Aeroelastic analysis of a shipboard helicopter rotor with ship motions during engagement and disengagement operations

An aeroelastic simulation of a shipboard helicopter rotor with ship motions during engagement and disengagement operations is investigated to explore the coupled dynamic behavior between the rotor and the ship. A finite element analysis based on a moderate deflection beam model is employed to capture the flap, lag and torsion deflections of the rotor blade. The ship is treated as a six-degree-of-freedom rigid body. By using the Hamilton?s principle, system equations of motion are derived based on the generalized force formulation. The responses agree well with the test data of the rotor blade droop stop impact and the transient aeroelastic response of the shipboard teetering model rotor. Parametric investigations illustrate that the ship pitch motion has significant influence on the maximum negative displacement of the blade tip. Additional over 25% increase of the tip deflection can be introduced by the ship pitch motion. The aerodynamic and inertial couplings between the ship motion and the rotor have significantly nonlinear influence on the transient aeroelastic response. Both terms should be taken into account in the coupled helicopter–ship dynamics model.     

Geometrically exact nonlinear analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades

Modeling of pre-twisted composite rotor blades is very complicated not only because of the geometric non-linearity, but also because of the cross-sectional warping and the transverse shear deformation caused by the anisotropic material properties. In this paper, the geometrically exact nonlinear modeling of a generalized Timoshenko beam with arbitrary cross-sectional shape, generally anisotropic material behavior and large deflections has been presented based on Hodges’ method. The concept of decomposition of rotation tensor was used to express the strain in the beam. The variational asymptotic method was used to determine the arbitrary warping of the beam cross section. The generalized Timoshenko strain energy was derived from the equilibrium equations and the second-order asymptotically correct strain energy. The geometrically exact nonlinear equations of motion were established by Hamilton’s principle. The established modeling was used for the static and dynamic analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades, and the analytical results were validated based on experimental data. The influences of the transverse shear deformation on the pre-twisted composite rotor blade were investigated. The results indicate that the influences of the transverse shear deformation on the static deformation and the natural frequencies of the pre-twisted composite rotor blade are related to the length to chord ratio of the blade.     

基于CFD/CSD耦合方法的旋翼气动弹性载荷计算分析

为提高直升机前飞状态下旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的预估精度,在旋翼气动弹性综合分析方法中引入旋翼CFD模块,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD松耦合分析的计算方法和程序。为高效解决流固耦合方法中由于桨叶挥舞、扭转等弹性变形带来的旋翼贴体网格变形问题,采用基于代数变换方法的网格变形技术,桨叶运动变形量和旋翼气动力信息通过流固交接面传递。旋翼流场分析方法中,主控方程采用耦合S-A湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程,围绕旋翼流场的网格采用结构嵌套网格方法生成,无黏通量计算采用Roe格式,时间推进采用双时间法。旋翼结构分析中,考虑旋翼配平,基于Hamilton变分原理和20自由度Timoshenko梁模型求解弹性旋翼非线性运动方程。分别对CSD和CFD方法进行验证,在此基础上,计算了SA349/2旋翼桨叶在前飞状态下的非定常气动力、挥舞弯矩、摆振弯矩和扭转力矩,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比。计算表明:CFD/CSD耦合方法可以显著提高旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的分析精度,精确捕捉桨叶表面压强峰值、激波位置等,表明本文发展的旋翼CFD/CSD耦合方法可以有效地运用到旋翼气动弹性载荷的预测分析中。     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

基于Broyden法的旋翼多体系统气动弹性分析

建立了旋翼多体系统气动弹性模型并给出了一种适合于该模型响应计算的数值计算方法。采用柔性多体系统动力学方法建立旋翼气动弹性模型,利用驱动约束显著简化约束方程形式,集成大变形桨叶模型,准确考虑变形的非线性,适合于对采用柔性结构的先进旋翼进行气动弹性分析。基于Broyden法改进隐式积分法积分一步中非线性方程的求解,避免求取切线矩阵和矩阵求逆运算,保持隐式积分法具有较好稳定性的同时提高计算效率,解决了旋翼多体系统气动弹性力学方程隐式表达且具有较强非线性和较高刚性比造成的响应计算困难。通过模型旋翼桨叶响应计算验证了结构模型与气动弹性响应求解方法。采用建立的气动弹性模型计算悬停和前飞状态旋翼气动弹性稳定性,与试验结果对比验证了模型的正确性。研究了不同的稳定性计算方法、桨叶结构模型和入流模型等对悬停和前飞稳定性计算的影响,结果表明本文所采用的结构、气动模型及气动弹性稳定性计算方法提高了气动弹性稳定性分析精度。     

失衡旋翼的直升机自激振动分析模型

直升机使用中很可能出现旋翼各片桨叶特性不一致的情况,为了研究失衡旋翼对直升机自激振动的影响,建立了适用于地面、悬停及前飞状态的旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型。采用当量铰旋翼模型,计入动力入流的影响,分别在旋转坐标系和固定坐标系中建立了桨叶及机体的动力学方程。以减摆器失效对直升机地面共振的影响为例,对桨叶及机体的时域响应进行了非线性数值仿真,用Floquet传递矩阵法计算了摆振后退型模态频率及阻尼,并用时域分析进行了检验。结果表明,其中一个减摆器失效后,各片桨叶摆振运动特性相差很大,系统的摆振后退型模态阻尼下降幅度高达60%以上。     

基于广义力的旋翼振动载荷计算

为描述挥舞、摆振铰和变距轴承的运动引入了三个刚体运动自由度 ,旋翼桨叶通过 5节点15自由度有限单元离散 ,计入了桨叶刚性运动与非线性弹性变形之间的动力学耦合效应。利用曲线坐标系下的本构方程 ,对经典的中等变形梁理论进行了重新的推导。另外 ,采用了Leishman Beddoes非定常和动态失速模型 ,入流由自由尾迹分析获得。导出的旋翼桨叶非线性时变常微分方程以广义力的形式给出。桨叶截面载荷和运动方程在位形空间中同时求解。由本文分析得出的桨叶振动载荷与SA349/ 2小羚羊直升机飞行测试数据吻合程度很好。     

直升机剪刀式尾桨气动特性的研究

对剪刀式尾桨的气动特性进行了实验和分析研究。描述了在模型旋翼台上进行的实验 ,给出了拉力和扭矩随剪刀角变化的实验结果 ,对比了“下旋翼在前”和“上旋翼在前”2种不同布置的影响。实验表明 :“下旋翼在前”布置时的拉力大于“上旋翼在前”布置时的拉力 ;在某些剪刀角布置下会导致较强烈的桨 -涡干扰。然后 ,建立了一个剪刀式尾桨气动特性计算的分析模型 ,并进行了验证。应用这个模型 ,计算了剪刀式尾桨的桨叶诱速分布、升力分布以及桨尖涡位移 ,解释了拉力随不同剪刀角布置而变化的实验结果和实验中出现桨 -涡干扰的原因。最后 ,提出了几点结论。     

直升机舰面动力学分析模型

建立了舰船甲板上直升机旋翼,机体耦合动力学分析模型,导出了其运动方程。无铰旋翼采用当量铰、刚硬桨叶模型,采用准定常理论计算桨叶气动力并计人旋翼动力人流的影响;假设机体是刚性体并在弹性起落架上作六自由度运动。舰船具有6个运动自由度,并考虑直升机在甲板上的不同位置及舰面流场等因素。     

前飞状态直升机旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型

建立了前飞状态的旋翼/机体耦合动稳定性分析模型。采用扩展的Pitt/Peters动力入流模型将悬停与前飞状态统一起来;提出了一种适用性很强的隐式多桨叶坐标转换方法,进而取消了量纲分析及桨叶定常挥舞、摆振的小角度假设,结合Floquet传递矩阵法对系统进行了动稳定性分析。应用此分析模型对无铰旋翼直升机地面共振、前飞时孤立旋翼动稳定性进行了计算验证,分析结果与试验值吻合。     

带气弹稳定性约束的复合材料浆叶减振优化设计

研究以降低直升机旋翼激振力为目标的复合材料桨叶结构动力学减振优化设计 ,分析了桨叶结构特性及桨尖后掠角等参数对N次 /转旋翼桨毂振动载荷的影响。在建立的桨叶二维结构特性有限元分析方程中 ,计入了桨叶剖面翘曲变形的影响 ,并利用哈密尔顿原理推导了旋翼桨叶的一维非线性运动微分方程。以桨毂交变载荷为目标函数 ,直接以复合材料桨叶典型剖面构造节点数据、铺层设计参数和桨尖后掠角等为设计变量 ,引入桨叶挥舞惯量、固有频率和气弹稳定性约束 ,进行旋翼的动力学优化设计 ,并结合 3片桨叶旋翼的设计进行了算例分析 ,优化结果使 3次/转的桨毂载荷降低了 2 4 .9%～ 33%。     

复合材料参数化桨叶的动力学减振优化设计

为了进行桨叶动力学优化设计,建立面向工程设计的复合材料多闭室C型梁桨叶剖面参数化模型,实现了桨叶剖面气动外形、内部结构组件、复合材料铺层设计的参数化,并提出了一种保持C型梁纤维面积恒定的参数化设计方法.采用全局寻优能力较强的多种群遗传算法(MPGA),集成参数化设计模型与旋翼有限元气动弹性综合分析模型,通过桨叶各剖面结构组件的参数优化实现了旋翼动力学减振.算例给出了"海豚"直升机桨叶剖面特性实测值与参数化桨叶模型计算值的对比,整体误差不超过3%,并用该参数化模型对桨叶进行动力学减振优化,实现了旋翼加权优化振动载荷系数减小4.15%,经过优化后桨叶的配重位置更加分散,有利于缓解桨叶内部应力/应变突变;而且部分配重分配到桨尖,提高了旋翼的自转惯量,增加了旋翼自转下滑的安全性.     

几何非线性机翼本征梁元素模型的高效化改进

 采用Hodges等提出的时间-空间离散化的几何精确非线性本征梁通用模型处理柔性机翼结构动力学问题时,当离散化的节点数增大时,该方法的未知数数量成倍地增长,而且方程组是严重病态的,因此数值模拟计算的速度非常缓慢。针对机翼中最常见的悬臂梁结构,根据空间离散化的边界条件,提出了空间缩聚法把空间离散差分方程缩聚为常系数矩阵格式,得到了只与时间相关的微分方程组,进一步推导得到了该方程组的雅可比矩阵,因而大大减少了方程组的数量以及求解过程的循环和迭代步数。采用Gear方法分别求解了原始的本征梁元素模型和本文提出的缩聚模型,结果表明空间缩聚模型在相同条件下可提高运算速度约5.1倍,而且对不同类型的外载荷都具有较好的通用性、稳定性和高效性。     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。     

前飞状态倾转旋翼机气弹稳定性建模

基于刚性桨叶、刚体短舱及弹性机翼的假设,计入桨叶的变距/挥舞/摆振结构耦合及变距与万向铰的耦合,分别在惯性系下采用牛顿法和有限元法建立了旋翼和机翼的动力学方程,通过桨毂与短舱/机翼系统之间的共有自由度将动力学方程耦合起来,得到了前飞状态下全铰接式倾转旋翼/短舱/机翼耦合系统气弹稳定性分析模型,气动模型采用改进的叶素-动量理论,计入了扰动引起的非定常气动力影响.通过算例验证了建模的正确性.      

考虑耦合变形的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析

无轴承旋翼存在强烈的非线性扭转-弯曲耦合变形。推导了桨叶的非线性应变-位移关系,应用Hamilton原理建立了多路传力的无轴承旋翼桨叶运动的有限元方程,气动力模型采用二维准定常片条理论,考虑了耦合变形对桨叶轴向弹性位移的影响,并构造了一个新的15自由度梁单元,分析了悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性。数值结果表明：考虑耦合变形对轴向弹性位移的影响可以提高悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析的精度。     

冗余度柔性机器人动态响应主动控制

研究了具有压电作动器与应变传感器的冗余度柔性机器人的振动主动控制问题。建立了该离散时变动力学系统的状态空间表达式。根据离散量小值原理设计了LQR最优控制律，并提出了一种状态估计的近似方法。平面3R冗余度柔性机器人的仿真算例表明，采用这种主动控制方法可使冗余度柔性机器人的动力学特性得到显改善。     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

立铣加工颤振稳定性时域求解与分析研究(英文)

In this paper, the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modeled to include the dynamic modulation caused by the tool vibration while the dynamic regenerative effects are taken into account. The numerical method is used to solve the differential equations goveming the dynamics of the milling system. Several chatter detection criteria are applied synthetically to the simulated signals and the stability diagram is obtained in time-domain. The simulation results in time-domain show a good agreement with the analytical prediction, which is validated by the cutting experiments. By simulating the chatter stability lobes in the time-domain and analyzing the influences of different spindle speeds on the vibration amplitudes of the tool under a Fixed chip-load condition, conclusions could be drawn as follows： In rough milling, higher machining efficiency can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed corresponding to the axial depth of cut in accordance with the simulated chatter stability lobes, and in Fmish milling, lower surface roughness can be achieved by selecting a spindle speed well beyond the resonant frequency of machining system.     

考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向导热的涡轮叶片对流冷却模型研究

为了提高涡轮叶片对流冷却模型预测精度,提出了一种在叶片固壁内同时考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向(法向)导热的二维对流冷却模型。该模型在弦长方向划分多个元素,忽略元素内弦长方向叶片温度变化,在元素内的径向和法向建立二维导热方程作为叶片固壁温度场的控制方程,其边界条件包括叶表燃气绝热温度、燃气侧对流换热系数和叶片叶根、叶顶热流密度等。给出了该模型二维导热方程和边界条件的差分求解方法。以E~3涡轮高压导叶为例,将模型与CFD计算的叶片外壁面温度分布进行了对比。结果表明,该模型在给定冷气量下预测的叶片温度分布变化趋势与CFD相近,最大温度误差不超过6.5%,计算时间与CFD相比缩短了95%,能够快速、准确预测涡轮对流冷却叶片的冷气需求量。