central axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The center of the sail pressure lies on this axis and is displaced with respect to the satellite's center of mass. The symmetry axis of the satellite is set to the Sun so that its center of mass would be located between the Sun and the pressure center and would rotate around this axis with an angular velocity of a few degrees per second. The satellite's axis of symmetry makes a slow precession under the action of the gravitational moment and the moment of light pressure forces. Though the maximum magnitudes of these moments are comparable, the moment of the light pressure forces dominates and controls the precession in such a way that the symmetry axis orientation to the Sun remains unchanged.     

Bifurcation Regime of a Synchronous Resonance in the Translational–Rotational Motion of Nonspherical Natural Satellites of Planets

Period-doubling bifurcations of the synchronous spin-orbit resonance in the motion of a nonspherical natural planetary satellite along the elliptic orbit are studied. The satellite spin axis is assumed to coincide with the axis of its largest principal moment of inertia and is perpendicular to the orbital plane. The period-doubling bifurcations take place when the value of satellite's dynamical asymmetry parameter falls in the parametric resonance domain. Theoretical dependences of the amplitude of the bifurcation oscillations of a satellite at the pericenter of its orbit upon the eccentricity and dynamical asymmetry parameter are investigated. Three different methods of calculating the amplitude of bifurcation oscillations are presented and compared. These theoretical estimates can be used to predict the opportunity to observe the bifurcation regime. The possibility of the occurrence of the bifurcation regime in the motion of natural planetary satellites is studied. It is concluded that the bifurcation regime is possible in the motion of Deimos, Epimetheus, Helen, Pandora, and Phobos. Phobos is the most probable candidate for finding the bifurcation regime of a synchronous rotation. The identification of such a regime would allow one to impose stringent constraints on the values of the inertial parameters of the satellite observed.     

模糊神经网络控制器在卫星姿态控制系统中的应用

现代卫星的姿轨控制面临着挠性附件对本体姿态的耦合作用。本文将卫星太阳帆板挠性结构对本体姿态的影响增广进系统方程 ,在PID控制器控制刚体卫星的基础上 ,设计了模糊神经网络控制器 ,采用反向传播和最小方差估计的学习方法进行模糊规则的学习 ,仿真表明 ,模糊神经网络特有的学习和处理定性与定量知识的优点 ,将使卫星姿态在参数变化与外部干扰情况下具有较好的姿态稳定度与精度。     

The use of refined model of aerodynamic moment in the problem of reconstruction of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Foton</Emphasis> satellite rotational motion

A new mathematical model of the uncontrolled rotational motion of the Foton satellite is presented. The model is based on the Euler dynamic equations of rigid body motion and takes into account the action upon the satellite of four external mechanical moments: gravitational, restoring aerodynamic, moment with constant components in the satellite-fixed coordinate system, and moment arising due to interaction of the Earth’s magnetic field with the satellite’s proper magnetic moment. To calculate the aerodynamic moment a special geometrical model of the outer satellite shell is used. Detailed form of the formulas giving above-mentioned moments in the equations of satellite motion is agreed with the form of the considered motion. Model testing is performed by determining with its help the rotational motion of the Foton M-2 satellite (it was in orbit from May 31, 2005 to June 16, 2005) using the data of the onboard measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field strength. The use of the new model has led to a relatively small improvement in the accuracy of the motion determination, but allowed us to obtain physically real estimates of some parameters.