载人航天实施医学

载人航天是一项开发和利用空间资源的系统工程。其中的航天员医学系统就是研究和实施航天员保健、提高工作效能和保障生命安全的医学工程系统。它的工作重心立足于航天员生命与医学工程保障、航天员健康的医学保障、航天员工作效能保障和航天环境医学基础与应用的研究。航天员健康的医学保障包括航天员选拔、训练、医监和医保，以及航天员生活与饮食营养等内容。这些内容有着重要的研究内涵，并在航天实践中充分地体现着“实施”的重要性和操作性的特点。美国将这些内容称之为载人航天“实施医学”（ＯｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ），…     

载人航天 实施医学

载人航天是一项开发和利用空间资源的系统工程。其中的航天员医学系统就是研究和实施航天员保健、提高工作效能和保障生命安全的医学工程系统。它的工作重心立足于航天员生命与医学工程保障、航天员健康的医学保障、航天员工作效能保障和航天环境医学基础与应用的研究。航天员健康的医学保障包括航天员选拔、训练、医监和医保,以及航天员生活与饮食营养等内容。     

天宇来风 中国

航云员健康中心在北京航云城成立 3月21日,航天员健康中心在北京航天城揭牌成立,这标志着我国已初步建立技术先进、特色鲜明的航天员医监医保体系。航天员健康中心的成立将有效提升中国航天员医监医保能力。新成立的航天员健康中心,主要承担航天员医学选拔、医学鉴定、健康评价、健康维护、健康促进、健康管理及心理支持等卫勤保障任务。该中心将实现从短期医学支持到中期健康维护,从单纯医学保障到多元健康保障,从局部重点保障到系统整体保障,以支持航天员在空间能驻留180天以上。     

俄罗斯舱外航天服防护材料相关技术研究

舱外航天服是航天员出舱活动所必须个体防护系统，具有为航天员提供生命保障的功能。在空间特殊的环境中，如高真空、极端温度交变环境、微流星和空间碎片、各种辐射等，舱外航天服外层材料必须有特殊的防护功能。     

载人航天医务监督与医务保障

载人航天中,航天员的医务监督和医务保障是一个十分复杂而又重要的医学问题。本文概述了对航天员的医务监督、医务保障及航天医务监督与医务保障用设备等三个方面的基本内容、方法和实施条件。     

载人航天医学研究概述

载人航天医学研究概述许铮载人航天飞行中需要维持航天员的生命并保证其有效的功能，这对航天医学和生命保障技术提出了挑战；载人航天器设计和一系列飞行计划的进展，又促进了生物医学领域中许多技术上的重大突破。载人航天医学研究与载人航天技术之间的共生关系将继续推...     

航天探秘 健康护航

<正>中国实施载人航天计划以来,已顺利完成载人航天两步一阶段的任务,正在向第三步目标——载人空间站目标进发。在载人飞船探测阶段,航天员的生命保障和工作状态倍受关注。航天员在外太空复杂的环境下会引起一系列适应性生理变化。这些生理变化在短时间或长时间会引起病理改变,从而对航天员的健康造成严重威胁。为了确保航天员的身体健康以及太空探索任务的圆满成功,对航天员在完成任务前后的治疗与保养就成了航天医学领     

国际空间站上长期考察时乘员的饮食

在载人航天飞行的生物医学保障中，人的饮食问题占有极为重要的位置。合理构建的饮食保障系统与航天器其他生命保障系统相结合，有利于保存体力，保持航天员生命活动必须的状态。     

有问题,请找航天员

■甘肃天水读者杨易问:何谓载人航天?航天员回答:载人航天,是指人类驾驶和乘坐载人航天器在太空中从事各种探测、研究、试验、生产等往返飞行活动。实现载人航天必须突破三大技术难题:第一,大推力的运载火箭技术,把非常重的航天器送上近地轨道;第二,卫星安全返回技术;第三,良好的环境控制和生命保障技术。根据飞行和工作方式的不同,载人航天器可分为载人宇宙飞船、载人空间站和航天飞机3类。载人航天是一项复杂的大规模的系统工程,必须保证航天员在往返的航天活动中的安全、健康和高效。     

航天员 微生物防护攻略

飞天前后对航天员进行有效的隔离措施，防止他们遭受微生物侵扰，是各国执行航天任务时十分重要的一步。隔离措施是指将航天员限定在指定的处所，限制外出；并严格控制接触环境、接触人员和接触方式的一种健康保障制度。载人航天实施的飞行前隔离，是以保障航天员以健康的状态投入飞行为目的的一种医学保障措施。     

美国的中性浮力模拟器及其应用

中性浮力地面模拟试验不仅可以用来训练航天员,对大型空间结构的设计及在轨组装与维修技术研究也具有重要的作用.文章对美国的三台大型中性浮力模拟器的性能、规模和配置及几次典型的大型空间结构的中性浮力模拟试验作了介绍.     

NASA spinoffs to bioengineering and medicine

Through the active transfer of technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technology Utilization (TU) Program assists private companies, associations, and government agencies to make effective use of NASA's technological resources to improve U.S. economic competitiveness and to provide societal benefit. Aerospace technology from areas such as digital image processing, space medicine and biology, microelectronics, optics and electrooptics, and ultrasonic imaging have found many secondary applications in medicine. Examples of technology spinoffs are briefly discussed to illustrate the benefits realized through adaptation of aerospace technology to solve health care problems. Successful implementation of new technologies increasingly requires the collaboration of industry, universities, and government, and the TU Program serves as the liaison to establish such collaborations with NASA. NASA technology is an important resource to support the development of new medical products and techniques that will further advance the quality of health care available in the U.S. and worldwide.     

空间旋转目标涡流消旋概念与仿真分析

针对消除空间旋转目标姿态旋转的问题，本文将第二代高温超导技术与涡流制动技术相结合，提出超导式涡流消旋的概念。然后，对涡流消旋的技术可行性进行了定性分析，通过对多种消旋技术手段的权衡比较归纳出涡流消旋的优势。接着，采用电磁张量理论，建立了电磁-涡流作用机理的精确磁场和涡流力矩模型；最后，考虑实际消旋的任务需求，对典型的高速旋转目标、低速旋转目标、以及复合旋转目标的消旋进行了动力学仿真研究。仿真结果表明，涡流消旋具有足够强大的制动能力，能有效消除目标的高速旋转或复合旋转运动。     

空间站在轨密封检漏技术研究

空间站除了在地面需要进行充分的总装检漏试验之外,还必须进行在轨运行时的密封检漏,这对于保证航天员的安全和飞行任务的成功非常重要。文章提出了空间站总漏率实时监测技术、空间站结构泄漏点定位与定量检测技术、航天员舱外检漏技术,以及空间站结构泄漏堵漏技术的具体方案和技术途径,并对关键技术做了比较充分的分析。该系统技术的研究与发展能为空间站的在轨泄漏检测提供可靠的保障。     

Home sweet orbital home

The design of Space Station Freedom is discussed, with an emphasis on the measures taken to ensure the morale and productivity of the inhabitants. Special efforts have been taken to design the station with creature comforts of Earth, such as better food preparation and hygiene equipment than is found in current or past spacecraft. The galley for food storage and preparation is described, as are the shower and laundry facilities. Designers of the space station hope to ensure astronaut mental health and productivity by supplying them with a current working and living space.     

Role of the astronaut in operating the Advanced Fluid Physics Module

The role of man in space is investigated in the operation of the Advanced Fluid Physics Module (AFPM), a scientific instrument dedicated to fluid physics research in a microgravity environment and flown on the Spacelab D2 mission. The astronaut involvement is addressed by applying the criteria of the THURIS study, conducted by NASA for the optimization of future manned space flights. Outcomes of the THURIS study are first summarized. The AFPM characteristics and interfaces are briefly presented. The five experiments performed on board Spacelab D2 are introduced and the involvement of the astronaut is described. Finally, THURIS criteria are applied to an AFPM experiment scenario. Results show that, of all the activities involved in the AFPM nominal operation, two thirds are related to hardware manipulation and to procedure following, while the last third uses the unique astronaut intellectual capabilities, making his presence in orbit mandatory for successful experiment completion.     

Earth benefits from space life sciences

Contributions of space exploration which are widely recognized are those dealing with the impact of space technology on public health and medical services in both urban and remote rural areas. Telecommunications, image enhancement, 3-dimensional image reconstructions, miniaturization, automation, and data analysis, have transformed the delivery of medical care and have brought about a new impetus to the field of biomedicine. Many areas of medical care and biological research have been affected. These include technological breakthroughs in such areas as: (1) diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, (2) new approaches to the understanding of osteoporosis, (3) early detection of genetic birth defects, (4) emergency medical care, and (5) treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. These are but a few examples where technology originally developed to support space medicine or space research has been applied to solving medical and health care delivery problems on Earth.     

基于深度学习的空间站舱内服务机器人视觉跟踪

为提升舱内跟随服务机器人的任务辅助能力,解决机器人对航天员的视觉跟踪问题,提出了一种基于深度学习和概率模型的人体视觉跟踪算法。利用深度卷积神经网络实现了对穿着多样、姿态任意人体的稳定检测。结合人体检测结果,设计了运动预测概率模型,实现了对指定人员准确、连续的跟踪。算法对包含大多数航天员活动的多个数据集进行了验证。实验结果表明:提出的跟踪算法实现了对穿着多样、姿态任意人体的稳定跟踪,并有效避免了由于穿着相似、遮挡可能造成的误跟踪问题。该算法为空间站舱内跟随服务机器人对航天员的视觉跟踪提供了有效的解决方法。算法基于融合的RGB-D图像,工程上易于构建和实现,也可拓展到其他跟随服务机器人视觉跟踪任务中。     

Bone loss during long term space flight is prevented by the application of a short term impulsive mechanical stimulus

In long term space flight, the mechanical forces applied to the skeleton are substantially reduced and are altered in character. This reduced skeletal loading results in a reduction in bone mass. Exercise techniques currently used in space can maintain muscle mass but the mechanical stimulus provided by this exercise does not prevent bone loss. By applying an external impulsive load for a short period each day, which is intended to mimic the heel strike transient, to the lower limb of an astronaut during a long term space flight (5 months), this study tests the hypothesis that the bone cells can be activated by an appropriate external mechanical stimulus to maintain bone mass throughout prolonged periods of weightlessness. A mechanical loading device was developed to produce a loading of the os-calcis similar to that observed during the heel strike transient. The device is activated by the astronaut to provide a transient load to the heel of one leg whilst providing an equivalent exercising load to the other leg. During the EUROMIR95 mission on the MIR space station, an astronaut used this device for a short period daily throughout the duration of the mission. Pre- and post-flight measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) of the os-calcis and femoral neck of the astronaut were made to determine the efficacy of the device in preventing loss of bone mineral during the mission. On the os-calcis which received the mechanical stimulus, BMD was maintained throughout the period of the flight, while it was reduced by up to 7% on the os-calcis which received no stimulus. Post-flight, BMD in both the stimulated and non-stimulated os-calcis reduces, the extent of this reduction however is less in the stimulated os-calcis. For the femoral neck, the mechanical stimulation does not produce a positive effect.