无人机自动着陆中的机器视觉辅助技术

设计了一套辅助无人机自动着陆的机器视觉系统。该系统由机载硬件设备和用户开发软件共同组成,用以完成数字图像处理任务和无人机运动参数估计任务。系统传感器包括一个单目摄像机和机载惯性陀螺;数字图像处理使用的主要算法有图像的轮廓提取、角点检测和模版匹配。基于角点处各个方向上灰度差变化较大的特征,依据最小核值相似(SUSAN)算法和角点几何结构分析,提出一种改进的角点特征提取算法;根据任务开发的位置参数估计算法依据摄像机透视投影理论,运用摄像机成像标定方法导出了一种高精度的位置测量模型。通过计算机仿真表明,所提出的计算机视觉位置参数估计算法可以达到无人机着陆过程的精度要求。     

星际着陆自主障碍检测与规避技术

 为了在具有科学价值的复杂地形区域实现安全着陆,未来的星际着陆器必须具备自主障碍检测与规避的能力。从星际着陆导航传感器技术、自主障碍检测方法和自主障碍规避技术3个方面出发,对星际着陆自主障碍检测与规避技术进行较全面的分析和总结。首先,对适用于星际着陆自主障碍检测的各种主动式和被动式传感器的工作原理、优缺点进行较深入的阐述;接着,基于不同传感器的测量信息,对各种自主障碍检测方法的障碍检测能力、优缺点进行较详细的对比分析;然后,基于多信息融合的自主障碍检测方法,对安全着陆点选择的原则进行阐述;最后,对星际着陆自主障碍规避流程和适用于星际着陆自主障碍规避的制导控制方法进行较系统的总结。     

Use of land＇s cooperative object to estimate UAV＇s pose for autonomous landing

The research of unmanned aerial vehicles＇（UAVs＇）autonomy navigation and landing guidance with computer vision has important signifcance.However,because of the image blurring,the position of the cooperative points cannot be obtained accurately,and the pose estimation algorithms based on the feature points have low precision.In this research,the pose estimation algorithm of UAV is proposed based on feature lines of the cooperative object for autonomous landing.This method uses the actual shape of the cooperative-target on ground and the principle of vanishing line.Roll angle is calculated from the vanishing line.Yaw angle is calculated from the location of the target in the image.Finally,the remaining extrinsic parameters are calculated by the coordinates transformation.Experimental results show that the pose estimation algorithm based on line feature has a higher precision and is more reliable than the pose estimation algorithm based on points feature.Moreover,the error of the algorithm we proposed is small enough when the UAV is near to the landing strip,and it can meet the basic requirements of UAV＇s autonomous landing.     

Vision-aided inertial navigation for pinpoint planetary landing

Autonomous and safe landing spacecraft on moon and planetary bodies is a rather difficult and risky task. Accurate relative navigation between the spacecraft and the planetary surface is essential, together with the autonomous hazard detection and avoidance. This paper describes the vision-aided inertial navigation (VAIN) scheme to meet the pinpoint landing requirement of the next generation planetary lander. Images of distinctive surface feature called feature points/landmarks are detected and tracked autonomously to improve the performance of inertial navigation. Landmark image information derived from optical navigation camera and the spacecraft state information sensed by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

Optical guidance for autonomous landing of spacecraft

An autonomous rendezvous guidance scheme for spacecraft to descend to small celestial bodies by using optical information is presented. First, a new guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) method based on fixation-point (FP) inheritance is proposed. A spacecraft can safely descend toward the target point on the celestial body by tracking and autonomously renewing the FPs on the surface. Next, we deal with the method of extracting the FPs. A spatial band-pass filter (BPF) is applied to pictures taken to enhance features having comparable size with the tracking window. Local variance of the filtered image is used as a criterion of the extraction. Then, the relative information between the spacecraft and the celestial body (position, velocity, attitude, etc.) is calculated from the image coordinates and the range measurements of the FPs from the spacecraft. To suppress observation noise and improve navigation accuracy, an application of the extended Kalman filter is also presented. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the guidance precision and the fuel consumption of the proposed guidance scheme     

Approach and landing guidance design for reusable launch vehicle using multiple sliding surfaces technique

An autonomous approach and landing (A&L) guidance law is presented in this paper for landing an unpowered reusable launch vehicle (RLV) at the designated runway touchdown.Considering the full nonlinear point-mass dynamics,a guidance scheme is developed in threedimensional space.In order to guarantee a successful A&L movement,the multiple sliding surfaces guidance (MSSG) technique is applied to derive the closed-loop guidance law,which stems from higher order sliding mode control theory and has advantage in the finite time reaching property.The global stability of the proposed guidance approach is proved by the Lyapunov-based method.The designed guidance law can generate new trajectories on-line without any specific requirement on off-line analysis except for the information on the boundary conditions of the A&L phase and instantaneous states of the RLV.Therefore,the designed guidance law is flexible enough to target different touchdown points on the runway and is capable of dealing with large initial condition errors resulted from the previous flight phase.Finally,simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law in different scenarios.     

着陆小行星的视线测量自主光学相对导航算法及其可观性分析

 以软着陆小行星为工程应用背景,提出了基于视线(LOS)测量的自主光学相对导航算法,并对导航算法的可观性进行了比较深入的分析研究。首先,基于透视投影模型的共线方程,给出了导航测量方程和测量敏感矩阵;接着,通过多个视线矢量的测量,应用高斯最小二乘微分修正(GLSDC)和龙贝格-马尔塔(LM)算法对探测器的位置和姿态参数进行了估计。然后,通过对误差方差阵逆矩阵秩的分析,比较详尽地分析了不同数量视线观测条件下导航算法的可观度和可观性。最后,通过数学仿真对所提出的自主导航算法的可行性进行了验证。     

Application of nonlinear filtering to navigation system designusing passive sensors

The problem of navigation system design for autonomous aircraft landing is addressed. New nonlinear filter structures are introduced to estimate the position and velocity of an aircraft with respect to a possibly moving landing site, such as a naval vessel, based on measurements provided by airborne vision and inertial sensors. By exploring the geometry of the navigation problem, the navigation filter dynamics are cast in the framework of linear parametrically varying systems (LPVs). Using this set-up, filter performance and stability are studied in an H_∞ setting by resorting to the theory of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The design of nonlinear, regionally stable filters to meet adequate H_∞ performance measures is thus converted into that of determining the feasibility of a related set of LMIs and finding a solution to them, if it exists. This is done by using-widely available numerical tools that borrow from convex optimization techniques. The mathematical framework that is required for integrated vision/inertial navigation system design is developed and a design example for an air vehicle landing on an aircraft carrier is detailed     

改进的粒子滤波算法在软着陆小天体中的应用

针对小天体软着陆过程中估计目标天体质心视线的导航方法失效问题,给出了一种基于特征点信息的自主光学导航方法。为了进一步提高对轨道参数的估计精度,考虑到系统中存在的非高斯噪声,以及基本粒子滤波算法带来的粒子退化和采样枯竭问题,给出了一种改进的粒子滤波算法。最后,通过仿真计算,验证了所给出的自主光学导航方法以及改进的粒子滤波算法的可行性和有效性。     

Optimal crater landmark selection based on optical navigation performance factors for planetary landing

Planetary craters are natural navigation landmarks that widely exist and are easily observed. Optical navigation based on crater landmarks has become an important autonomous navigation method for planetary landing. Due to the increase in observed crater landmarks and the limitation of onboard computation, the selection of good crater landmarks has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of landmark-based optical navigation. This paper designs a fast crater landmark selection method, which not only considers the configuration observability of crater subsets but also focuses on the influence on navigation performance arising from the measurement uncertainty and the matching confidence of craters, which is different from other landmark selection methods. The factor of measurement uncertainty, which is anisotropic, correlated and nonidentically distributed, is quantified and integrated into selection based on crater pairing detection and localization error evaluation. In addition, the concept of the crater matching confidence factor is introduced, which reflects the possibility of 2D projection measurements corresponding to 3D positions. Combined with the configuration observability factor, the crater landmark selection indicator is formed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.     

深空自主光学导航小行星筛选与规划方法研究

 深空探测器的自主光学导航是深空探测器自主的关键技术之一，而导航路标——小行星的选择与拍照序列的规划是深空探测自主导航的重要内容。基于探测Ivar小行星的设计方案，在导航小行星筛选方面，提出了基于小行星可见星等、距离、相对速度以及视线夹角的筛选准则，并利用综合评估的方式进行导航小行星的筛选；拍照序列规划方面，提出差额筛选的策略优化导航性价比，并利用改进的遗传算法进行规划。数学仿真结果表明，该方法能够有效地进行小行星的选择与拍照序列的规划。     

基于气动模型辅助的四旋翼飞行器室内自主导航方法

 惯性/卫星/磁传感器/气压高度计组合导航系统是四旋翼飞行器常用的导航方案。但在室内飞行时,由于卫星导航系统不可用,该导航方案的测速及定位精度难以满足四旋翼飞行器的自主飞行需求,从而制约了其室内自主飞行能力。为解决该问题,在利用四旋翼飞行器气动模型的基础上,提出了惯性/磁传感器/声纳传感器/气动模型组合导航方案。通过分析四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特性,揭示了气动模型辅助自主导航的内在机理;提出了气动模型辅助导航算法,并设计了具体的实施流程。最后,结合OS4型四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特点,搭建了气动模型辅助导航方案的验证平台,对四旋翼飞行器的室内悬停与机动飞行进行了仿真模拟。仿真结果表明,气动模型辅助导航方案可以显著提高室内飞行时的测速与定位精度。该方案无需增加其他传感器,具有自主性强、成本低和零载重的优点,在四旋翼飞行器室内导航中具有较好的应用价值。     

大迎角自动进近短距着陆综合控制设计及仿真研究

飞机在大迎角下进近可以减小飞机进近着陆的速度,从而减小飞机着陆时的滑跑距离。本文根据国外大迎角短距着陆的研究[1,2]给出了一种大迎角自动短距着陆方案。该方案应用了飞行与推进协调控制的方法设计了自动着陆控制系统和一套控制律,实现了进近飞行时的低速稳定和精确的航迹控制。对于反旋机动,利用全状态反馈,实现了机尾高度的精确控制。仿真结果表明该方案切实可行。     

OSIRIS-REx Flight Dynamics and Navigation Design

OSIRIS-REx is the first NASA mission to return a sample of an asteroid to Earth. Navigation and flight dynamics for the mission to acquire and return a sample of asteroid 101955 Bennu establish many firsts for space exploration. These include relatively small orbital maneuvers that are precise to ～1 mm/s, close-up operations in a captured orbit about an asteroid that is small in size and mass, and planning and orbit phasing to revisit the same spot on Bennu in similar lighting conditions. After preliminary surveys and close approach flyovers of Bennu, the sample site will be scientifically characterized and selected. A robotic shock-absorbing arm with an attached sample collection head mounted on the main spacecraft bus acquires the sample, requiring navigation to Bennu’s surface. A touch-and-go sample acquisition maneuver will result in the retrieval of at least 60 grams of regolith, and up to several kilograms. The flight activity concludes with a return cruise to Earth and delivery of the sample return capsule (SRC) for landing and sample recovery at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR).     

Autonomous Landing Guidance Systems

All weather tactical aircraft recovery and high sortie generation rates from forward, possibly battle damaged landing areas will reqire autonomous landing guidance systems which are independent of ground-based cooperative aids. A recently completed study has examined the operational requirements and assessed current and near term technology for an answer to this need. The Landing Systems Requirements/Synthesis Study has defined the Pilot/vehicle Interface and imaging sensor suite required, based on the concept of augmenting pilot forward vision with sensor imagery and guidance symbology on a HUD during low visibility landings. Image processing technology was also assessed for potential enhancement of the information presented to the pilot. This paper summarizes the final report of the Study, which is in publication.     

航天器自主导航状态估计方法研究综述

自主导航是航天器自主运行的核心关键技术。状态估计是实现航天器自主导航的核心手段,是指实时确定航天器在轨位置、速度和姿态等导航参数,是航天器自主导航技术的重点发展方向之一。首先,针对航天器自主导航的实际需求,阐述了研究航天器自主导航状态估计方法的必要性,具体从导航系统可观测性分析、导航滤波算法、导航系统误差补偿3个方面介绍了航天器自主导航状态估计方法的研究现状;然后,分析并总结状态估计方法在航天器自主导航系统中的实际应用;最后,结合理论研究和实际应用,给出了状态估计方法目前存在的主要问题并对其后续发展进行了展望。     

Federal Radionavigation Plan-pie in the sky for civil aviation?

The Federal Radionavigation Plan states that all present navigation and landing guidance facilities will be retired starting in 2005, and full dependence for these functions will be placed on augmented GPS. Once this is implemented, civil aviation will be totally vulnerable to terrorist jamming of the GPS signals over wide earth areas with widespread disruption of air traffic and potential disasters. It has become apparent that the use of GPS/GNSS is complex and expensive for the required civil aviation functions. It is clear that a different system form is needed for civil aviation, a redundant satellite/ground based system that will prevent it from being a jamming target while providing ATC surveillance, area navigation, collision warning/avoidance, high-speed data link and Category I landing guidance globally, plus precision Category III guidance in the terminal areas as needed. Such a system will be described     

Determination of Spacecraft Landing Footprint for Safe Planetary Landing

A methodology is developed based on a ballistic analysis to estimate the landing footprint associated with the powered terminal descent phase of a spacecraft soft landing. The analysis is based on an idealized two-impulse thrust maneuver and leads to an analytical expression for the elliptical boundary of the landing footprint. The objective is to develop a computationally efficient method to estimate the landing footprint for use in an on-board fuzzy-logic based inference engine for real-time hazard avoidance. The inference engine combines an estimate of the landing footprint with information about the safeness of the landing terrain to construct an overall landing site quality index. The landing site quality index is a critical parameter that enables the spacecraft to make intelligent real-time decisions about landing safely on unknown and hazardous terrains. The footprint generated from the ballistic analysis is also compared with the footprint resulting from numerically integrating a representative guidance law.     

软着陆小行星的制导与控制规律研究

提出了一种微小探测器软着陆小行星的制导与控制策略，将软着陆小行星控制分解为速度方向控制和减速控制，为了控制速度方向，给出了一种带有终端控制项的比例导引规律，可以按闭环模式将探测器引向着陆点，并满足垂直下落的终端条件，为了实现无碰撞着陆，给出了一种减速控制规律，通过对理想速度曲线的跟踪，实现软着陆，仿具结果表明，提出的制导与控制策略可以实现探测器在小行星表面垂直软着陆。     

惯性卫星紧组合导航系统自主完好性算法研究

为保证组合导航系统运行的可靠性和输出导航参数的准确性,结合组合导航系统的自主完好性检测的基本算法,基于气压高度辅助下的卫星导航接收机最小二乘检测法和组合导航卡尔曼卡方检验法,提出了一种能够识别突变故障和缓变故障的组合导航系统自主完好性检测的算法,充分利用导航系统中高精度惯导系统的导航信息,实现了组合导航系统的自主完好性检测算法,提高了组合导航系统在复杂环境下的导航信息可靠性。