Review of cylinder block/valve plate interface in axial piston pumps: Theoretical models,experimental investigations,and optimal design

Axial piston pumps have been widely used in aircraft hydraulic systems to supply the system with pressurized fluid. The continuous improvement of the aircraft performance has put forward the demand on aviation piston pumps for high power density, safety, and reliability. The lubricating interfaces in axial piston machines are the key design issue that greatly determines the pump performance and service life. The cylinder block/valve plate interface is one of these critical lubricating interfaces and has received considerable attention from many researchers in the last half century. This study aims to review the state‐of‐the‐art literature on the cylinder block/valve plate interface comprehensively and systematically. First, we introduce various theoretical models developed to investigate the lubrication behaviors of the interface and compare them in terms of their assumptions and limitations. Second, the experimental studies on the cylinder block/valve plate interface are presented comprehensively, where the involved test rigs are divided into three types according to their fidelity levels and measurement functionality. Third, we summarize some typical approaches of structure optimization, surface shaping, and surface strengthening, which help improve the load-carrying and anti-wear capacities of the interface under severe operating conditions. Finally, the challenges and future trends of the cylinder block/valve plate interface research are discussed briefly.     

组喷孔喷嘴对双对置柴油机喷雾及燃烧的影响

针对双对置柴油机混合气形成困难的特点,采用CONVERGE CFD软件,建立双对置柴油机数值仿真模型。设计3种汇聚型组喷孔喷嘴的喷孔布置方案,研究在保持喷油压力不变的前提下,对3种方案下喷雾、混合气形成和燃烧过程进行分析。结果表明:与传统喷嘴相比,改进后的组喷孔喷嘴对喷雾贯穿距影响较小,有利于缸内湍流动能的提高,加快缸内混合气的形成速率。同时,组喷孔喷嘴使燃油分布更加均匀,分布区域也更广,有利于改善油气混合质量,提高双对置发动机气缸压力和燃烧效率,达到提升双对置发动机性能的效果。其中,第3种组喷孔布置方案下发动机指示功率可提高7.6%。      

Remaining useful life prediction based on the Wiener process for an aviation axial piston pump

An aviation hydraulic axial piston pump’s degradation from comprehensive wear is a typical gradual failure model. Accurate wear prediction is difficult as random and uncertain char-acteristics must be factored into the estimation. The internal wear status of the axial piston pump is characterized by the return oil flow based on fault mechanism analysis of the main frictional pairs in the pump. The performance degradation model is described by the Wiener process to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of the pump. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is performed by utilizing the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the initial parameters of the Wiener process while recursive estimation is conducted utilizing the Kalman filter method to estimate the drift coefficient of the Wiener process. The RUL of the pump is then calculated accord-ing to the performance degradation model based on the Wiener process. Experimental results indi-cate that the return oil flow is a suitable characteristic for reflecting the internal wear status of the axial piston pump, and thus the Wiener process-based method may effectively predicate the RUL of the pump.     

轴向柱塞泵滑靴副的热结构耦合特性

为了改善轴向柱塞泵滑靴副的耐磨损性能,建立了滑靴与斜盘摩擦副的瞬态热结构耦合模型,分析压力冲击条件下滑靴的表面温度、应力以及变形的变化规律.研究结果表明:某型轴向柱塞泵中滑靴温度随柱塞腔压力呈周期性变化,滑靴温度范围为45.5~49.8℃,且滑靴的最高温度出现在泵的吸排油过渡区.当滑靴处于泵的排油区时,滑靴的最大轴向应力为250MPa,集中在滑靴油腔与密封带之间的边缘区域.滑靴的轴向应力分层显著,引起滑靴的变形分化,其变形量为12.5~15μm,出现在滑靴的边缘.由于滑靴的输入热流密度增强磨粒的剪切力,加剧滑靴表面的微切削和挤压变形,导致滑靴表面出现条状剥落和凹坑磨损,呈现出黏着和磨粒磨损特征.      

An adaptive-order particle filter for remaining useful life prediction of aviation piston pumps

An accurate estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) not only contributes to an effective application of an aviation piston pump, but also meets the necessity of condition based maintenance (CBM). For the current RUL evaluation methods, a model-based method is inappropriate for the degradation process of an aviation piston pump due to difficulties of modeling, while a data-based method rarely presents high-accuracy prediction in a long period of time. In this work, an adaptive-order particle filter (AOPF) prognostic process is proposed aiming at improving long-term prediction accuracy of RUL by combining both kinds of methods. A dynamic model is initialized by a data-driven or empirical method. When a new observation comes, the prior state distribution is approximated by a current model. The order of the current model is updated adaptively by fusing the information of the observation. Monte Carlo simulation is employed for estimating the posterior probability density function of future states of the pump’s degradation. With updating the order number adaptively, the method presents a higher precision in contrast with those of traditional methods. In a case study, the proposed AOPF method is adopted to forecast the degradation status of an aviation piston pump with experimental return oil flow data, and the analytical results show the effectiveness of the proposed AOPF method.     

航空燃油柱塞泵滑靴油膜的多目标优化设计

以锥形转子球面斜盘轴向燃油柱塞泵为研究对象,在分析滑靴油膜设计中的摩擦功率损失、泄漏功率损失、容积效率随滑靴的机械结构参数变化的基础上,基于遗传算法对上述多变量、多目标优化问题进行计算.权重系数法优化结果表明:优化后燃油柱塞泵设计点的摩擦功率损失和泄漏功率损失减少了7%左右,容积效率略微提升,并且优化得到的机械结构参数在不同转子转角和柱塞倾角的情况下也显示出性能上的优势,从而证明了多目标遗传算法对设计航空燃油柱塞泵油膜静压润滑是一种有效的方法.     

Effects of splined shaft bending rigidity on cylinder tilt behaviour for high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pumps

High-speed axial piston pumps are hydraulic power supplies for electro-hydrostatic actuators(EHAs). The efficiency of a pump directly affects the operating performance of an EHA, and an understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the cylinder/valve plate interface is essential to investigate energy dissipation. The effects of the splined shaft bending rigidity on the cylinder tilt behaviour in an EHA pump need to be considered, because the deflection and radial expansion of a steel shaft rotating at a high speed cannot be ignored. This paper proposes a new mathematical model to predict the cylinder tilt behaviour by establishing a quantitative relationship between the splined shaft deflection, the cylinder tilt angle, and the tilt azimuth angle. The moments exerted by the splined shaft are included in the equilibrium equation of the cylinder. The effects of solid and hollow splined shafts equipped in an EHA pump prototype are compared at variable speeds of 5000–10,000 r/min. With a weight saving of 29.7%, the hollow shaft is experimentally found to have almost no influence on the volumetric efficiency, but to reduce the mechanical efficiency by 0.6–2.4%. The results agree with the trivial differences of the simulated central gap heights of the interface between the two shafts and the enlargement of the simulated tilt angles by the hollow shaft. The findings could guide designs of the cylinder/valve plate interface and the splined shaft to improve both the efficiency and power density of an EHA pump.     

Analysis of the cylinder block tilting inertia moment and its effect on the performance of high-speed electro-hydrostatic actuator pumps of aircraft

Electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) pumps are usually characterized as high speed and small displacement. The tilting inertia moment on the cylinder block produced by the inertia forces of piston/slipper assemblies cannot be ignored when analyzing the cylinder block balance. A large tilting inertia moment will make the cylinder block tilt away from the valve plate, resulting in severe wear and significantly increased leakage. This paper presents an analytical expression for the tilting inertia moment on the cylinder block by means of vector analysis. In addition, a high-speed test rig was built up, and experiments on an EHA pump prototype were carried out at high speeds of up to 10,000 r/min. The predicted nature of the cylinder block tilt at high speeds corresponds closely to the witness marks on the dismantled EHA pump prototype. It is suggested that more attention should be given to the tilting inertia moment acting on the cylinder block of an EHA pump since both wear and leakage flow between the cylinder block and the valve plate are very much dependent on this tilting moment.     

可控肥皂膜气柱界面与激波相互作用的实验研究

基于肥皂膜技术提出了一种生成气柱界面的简单方法。形成的界面不需要支撑网格,因此初始条件可以很好地控制。在水平激波管中结合高速纹影开展了平面激波与二维或三维气柱界面作用的实验。纹影照片显示实验结果杂波更少,演变中的界面也比文献的结果更对称。此外,还特别研究了由极小曲面特征导致的三维效应,发现三维效应使界面的演变和发展变慢了。本研究将有助于更多了解三维性对Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性发展的影响。     

轴向柱塞泵多学科融合建模与集成优化

为了实现机液耦合条件下轴向柱塞泵的精确建模和优化设计,提出了轴向柱塞泵多学科融合建模与集成优化方法。以国产I3V2-10S型轴向柱塞泵为对象,分别建立了ADAMS机械系统模型和AMESIM液压系统模型,通过ADAMS和AMESIM之间的接口模块设计实现了柱塞泵机液耦合建模和联合仿真,并利用iSIGHT软件集成了该机液耦合模型,以该柱塞泵出口体积流量脉动率最小为目标,对配流副中吸排油节流口最大开口等效直径、吸排油闭死角、柱塞包角、吸排油预开口量等参数进行了优化设计。结果表明:在负载工况分别为10、14、18、22、26、30MPa时,优化后的泵出口流量脉动率比优化前分别降低了14.59%、18.57%、21.50%、23.44%、24.03%、25.49%,最后通过实验验证了仿真和集成优化数据的正确性。      

某航空活塞发动机机械增压器旁通阀门开启特性分析

机械增压器现已在汽车发动机上得到了广泛应用,但其在航空活塞发动机上的应用和研究较少.分析机械增压器的工作过程,在簧片阀模型的基础上,考虑旁通阀门启闭压力与涡轮增压器压比之间的线性关系并对其建模;搭建某型航空活塞发动机GT-POWER数值仿真模型并进行实验验证,在整机模型的基础上,研究不同转速下通过旁通阀门的质量流率以及不同高度下旁通阀门的通流面积.结果表明:巡航工况下,海拔2680 m时阀门关闭;起飞工况下,海拔3000 m阀门关闭,该结果可为发动机实际高空飞行提供理论支持.     

航空活塞发动机串联二级增压压比分配研究

针对某款航空活塞发动机建立仿真建模,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性和适用性;根据匹配要求,进行了增压器选型分析。考虑不同飞行高度中冷器效率和各部分流动阻力变化的前提下,以增压压气机耗功最小为优化目标研究了在全飞行高度运行工况下不同压比分配对发动机增压性能的影响,探究了最适压比分配规律,以此为依据总结出一套基于实验制定二级增压压比分配方案的方法,使二级增压器能全工况运行在高效率区且保持7%以上安全裕度,为基于安全性的二级涡轮增压航空活塞发动机的研制奠定了基础。      

小型航空活塞发动机喷油异常的故障诊断

针对小型航空活塞发动机出现的喷油异常故障,基于发动机的缸内压力和缸盖振动信号,采用一种变分模态分解和布谷鸟搜索优化支持向量机相结合的故障诊断方法对发动机喷油异常故障进行诊断。该方法使用变分模态分解对发动机的缸内压力信号和缸盖振动信号进行处理得到本征模态函数,对本征模态函数进行奇异值分解和能量特征提取,将缸内压力和缸盖振动的数据集输入布谷鸟搜索算法优化的支持向量机模型中进行训练和测试。结果表明:该方法较好地识别出发动机喷油异常的故障,其中缸内压力和缸盖振动信号的故障识别分类准确率分别为95.32%和92.47%,验证了该方法的有效性。      

高空环境下喷嘴参数对航空活塞发动机燃烧与性能的影响

以一台四缸四冲程压燃式航空煤油活塞发动机为研究机型,运用工程系统高级建模和仿真平台软件(AMESim)仿真软件建立了发动机的整机模型,并使用台架实验的采集数据对该仿真模型进行了验证。在高空环境中,仿真分析了飞行器起飞工况、最大巡航工况下发动机喷油器的不同喷孔数、孔径对发动机燃烧过程、性能和NOx排放特性的影响。计算结果表明:稳态工况下,随着喷孔数的增加,最高燃烧压力和温度增加,瞬时放热率增长速度快且峰值上升;同时,缸内预混燃烧得到强化,燃烧始点提前,滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧重心前移,循环热效率增高,但同时会提高NOx的生成量;在飞行器瞬态变海拔的起飞工况下,多喷孔数、小孔径的喷油嘴有利于航空活塞发动机在高空环境下恢复发动机功率,提升飞行器的动力性和续航性能。      

干活塞气体流量校准装置数值模拟

为研究干活塞气体流量校准装置内气体泄漏问题,利用FLUENT软件对干活塞气体流量校准装置的运行情况进行数值模拟,包括Ф15 mm、Ф30 mm和Ф50 mm三种模型,对各工况下活塞与缸体之间气体泄漏量进行估算。研究表明,合理控制活塞与缸体之间的间隙（〈10μm）,可保证该类气体校准装置具有良好的计量性能。     

Effect of cooling strategies on performance and mechanism of helical milling of CFRP/Ti-6Al-4V stacks

Hole-making for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics(CFRP)/Ti-6Al-4V stacks is crucial for the assembling strength of aircraft structure parts. This work carried out experimental work for helical milling(HM) of the stacks with sustainable cooling/lubrication(dry, MQL and cryogenic)conditions. Cutting forces and temperatures at the CFRP layer, Ti-6Al-4V layer and the interface of stacks were obtained by a developed measuring system. The temperatures in CFRP machining at cryogenic condition varied fro...     

浸入边界法模拟小圆柱对主圆柱涡脱落的抑制

使用浸入边界法研究了小圆柱对主圆柱涡脱落的抑制.方法中使用非贴体笛儿尔网格,易于处理包含复杂边界的流动问题.采用离散附加力直接加入边界条件方法对虚单元进行重构,使边界条件在浸入边界上精确满足.使用隐式分步法解二维非定常不可压Navier-Stokes方程,通过速度和压力解耦提高计算效率.数值模拟单圆柱绕流及不同位置小圆柱和主圆柱的流动干扰,通过分析流场涡结构和升、阻力系数,得到小圆柱对主圆柱涡脱落的延迟和抑制作用.计算结果与已有实验结论和数值结果对比,计算误差不超过5%,说明浸入边界法可以简单有效地处理圆柱涡脱落抑制这类流动干扰问题.     

DLC 和CrN 薄膜在油润滑下的摩擦性能

采用闭合场非平衡直流磁控溅射技术和阴极电弧离子镀技术在轴承钢表面分别制备了DLC 和

CrN 薄膜,在全配方发动机油(CF-4,15W/40)润滑条件下,选择DLC/ 钢、CrN/ 钢摩擦配副,用SRV-IV 摩擦实

验机考察了25℃和100℃时DLC 与CrN 薄膜在不同载荷下的摩擦因数和磨损率,并对摩擦界面进行分析。结

果表明:DLC 和CrN 薄膜在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数都随着载荷的增加而降低;DLC 和CF-4 构成的固液复合

润滑体系具有更加优异的摩擦学性能;活性较高的CrN 薄膜与发动机油中的添加剂相互作用,在摩擦界面上

发生摩擦化学反应形成摩擦化学反应膜,并且薄膜表面形成的氧化层有利于提高薄膜在高温时的耐磨性。

     

柱塞倾角对航空柱塞泵性能的影响分析

通过对柱塞泵中柱塞的运动方程和柱塞泵的瞬时供油量方程进行分析,利用AMEsim工程仿真软件,建立了某型航空发动机柱塞泵的仿真模型,通过仿真分析了柱塞倾角对柱塞行程、柱塞泵的流量脉动和压力脉动的影响,仿真结果表明柱塞倾角是影响泵流量脉动的重要因素,适当增大柱塞倾角,可以增大柱塞的行程,增加泵的供油量,还能够改善柱塞泵流量的脉动。     

无人机活塞式发动机进排气系统优化

针对一款无人机(UAV)用活塞发动机在飞行转速为6500r/min时扭矩较低以及燃油消耗率较高的问题,提出了一种基于自适应遗传算法（GA）的发动机进排气系统优化方法,进行进排气系统改进设计。使用GT-Power软件搭建了该发动机一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验数据验证模型;基于该模型进行了进排气系统结构参数对扭矩和燃油消耗率的敏感性分析,将进气管长度、直径、空滤器后腔容积和排气管长度作为优化变量,使用Matlab进行自适应遗传算法优化,使用Simulink/GT-Power接口实现数据采集和优化结果反馈。通过台架试验验证了优化结果的准确性。结果表明:在飞行转速为6500r/min时,经过优化后的发动机扭矩和燃油消耗率都得到明显改善,扭矩最大可以提高5.51%,燃油消耗率最大降低6.31%。