多部件热真空试验用冷板研究

在航天器部组件热真空试验中,当两个试件在同一个空间环境模拟器内试验时,应防止两者之间的热影响。由于试件本身的热性能参数和试验可能要求不同,减少这种影响的有效措施就是将两个试件用液氮冷板隔开,这就要求在试验中冷板的温度必须与热沉基本一致。文章通过对适合做冷板的结构进行有限元分析,设计了一种新型的液氮冷板,能够将两个试件之间的热影响降低到很小。试验结果表明,这种结构的冷板能适应热真空试验的各种工况。     

航天器真空热试验中附加热流的分析及对策

航天器在空间环境模拟器内进行真空热试验时,各种非热沉结构均会产生附加热流。附加热流会造成热平衡试验中背景热流偏大,影响对整器热设计的验证;也会造成无法满足真空热试验所需的低温维持和降温速率要求,影响对航天器环境适应性的有效考核。文章分析总结了空间环境模拟器内造成附加热流的主要因素,提出了相应的改进措施,其中部分措施在试验中已成功应用。     

大型空间环境模拟器热沉气氮调温系统设计与实现

文章结合某型号航天器对调温热沉试验需求,对国内外气氮调温系统进行分析调研,对某空间环境模拟器进行了气氮调温系统流程设计,对影响系统的关键参数如气氮流量、液氮体积流量及有关供气供热管径等进行分析研究和设计实施,并进行了系统调试。调试结果表明,热沉温度均匀性达到±5℃,升/降温速率均达到或超过1℃/min,满足相应的型号试验要求。     

基于系统辨识方法的航天器热真空试验热传递模型

航天器及其部件的热真空试验是航天器研制过程保证其可靠性的重要环节。由于复杂的物理和边界条件,单纯从传热的角度得到的航天器传热模型与真实情况存在差别。基于传热理论的基本方法,文章提出结合系统辨识的方法得到航天器热真空试验传热数学模型。这种方法可以推广到相似的试验中去,将加快试验进程和节省大量的试验经费。     

钨铼热电偶在航天器真空热试验中的应用

目前国内在航天器热试验温度测量方面还没有开展超过1400℃的超高温测量技术研究。文章基于航天器热试验常用热电偶测温原理,分析了钨铼热电偶的结构及制造工艺,并搭建一套热试验测量系统以验证其在航天器真空热试验温度测量系统中的应用。试验结果及数据分析表明,在真空低温环境下钨铼热电偶能够实现1600℃温度测量。     

热试验中红外热像仪低温测量能力分析及试验验证

文章分析了红外热像仪在航天器热试验中对低温目标的测温能力不足问题,采用红外干扰消减以及分段辐射定标/分段线性函数拟合的方式,初步解决了红外热像仪在真空低温环境下对低温目标的测量受限的问题。文章的研究结果有助于改进红外热像仪在真空低温环境下的非接触温度测量工作。     

真空低温环境下红外笼移动装置设计及调试验证

为在航天器真空热试验中方便快捷地实现高、低温工况的转换,设计了红外笼移动装置,高温工况时,将红外笼移至航天器加热面的上方;低温工况时,将红外笼移开。文章以红外笼移动装置的功能、性能需求分析为基础,确定了移动装置的功能模块及设计要求,通过特殊设计使得该移动装置能够克服低温传动失稳或失效问题,并满足真空润滑、电机热控等要求,实际应用表明其具备在真空低温特殊环境下可靠、安全工作的能力。文章最后根据装置的工程应用情况给出了后续改进建议。     

航天器虚拟热试验平台的软件架构及其应用

针对我国目前航天领域型号试验任务重、成本高的特点,文章提出搭建航天器虚拟热试验平台以缩短型号研制周期、减少研发成本。虚拟热试验平台结构拟由5个单独模块组成:试验系统描述及边界条件输入模块,虚拟试验运算模块,模型修正模块,结果报表及经济性分析模块和虚拟试验数据库。另外提出了虚拟热试验平台在航天器真空热试验中的应用。     

航天器真空热试验用加热板的数值仿真

文章针对加热板在航天器热试验中的传热特点,利用Thermal Desktop软件建立了加热板和空间模拟器热沉的热数学模型,分析了电热丝数量、加热板材料和液氮管路布置方式对加热板升、降温时间和温度分布的影响;建立了模拟星、加热板和热沉的热模型,分析了加热板和星表间距对模拟星表面温度的影响。根据分析研究结果,提出了加热板设计及其在航天器热试验中的应用方法建议。     

使用太阳模拟器进行热平衡试验的附加外热流影响分析

航天器的结构复杂化与表面热光学性能差异,使得航天器热平衡试验中对大型太阳模拟器的需求越来越大。文章根据离轴式太阳模拟器的结构,分析了使用太阳模拟器进行热平衡试验时,真空容器中附加外热流的来源及其对试验的影响,并通过建立热控星模型和容器与热控星的联合模型进行仿真计算,给出温度分布结果,进而提出相应的试验设计改进建议。     

对俄出口GVU-600空间环境模拟器研制

GVU-600空间环境模拟器是我国首次为俄罗斯研制的一台航天专用设备,它可以模拟真空、冷黑和太阳辐射3项空间基本参数,主要用于进行卫星热平衡、热真空试验。该设备为卧式圆柱结构,容器内径8 m,总长13.5 m,容积600 m3,极限真空1.4×10-5 Pa,热沉温度-190 ℃。文章主要对该设备的技术指标、系统组成及功能进行了介绍,并给出了研制结果。     

The mass loss of spacecraft polyimide films under the action of atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet radiation

The threshold values of the annual fluence of atomic oxygen (F _AO ≈ 10²⁰ cm^?2), as well as the ratios of the energy-flux density of vacuum ultraviolet radiation of the solar spectrum to the flux density of atomic oxygen (Φ _ν /Φ _AO ≈ 8 × 10^?15 mJ) were determined, which are characterized the influence of the synergistic effect on the mass loss of Kapton-H, PM-A, and PM-1E polyimide films, which are spacecraft materials.     

KM5A空间环模试验设备研制

KM5A空间环模试验设备主要用于为航天器进行地面模拟试验提供真空、冷黑及太阳辐射等空间环境。设备主要包括真空容器、真空抽气系统、热沉、氮系统、测量及数据采集系统、外热流模拟系统等。文章概要介绍了该试验设备的系统组成、主要性能指标及关键技术。     

Photochemical initiation of gaseous detonations

Direct initiation of detonations in gaseous mixtures of C₂H₂-O₂, H₂-O₂ and H₂-Cl₂ in the pressure range of 10–150 torr using flash photolysis was studied. Similar to blast initiation using a concentrated powerful energy source, it was found that for photochemical initiation, there exists a certain threshold of flash intensity and energy for each mixture at any given initial pressure and composition below which a deflagration is formed. At the critical threshold, however, a fully developed detonation is rapidly formed in the immediate vicinity of the window of incident UV radiation. However, at super critical flash energies, the amplitude of the detonation formed decreases and combustion of the entire irradiated volume approaches a constant volume explosion. It was found that photo-chemical initiation requires both a certain minimum peak value of the free radical concentration generated by the photo-dissociation as well as an appropriate gradient of this free radical distribution. The minimum peak radical concentration permits rapid reaction rates for the generation of strong pressure waves, while the gradient is necessary for the amplification of the shock waves to a detonation. If the gradient is absent and the free radicals are uniformly distributed in the mixture, then the entire volume simply explodes as in a constant volume process. The present study reveals that the mechanism of photochemical initiation is one of proper temporal synchronization of the chemical energy release to the shock wave as it propagates through the mixture. In analogy to the LASER, the term SWACER is introduced to represent this mechanism of Shock Wave Amplication by Coherent Energy Release. There are strong indications that this SWACER mechanism is universal and plays the main role in the formation of detonations whenever a powerful concentrated external source is not used to generate a strong shock wave in the explosive.     

Ignition system for oxygen/hydrogen auxiliary propulsion systems

When the oxygen/hydrogen bipropellant combination was selected for use in the Space Shuttle Main Engine, it became apparent that many advantages may result if the Auxiliary Propulsion System Engines were to use the same propellants. A new ignition system, possessing a dramatically new level of reliability, durability and response, is required because the oxygen/hydrogen combination is not hypergolic and the projected missions will require a very large number of fast-response engine starts.The objective of this program was to obtain basic data for spark torch ignition methods at operating conditions typical of a Space Shuttle Orbiter Auxiliary Propulsion System. The research included ignition analysis and igniter design, fabrication and hot-fire test.Extensive testing of spark torch igniters was performed (chamber pressure, 206.8 N/cm², 300 psia, nominal) in the Igniter-Only and Igniter-Complete Thruster (thrust, 6672 N, 1500 lbF, nominal) operational modes. Reliable, repeatable ignitions were obtained with spark energies of 1–10 mJ. Hot-fire test results showed there is no effect of back pressure (1.013 × 10⁵ to 1.333 × 10^?2 N/m², 7.60 × 10² to 1 × 10^?4 mm Hg) or low temperature (O₂, 170 K, 306 R; H₂, 107 K, 193 R) on the response of the igniter or the ignition delay of the thruster over the ranges tested. Igniter durability and pulse capability were demonstrated with 150 sec of continuous operation and 1000 consecutive pulses, respectively. Durability was further demonstrated with a series of 2500 Igniter-Complete Thruster ignitions at nominal chamber pressure. No limiting variables were encountered. The hot-fire test results showed the spark torch igniter is capable of meeting fully the typical Space Shuttle Orbiter Auxiliary Propulsion System mission requirements.     

高压太阳电池阵静电放电产生脉冲信号的特性研究

研究高压太阳电池阵静电放电产生脉冲信号的特性,有助于深入了解太阳电池阵充放电形成机制。在试验中,利用电子枪模拟GEO空间带电环境,辐照太阳电池样品表面。利用电流探头CT-2、单极子天线和数字存储示波器测量静电放电所产生的脉冲电流、辐射电场并记录其波形。试验结果表明:太阳电池在静电放电过程中产生了脉冲宽度为几μs的瞬态电流,其峰值幅度为几A;辐射电场的脉冲信号持续时间几百ns至几个μs,其峰值幅度达数百V/m。脉冲信号的时域特征表现为脉冲群,其波形具有陡峭的前沿,能量分布的频率范围主要集中在0.1~50 MHz之间。最后根据上述研究对在轨静电放电测试仪的设计提出建议。     

东四平台卫星热试验中的关键技术

东四平台系列卫星对真空热试验期间的星上转发器在轨工作状态模拟、星表高/低热流模拟、星体吊装与水平支撑和污染控制等提出了较高要求。文章对微波负载能量耗散试验技术、红外灯阵设计、液氮冷板设计、卫星吊装与支撑技术、污染控制及星内真空度监测技术等在该系列卫星热试验中的成功应用与完善进行了分析、总结。     

铝膜反射镜60 keV质子辐照效应

文章研究了在真空和热沉环境下,铝膜反射镜经质子辐照后的光学反射率变化。试验结果表明:60 keV质子辐照后,铝膜反射镜反射率发生了明显的变化。随辐照注量的增加,反射率呈单调减少趋势。当辐照注量达到1×1016 cm-2时,反射率略有下降,且这种变化首先发生在紫外区。随着辐照剂量进一步增加,反射率明显下降,特别是在波长为250~800 nm范围内。经表面形貌分析和机理分析,铝膜反射镜反射率的降低可归结为经质子辐照后铝镜面表面产生了波纹和小丘形貌。