高金属含量水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧模型

为探索水冲压发动机稳态燃烧机理,以水反应金属燃料在水蒸气环境下的稳态燃烧试验为基础,建立了镁基高金属含量水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧模型,燃料中金属镁含量大于70％.将镁基水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧过程分为惰性加热区、凝相反应区和气相反应区,指出燃面附近气相火焰结构由4部分组成,分别为AP预混火焰、AP/HTPB扩散火焰、AP/...     

煤油/氧气同轴离心喷嘴燃烧数值模拟

为了更好地了解同轴离心喷嘴的工作特性,基于DDES模型研究了油气比分别为0.5、1、1.5下以煤油/氧气为推进剂的喷嘴的流体动力学特性与非预混燃烧特征。研究结果表明:由于旋流离心作用,在喷嘴出口轴心处和燃烧室顶部分别存在一个驻定涡和角涡,驻定涡径向分布在0.9 R~1.4 R,轴向尺寸在-1 R~14 R,随着燃料流量增大,驻定涡会向喷嘴内部推进,并且径向尺寸也会扩大。燃烧计算结果表明,随着燃料流量增大,推进剂的掺混拖曳区变长、掺混效果变好;而由于油气比的增加,燃烧室更加富油因此燃烧温度有所下降,同时火焰前锋向喷嘴内移。     

Experiments on velocity augmentation of spherical flames by grids

Using spherical wire mesh screens with a wire diameter d and a mesh size l, an experimental study was carried out involving homogeneous mixtures of propane/air, ethylene/air, acetylene/air and with oxygen enriched air. Streak photographs of the processes were taken, yielding information on the flame propagation speeds inside and outside the screen. The ratio of the two speeds immediately before and after crossing the screen, α, can be interpreted as practically equivalent (for the same “heat release”) to the ratio of flame velocities relative to the unburned gas, i.e. Values of (α − 1) are correlated with the Reynolds number based on the wire thickness d, density and viscosity of the unburned gas and flame propagation speed inside the wire mesh. The experiments were repeated with two and three spheres of different diameters, e.g. inner screen 9 cm in diameter and outer screen 18 cm in diameter or three screens, 9, 13.5 and 18 cm, respectively. The second screen usually added a factor of 2 on the value of α. The third screen produced very little additional effect. The highest value of α we ever obtained for mixtures with air was about 12 (for acetylene/air). With oxygen enriched air the situation is quite different. If the flame velocity of the laminar flame relative to the unburned gas exceeds 2 m/sec, the value of α may increase up to a level corresponding to detonation.     

NEPE推进剂中AP含量及粒度效应实验研究

通过对系统配方的推进剂进行多项实验，较为系统地研究了AP的含量与粒度对HMX型NEPE推进剂燃烧性能直接或间接的影响；依据推进剂燃烧波结构中的凝相机理，暗区理论和火焰性质，全面考察了AP的影响机制；并结合Al粉的存在，探讨了组分间相互作用的可能机理，分析结果表明：AP含量适当的增加与粒度级配可以在一定程度上改善推进剂的燃烧性能。     

火箭/冲压组合发动机工作特性分析

为分析火箭/冲压组合发动机在不同工作模态下的工作特性,对其在没有二次补燃情况下的内流场进行了数值模拟和分析,结果表明:(1)在火箭引射模态,火箭发动机应尽可能工作在其设计状态;(2)为有利于掺混燃烧,在较低的高度、较高的速度下由引射模态转换到亚燃冲压模态可能比较好;(3)在亚燃冲压模态,火箭发动机以某种低工况工作对冲压发动机的点火和火焰稳定是极为有利的;(4)在纯火箭模态,进气道关闭与否对组合发动机的整体性能几乎没有影响;为了获得较高的性能,二次喷管应采用扩张通道。     

MMH/NTO双组元自燃推进剂反应机理简化

采用反应流分析结合灵敏度分析的简化方法,对MMH/NTO详细燃烧化学反应机理进行了简化,获得包含25个组分和43个基元反应的MMH/NTO简化反应动力学模型。并从着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度两方面,通过对比理论结果、详细机理和简化机理预测结果,在较宽范围参数内对简化机理进行了验证。验证结果表明简化机理和详细机理预测的MMH/NTO体系的着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度具有非常高的一致性,说明了简化反应机理的合理性。进而分析了初始温度、燃烧室压力、氧燃比对MMH/NTO体系的着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度的影响规律,MMH/NTO体系的着火特性对初温和燃烧室压力较为敏感,燃烧火焰温度则对氧燃比和燃烧室压力较为敏感。为后续发动机燃烧的CFD数值计算提供了准确的反应动力学模型。     

Laminar dust flames in a reduced-gravity environment

The propagation of laminar dust flames in suspensions of iron in gaseous oxidizers was studied in a low-gravity environment onboard a parabolic flight aircraft. The reduction of buoyancy-induced convective flows and particle settling permitted the measurement of fundamental combustion parameters, such as the burning velocity and the flame quenching distance over a wide range of particle sizes and in different gaseous mixtures. Experimentally measured flame speeds and quenching distances were found in good agreement with theoretical predictions of a simplified analytical model that assumes particles burning in a diffusive mode. However, the comparison of flame speeds in oxygen–argon and oxygen–helium iron suspensions indicates the possibility that fine micron-sized particles burn in the kinetic mode. Furthermore, when the particle spacing is large compared to the scale of the reaction zone, a theoretical analysis suggests the existence of a new so-called discrete flame propagation regime. Discrete flames are strongly dependent on particle density fluctuations and demonstrate directed percolation behavior near flame propagation limits. The experimental observation of discrete flames in particle suspensions will require low levels of gravity over extended periods available only on orbital platforms.     

降低硝胺推进剂燃速和压强指数的暗区增强理论

在分析总结高能硝胺推进剂燃速特性和燃烧火焰结构的基础上，提出了重点降低高压燃速及其压强指数的暗区增强理论；并选择了数种添加剂对上述理论进行了验证。实验结果表明，所选择或合成的添加剂都可同时降低燃速和压强指数；燃烧火焰结构验证实验也表明，加入ＰＣ３０／ＰＣ３５组合添加剂显著增加了暗区的厚度，降低了暗区的压强敏感性和总化学反应级数；同时组合添加剂的抑制作用效率随着压强的增加而增强，这导致推进剂在燃速降     

同轴喷嘴自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性试验研究

为增进对液氧煤油火箭发动机同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性过程的理解,在大气环境下进行了同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励燃烧不稳定性试验。试验采用单喷嘴敞口模拟燃烧室,高温的氧气和空气混合物从同轴喷嘴的直流喷嘴喷注,高温的煤油蒸气从同轴喷嘴的离心喷嘴喷注。通过逐步改变氧化剂流量使模拟燃烧室内产生自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性,使用脉动压力传感器和黑白高速相机记录稳定和不稳定燃烧工况下的脉动压力和火焰。研究发现：气气同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励高频燃烧不稳定过程呈现“滞后”现象;不稳定工况下的火焰均为脱口火焰,火焰特征长度约等于喷嘴出口到脱口火焰团上沿的距离;气气同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性的发生原因可以被认为是因混合特征时间与声学特征时间相关。     

含催化剂RDXCMDB推进剂燃烧机理研究

利用常压ＤＳＣ及ＴＧ／ＤＴＧ，高压ＤＳＣ，单幅照相和燃烧波温度分布测试技术对含ＲＤＸ的复合改性双基推进剂（ＲＤＸＣＭＤＢ）含和不含催化剂时的燃烧机理进行了研究，得到了该种推进剂在热分解和燃烧方面的一些重要结果。     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室碳氢燃料的点火和火焰稳定研究

在氢氧加热脉冲风洞上,对超音速燃烧室在进口2Ma、总温960~1 420 K条件下的碳氢燃料的点火和火焰稳定进行了实验研究。在直连式超音速燃烧室实验中,通过采用火花塞 氢先锋火焰、火花塞 乙烯先锋火焰的方法实现了煤油燃料的点火和火焰稳定。研究结果显示,当采用氢作为先锋火焰时,利用火花塞能够在燃烧室进口总温960 K条件下实现煤油的点火和火焰稳定;当采用乙烯作为先锋火焰时,利用火花塞,实现没有点火和火焰稳定的最低温度为1 420 K。     

Combustion characteristics of the end burning hybrid rockets in laminar flow

In this study, we aim to clarify the blowoff mechanism for flame spreading in an opposed laminar flow in narrow solid fuel ducts. To clarify this mechanism we conducted two experiments. First, we observed the changes of the flame spread rate at various oxygen velocities, ambient pressures, and port diameters. For flame spreading in laminar flow, combustion modes could be classified into 3 distinct regimes based on the strength of the opposed flow, i.e., chemical regime, thermal regime, and stabilized regime. This result is consistent with the result in turbulent flow. In the stabilized regime, quenching distance is almost constant despite oxygen velocity. In order to investigate the effect of ambient pressure and port diameter of fuels on blowoff limit, transition oxygen velocity is observed. As a result, transition oxygen velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the ambient pressure and port diameter. This relation is applicable despite the flow condition. Furthermore, we calculated velocity gradient at the fuel surface to reveal the determining factor of the blowoff limit in laminar flow. Consequently, velocity gradient, which is considered to dominate flow separation in laminar flow, would not be constant. This is because the velocity gradient at the fuel surface could not be evaluated by only the assumption of Hagen–Poiseuille flow but other parameters, such as vaporized fuel gas and natural convection by buoyancy should be included.     

GH_2/GO_2涡流冷却透明燃烧室方案设计及试验研究

涡流冷却是一种新型的推力室冷却技术,采用该技术可以简化推力室结构、降低成本,并提高系统可靠性。本文在综合国外研究成果的基础上,对涡流冷却技术进行了理论分析,设计出推力室结构,采用石英玻璃加工燃烧室圆柱段部分,并用高速摄影仪记录了燃烧室内的火焰图像。研究表明,涡流冷却透明燃烧室方案是可行的,燃烧稳定段燃烧区域占燃烧室的55%～60%。     

某型蒸发式稳定器气动及燃烧特性研究

为解决亚燃冲压发动机在高速低温来流条件下的可靠点火、火焰稳定和高效燃烧问题,对某型蒸发式火焰稳定器分别进行了冷态流场和燃烧流场的数值研究,并与常规V型火焰稳定器进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:在给定范围内,蒸发式稳定器随来流速度的增大,总压恢复系数和停留时间明显减小,回流区长度、回流率和燃烧效率变化不大;与相同槽宽的常规V型火焰稳定器相比,回流率明显减小,总压恢复系数、回流区长度和停留时间略有减小。蒸发式稳定器后部形成明显的回流区,且基本上不受外部主流流动的干扰,通过单独控制稳定器局部供油,可以使稳定器在最佳油气比下工作,有利于在高速来流条件下可靠工作。     

含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧波结构分析

采用微测温和火焰照相及SEM研究了含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧波温度分布、火焰结构及熄火表面；结合热力计算，分析含硼富燃料推进剂中硼燃烧反应类型。研究认为低压下推进剂燃烧波结构存在暗区；硼表面用AP包覆，可以降低暗区厚度，有利于改善推进剂的燃烧。     

偶氮四唑胍对含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响研究

采用浇注工艺制备了GZT部分取代RDX的系列含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂样品。研究了GZT对含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速、压强指数及燃烧火焰结构等燃烧性能的影响,对比分析了GZT对含催化剂和不含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧行为影响不同的原因,并采用DSC实验初步研究了含GZT和催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂的热行为。结果发现,GZT对推进剂的火焰温度、火焰的暗区厚度、燃面上的亮点数目、燃烧表面对凝聚相的温度梯度等都呈现一定规律性的影响;在1～10 MPa内,GZT使含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃速降低,压强指数升高;热行为研究表明,含催化剂的GZT-RDX-CMDB推进剂的DSC曲线上出现了GZT单独分解峰,且DSC的第一分解峰温随GZT的加入而减小。     

An experimental study of flame turbulence

An experimental study of the turbulence generated by an enclosed, premixed, propane-air flame has been carried out in a combustion chamber of 25 × 20 cm cross section. Care was taken to reduce any effects of the axial pressure gradient. By suitable changes in the grid geometry, the turbulence intensity and scale of the approach flow were varied independently. The results of these experiments show that a strong link exists between the mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation and flame-generated turbulence. Thus three distinct regions may be identified, each having different characteristics in regard to the effects of turbulence scale on flame-generated turbulence. For each region, a physical mechanism for flame-generated turbulence is proposed. In particular, it is observed that over a wide range of intensity and scale of the approach turbulence, (a) the relative turbulence intensity in the flame zone varies in the range 1–2 times the relative turbulence intensity of the cold flow, (b) in the region of intermediate turbulence levels ( ) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a minimum value which is equal to the approach stream turbulence intensity, (c) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a maximum value when the rate of production of turbulent vorticity is equal to about half its rate of viscous dissipation.     

超细铝粉的燃烧特性及燃烧模型

运用ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、ＰＤＳＣ单幅近距摄影、扫描电镜、推进剂爆热的测定等多种实验技术，对超细铝粉燃烧特性及其燃烧模型进行了研究。结果表明，在中压区，推进剂燃面的ＳＡ１直接点火燃烧放热，提高了推进剂燃速，并提出了ＳＡ１在推进剂燃面上直接点火的观战及燃面点火的两个条件；揭示了铝粉在中、高压区内的不同作用，提出了铝焰的概念；绘制了铝和ＳＡ１的燃烧行为图。     

RBCC燃烧室超声速反应混合层特性的大涡模拟

以飞行马赫数为4.5Ma的RBCC发动机典型工作状态为研究背景,采用大涡模拟研究了支板火箭射流和空气来流形成的超声速反应混合层的掺混燃烧过程,获得了燃烧室内详细的流场结构和流动特征,分析了强射流条件下超声速反应混合层的特性。结果表明由于速度梯度的存在,火箭射流进入燃烧室后与空气来流形成环形剪切层,剪切层内丰富的旋涡结构主导火箭射流和空气来流的掺混燃烧,随着湍流能量的串级输运,化学反应过程中释放的能量将被转化成细观尺度的湍流动能,大尺度旋涡将能量传递给小尺度旋涡并最终耗散,细小尺度的旋涡一方面能够促进燃烧反应物的掺混并强化燃烧过程,另一方面会给化学反应过程带来强烈的脉动,使得局部火焰淬灭,火焰结构表现出明显的非定常性。