极区中层夏季回波火箭探空观测的个例分析

利用仅发生极区中层夏季回波 (Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes, PMSE) 现象时的ECT-02 火箭探空数据, 反演出电子数密度和尘埃电荷数密度. 这些典型的极区中层顶的基本参量为研究PMSE提供了良好的数据基础. 通过分析得出了极区中 层顶区域属于弱电离、弱耦合尘埃等离子体的结论. 根据电子数密度数扰动分析PMSE现象发现, 电子数密度的扰动与PMSE有密切的联系, 扰动强烈的地方回波就强, 扰动弱的地方回波就弱, 或者不发生PMSE 现象.      

流星参数的数值分析和流星高度分布模型

流星余迹能够被后向散射雷达观测到, 利用观测结果, 可以分析和研究流星的空间分布和时间变化规律. 同时, 利用流星空间分布还可以进行空间碎片的研究. 基于标准理论, 对影响雷达回波功率的主要因素, 例如如双极扩散、余迹的初始半径、流星的有限速度, 以及雷达的脉冲重复频率在不同频率和速度下进行了数值分析和计算, 得到的流星衰减时间及双极扩散系数的观测结果与理论结果一致. 通过对昆明流星雷 达观测到的571632个流星进行统计分析, 得到了流星高度分布统计模型, 并利用该模型的分析结果与不同月份流星的观测数据进行对比, 结果比较一致.      

基于微多普勒特征的人体上肢运动参数估计

人体行走的雷达特征研究是近年发展起来的新的研究方向,基于雷达的人体目标探测在安全防护、灾害救援、生物力学和运动学研究等方面具有广阔的应用前景。人体走动时手和腿的摆动对回波信号产生调制,回波信号的微多普勒特征能精细地刻画体动规律,将有效地探测并估计人体的运动规律。主要研究人体上肢的雷达特征,首先以人体上肢的运动模型为基础,建立了其雷达回波模型,通过理论分析得到了参数估计的方法,通过广义Radon变换提取行人摆臂的微多普勒。最后通过仿真实验,验证了算法的有效性。     

一维GTD散射中心模型参数估计的改进MUSIC算法

针对利用多重信号分类（MUSIC）算法估计一维几何绕射理论（GTD）的散射中心模型时噪声鲁棒性较差、参数精度不高这一问题,提出一类改进的MUSIC算法。首先,构建原始回波数据的共轭矩阵,有效提高了原始回波数据的利用率;其次,将原始回波数据的协方差矩阵、共轭数据的协方差矩阵叠加取平均,得到一个新的总协方差矩阵;最后,对矩阵作2次方、4次方等偶次方处理,得到另一矩阵,以达到增大信号特征值与噪声特征值之间差距的作用,等效为增大了信噪比。仿真结果表明:所提改进算法的参数估计性能及噪声鲁棒性均要优于经典MUSIC算法。      

雷达对扩频通信系统干扰分析方法

针对雷达与扩频通信系统的电磁兼容问题,提出一种基于时域符号级的雷达干扰分析方法.首先详细分析了雷达对扩频通信系统电磁辐射干扰的机理,推导得出扩频通信系统在脉冲雷达干扰下的误码率公式和曲线;然后利用建立的雷达电磁干扰仿真模型,对扩频通信系统采用不同扩频因子以及不同频率隔离度时的受扰性能进行了仿真分析,验证了理论分析结果的合理性;最后利用所提方法计算给出了微波频段5种典型雷达与扩频通信系统的频率-距离隔离关系.研究结果表明:该方法对于在更深层次上揭示雷达辐射干扰的本质,提高频谱利用效率具有重要意义.     

82-92km高度范围大气湍流能量耗散率的一个个例研究

使用Chaff和落球火箭测量的垂直速度和温度数据研究湍流结构和它的产生.结果表明湍流存在多层桔构.在强湍流层,动力不稳定,和MST雷达回波功率间有好的相关,认为强湍流层和雷达回波与动力不稳定有关.水平速度垂直波数谱表明,观测谱与他和谱模式有极好的一致,认为强湍流层和雷达回波通过动力不稳定直接与重力波饱和相联系.      

冷锋期间武汉MST雷达低平流层回波异常现象

武汉MST雷达是中国子午工程建设的两台中高层大气无线电探测雷达之一.该雷达探测频率在VHF频段，雷达回波在低平流层和对流层上部具有角谱特性，可为研究大气动态稳定性提供有效技术手段.本文利用武汉MST雷达2016年4月17日冷锋活动期间及平静天气的角谱实验数据，从雷达回波特性变化、风场空间分布、湍流生成机制以及内重力波影响四个方面分析并解释了MST雷达对流层顶上部区域出现持续异常强回波带的成因.分析结果表明，对流层冷锋的强对流作用诱发内重力波，内重力波向上传播至低平流层后受增强的剪切急流影响发生耗散甚至破碎，激励了长时间跨度的K-H不稳定性，进而导致水平反射层结构发生扰动生成湍流，使得雷达回波结构发生变化.      

单人行走运动参数估计方法

人体运动雷达微多普勒能够为目标识别提供特征。由于行人雷达回波的复杂性,从雷达回波中提取运动参数难度很大。为了实现目标精确识别,提出了一种估计单人行走平动速度、步态周期和步长的方法。首先应用广义S变换(GST)得到雷达回波的微多普勒谱,然后提取出躯干部位的微多普勒分量,并将此分量转为一维时间频率序列,最后从序列中直接估计行走的平动速度和步态周期,用这2个估计值间接估计步长。仿真实验证明:本文方法抗噪声性能好,当信噪比大于4 dB时,估计精度高。      

基于离散正弦调频变换的中段多微动目标分离

弹道导弹在飞行中段形成目标群，窄带雷达无法从距离上将弹道目标分离。为使窄带雷达具备分离弹道目标的能力，对弹道目标的微动特性进行研究。对振动目标的信号回波进行建模，分析其在离散正弦调频变换（DSFMT）中的聚敛特性。利用多分量信号在变换域中的聚敛特性，实现不同信号分量的分离，并估计出目标的振动频率。仿真实验表明，在信噪比-10 dB下，多个振动目标散射点的窄带雷达回波在DSFMT域上具有明显的聚敛特性，分辨出了不同的振动散射点，振动频率估计均方根误差小于-2.5 dB。      

一种频率步进雷达目标径向速度估计方法

为补偿目标径向速度对频率步进雷达合成距离像的影响,提出了一种目标径向速度估计方法.经公式推导证明频率步进雷达相邻两个脉组回波的归一化采样序列的互相关函数是一复正弦序列,该序列的频率与目标径向速度有确定的对应关系.通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT,Fast Fourier Transform)可获得序列频率,从而估计出目标径向速度.该方法可估计的速度范围仅取决于系统带宽和脉冲重复周期,并且由于理论估计精度可通过FFT点数调整,在需要非常高估计精度的场合可以大幅降低计算量.计算机仿真结果表明该方法对目标径向速度估计准确,同时具有较好的抗噪声性能.     

Studies of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF and UHF radars: Information contained in the spectral shape

The nature of PMSE in the VHF and UHF frequency range is considered taking into account the shape of corresponding Doppler spectra. Assuming a turbulence-based model of PMSE it is argued that for cases where a VHF radar detects strong PMSE, the UHF radar could either detect enhanced coherent scattering caused by the same physical process as in the VHF (i.e., turbulence with large charged ice particles), there could be incoherent scattering modified by the charged ice particles, or there could be a mixture of both. In order to distinguish these cases a simple but robust method is introduced to characterize the shape of the Doppler spectra derived from observations at both frequencies. Spectral shapes are quantified with one simple fitting parameter of a generalized fit to the autocorrelation function (=Fourier transform of the Doppler spectrum). This parameter takes a value of 1 for a Lorentzian spectrum indicative of pure incoherent scatter from the D-region, a value of 2 for coherent scatter owing to turbulence, and a value of less than 1 for incoherent scatter modified by the presence of charged aerosol particles. This method is applicable to observations at altitudes between ∼70 and ∼90 km. Simultaneous observations with the EISCAT VHF and UHF radar are presented in which all three cases mentioned above are identified. For the case of incoherent scatter modified by the presence of charged aerosol particles we quantify the radius of the involved ice particles to exceed ∼5 nm. Most importantly, however, for the case where the UHF-signal exceeded the incoherent scatter signal significantly, the spectrum revealed a clear Gaussian shape indicative of a coherent scattering process with identical spectral width as for the VHF-observations. This finding gives strong support that both echoes are created by the same turbulence-based mechanism and not by different mechanisms as speculated by several previous authors.     

Investigation of PMSE dependence on high energy particle precipitation during their simultaneous occurrence

This paper is based on the observations of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) with the EISCAT VHF 224?MHz radar during the summer month 08–12 July 2013. The effect of high energy particle precipitation on PMSE intensity, particularly during their simultaneous occurrence for longer time interval (longer than or equal to 3-h) has been investigated. The correlation between the two phenomena has been computed using the Spearman rank and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The variations in high energy particle precipitation reaching down to altitude of 91?km and PMSE intensity in the altitude range of 80–90?km are positively correlated. The electron density irregularity due to ionization caused by precipitating particles might be one of the possible reasons for this positive correlation. Moreover, some other background parameters i.e. K-indices (proxy of high energy particle precipitation) and electron fluxes during the simultaneous occurrence of the two phenomena also support one of the possible reasons given for explanation of the observed positive correlation. The X-rays and proton fluxes have no noticeable effect on PMSE echoes in this study.     

The importance of charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere in connection with Noctilucent Clouds and Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes

A number of campaigns have been conducted in order to study Polar Mesosphere Summer Echos (PMSE) and Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) in the period 1991–1994. Several sounding rockets have been launched through these layers with measurements being performed on upleg as well as downleg. These include measurements of positive ions and electrons in both ram and wake positions, as well as measurements of charged aerosols in ram on upleg. In this paper we will review these measurements and make a preliminary classification of the data based upon the presence of PMSE and/or NLC. One of the mechanisms responsible for PMSE is the presence of neutral air turbulence in combination with a high Schmidt number. We will briefly discuss this type of echo using in situ rocket data. Differences and similarities of PMSE and NLC as observed both in the Arctic and the Antarctic will be discussed. Observations show that especially PMSE are much more frequent in the Arctic. This may be due to a difference in the water vapour content or the temperature at mesopause heights. Lack of data in the Antarctic makes it difficult to decide which of these two factors are the most important. More measurements, especially co-ordinated in situ and ground-based lidar and radar measurements, are needed to discuss the Arctic and Antarctic similarities and differences in further detail.     

有源可调微波吸收体分析与优化

为解决无源雷达吸波材料带宽有限的问题,基于传输线理论设计了一种有源可调微波吸收体.该吸收体是在Salisbury屏的拓扑结构基础上,用基于PIN二极管可控的有源频率选择表面(FSS)代替传统的电阻层.反射率测量结果表明,通过改变二极管的偏置电流可以动态调节吸收体的最佳吸波频率;当偏置电流在0~0.5mA之间变化时,吸收体的最佳吸波频率在7~12.5GHz频率范围内动态调整.基于遗传算法,优化设计了一种具有双极化吸波特性的十字型可调微波吸收体,仿真结果表明该吸收体在5.6~17.6GHz范围内实现了最佳吸波频率的可控迁移.      

Plasma and electromagnetic wave simulations of meteors

Every day billions of meteoroids impact and disintegrate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Current estimates for this global meteor flux vary from 2000 to 200,000 tons per year, and estimates for the average velocity range between 10 km/s and 70 km/s. The basic properties of this global meteor flux, such as the average mass, velocity, and chemical composition remain poorly constrained. We believe much of the mystery surrounding the basic parameters of the interplanetary meteor flux exists for the following reason, the unknown sampling characteristics of different radar meteor observation techniques, which are used to derive or constrain most models. We believe this arises due to poorly understood radio scattering characteristics of the meteor plasma, especially in light of recent work showing that plasma turbulence and instability greatly influences meteor trail properties at every stage of evolution. We present our results on meteor plasmas simulations of head echoes using particle in cell (PIC) ions, which show that electric fields strongly influence early stage meteor plasma evolution, by accelerating ions away from the meteoroid body. We also present the results of finite difference time domain electromagnetic simulations (FDTD), which can calculate the radar cross section of the simulated meteor plasmas. These simulations have shown that the radar cross section depends in a complex manner on a number of parameters. These include the angle between radar and meteor entry, a large dependence on radar frequency, which shows that for a given meteor plasma size and density, the reflectivity as a function of probing radar frequency varies, but typically peaks below 100 MHz.     

The DROPPS program to study the polar summer mesosphere

DROPPS (The Distribution and Role of Particles in the Polar Summer Mesosphere) was a highly coordinated international study conducted in July 1999. It involved two sequences of rockets launched from the Norwegian rocket range in Andøya, Norway. These studies were designed to investigate the properties of the polar summer mesosphere, particularly relating to polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) and their possible relationship to particles (aerosol and dust layers) and to noctilucent clouds (NLC). Each of the two sequences included a DROPPS NASA-Black Brant payload, consisting of an array of instruments to measure the electrodynamic and optical structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The instruments were provided by participants from several US and European laboratories. The DROPPS payloads were each accompanied by a sequence of several European payloads (MIDAS, Mini-MIDAS, and Mini-DUSTY) designed to study electrodynamic and neutral atmospheric structure of the same region, and by several meteorological rockets to provide wind and temperature data in the critical region of study. ALOMAR Lidars, and MF and MST Radars (all located adjacent to the Andøya launch site) were used to continuously monitor the mesosphere for NLCs and PMSEs, respectively. EISCAT VHF radar (Tromsø, Norway) provided similar information about PMSEs at 130 km NE from Andøya. Sequence 1 was launched during the night of 5–6 July into a strong PMSE display with a weak NLC at the base of the PMSE. Sequence 2 was launched on the early morning of 14 July into a strong NLC, but surprisingly with no PMSE evident. Here we describe the details of the program along with a few preliminary results.     

Bright band height assignment with precipitation radar data based on multi-resolution analysis (MRA) of wavelet analysis

A method for reconstruction of cross-section of rainfall situations with precipitation radar data based on wavelet analysis of multi-resolution analysis (MRA) which allows extract a peak of the radar reflectivity is proposed in order to detect bright band height. It is found that the bright band height can be estimated by using the MRA with the basis of Daubechies wavelet family. It is also found that the boundaries in rainfall structure can be clearly extracted with MRA.     

高精度多普勒频高图的获取和分析

电离层高频反射回波的多普勒频移是研究电离层扰动的一个重要参数。在数字测高仪探测中，高分辩率的多普勒频移一般在漂移测量中获得，但这种测量方式探测的频点少，不能获得扰动的高度剖面；而在频高图模式下，虽然工作的频点多，能够获得电子浓度的高度剖面的信息，但探测的多普勒频移的分辩率低，无法用来精确检测电离层扰动。实际的电离层高频回波一般为窄带信号，由此本文中提出了一种新的分析方法，利用DGS-256数字测高仪频高图模式下记录的16个多普勒通道的数据，通过反傅里叶变换还原成时域信号，采用最小二乘法估计相邻时间点的相位差，获得高精度多普勒频高图。作为实例，利用该方法分析武汉电离层观象台数字测高仪观测站的观测数据，得到了多频点的多普勒频移曲线。结果表明：在DGS-256数字测高仪频高图模式下能够得到高精度多普勒频高图，这在电离层扰动探测和研究中很在意义。