载人火星探测飞行方案

对世界各国载人火星探测的研究情况进行了简要综述,研究了国内外有关载人火星探测飞行方案,提出了载人火星探测方案确定的原则和方案基本思想.给出了一种载人火星探测飞行方案的总体设计,包括飞行轨道方案和载人火星飞船方案等.尤其对轨道设计的重要的两个参数——速度增量和飞行时间进行了详细计算.最后给出了飞行轨道选择、火星飞船从地球到火星和从火星返回地球等的轨道方案和火星飞船各组成部分方案的详细设计结果.     

火星探测巡航段天文自主导航方法研究

对于火星探测巡航段的自主导航问题,提出了一种基于太阳及行星观测的自主导航方法。在巡航段初期及后期,根据探测器在太阳系中的位置关系,分别选择太阳、地球及太阳、火星作为观测目标,采用星载太阳敏感器和光学相机测量导航天体实现矢量,建立观测方程。利用非线性扩展卡尔曼滤波,分别建立两种观测方案对应的导航算法。仿真结果表明巡航段导航定位精度优于100 km,定速精度1 m/s。该方法实现简单,系统资源要求不高,对未来火星探测具有一定的工程参考价值。     

Automated design architectures for co-orbiting spacecraft swarms for planetary moon mapping

This work describes the design and optimization of spacecraft swarm missions to meet spatial and temporal visual mapping requirements of missions to planetary moons, using resonant co-orbits. The algorithms described here are a part of Integrated Design Engineering and Automation of Swarms (IDEAS), a spacecraft swarm mission design software that automates the design trajectories, swarm, and spacecraft behaviors in the mission. In the current work, we focus on the swarm design and optimization features of IDEAS, while showing the interaction between the different design modules. In the design segment, we consider the coverage requirements of two general planetary moon mapping missions: global surface mapping and region of interest observation. The configuration of the swarm co-orbits for the two missions is described, where the participating spacecraft have resonant encounters with the moon on their orbital apoapsis. We relate the swarm design to trajectory design through the orbit insertion maneuver performed on the interplanetary trajectory using aero-braking. We then present algorithms to model visual coverage, and collision avoidance in the swarm. To demonstrate the interaction between different design modules, we relate the trajectory and swarm to spacecraft design through fuel mass, and mission cost estimations using preliminary models. In the optimization segment, we formulate the trajectory and swarm design optimizations for the two missions as Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problems. In the current work, we use Genetic Algorithm as the primary optimization solver. However, we also use the Particle Swarm Optimizer to compare the optimizer performance. Finally, the algorithms described here are demonstrated through numerical case studies, where the two visual mapping missions are designed to explore the Martian moon Deimos.     

火星探测器自主导航方法综述

火星是人类深空探测的重要目标之一,火星探测器的自主导航是探测任务的重要支撑技术。针对火星探测器自主导航方法的国内外研究现状进行综述与总结,讨论和分析了火星探测器自主导航可行的导航信标和测量手段,对自主导航算法需要研究的关键技术进行了梳理和探讨,提出了火星探测器在巡航段、捕获段和环绕段等不同阶段场景下的测量手段、自主导航方法的建议和设想。     

miniSAR卫星精密参考轨道设计

为满足轻小型合成孔径雷达(miniSAR)卫星干涉测量任务对空间基线的要求,通过分析卫星参考轨道特性,建立了一套精密参考轨道设计算法。所建算法以miniSAR卫星成功入轨后的一组定轨数据及根据参考轨道特性解析得到的参考轨道预估值为输入,基于仅考虑中心天体非球形高阶引力摄动的轨道外推模型、Eckstein-Hechler平根模型及嵌套式迭代修正方法,设计输出其任务周期内使用的参考轨道。数值实验表明:所建算法设计的参考轨道生成的参考轨迹在三维空间的回归精度优于0.01 m,满足实际工程应用需求。      

无人火星取样返回任务关键环节分析

无人火星取样返回探测在科学成果获取和工程能力提升方面均具有重要意义,与国外已经多次实现的火星着陆巡视任务相比,其任务周期更长,技术风险更高。取样返回飞行方式决定了任务的系统顶层设计。通过对国外研究成果的对比论证,认为应当在火星轨道附近完成交会捕获与样品转移任务,因此需要采用2个不同功能探测器:一个完成火星捕获、样品转移收纳与火地返回;另一个完成火星大气进入、表面上升与样品投送。在此基础上对大气进入、起飞上升、火星轨道交会捕获、样品转移、地球再入等关键环节进行任务分析,论证主要技术难点和初步的可实现途径。     

嫦娥一号卫星地月转移轨道中途修正分析

 中国第一颗月球探测卫星“嫦娥一号”于2007年10月24日成功发射并于11月7日顺利进入了距月面200km的科学探测的使命轨道,原计划在整个飞行过程中比较关键的轨道段是地月转移轨道段。要进行2至3次中途轨道修正,而实际的飞行结果只在第41h作了一次很小的修正,所用的速度增量是4.8m/s。基于有关的实测数据对此进行详细的分析,以期获得一些规律性的认识。     

Phobos-Grunt: Russian sample return mission

As an important milestone in the exploration of Mars and small bodies, a new generation space vehicle “Phobos-Grunt” is planned to be launched by the Russian Aviation and Space Agency. The project is optimized around a Phobos sample return mission and follow up missions targeted to study some main asteroid belt bodies, NEOs and short period comets. The principal constraint is use of the “Soyuz-Fregat” rather than the “Proton” launcher to accomplish these challenging goals. The vehicle design incorporates innovative SEP technology involving electrojet engines that allowed us to increase significantly the mission's energetic capabilities, as well as highly autonomous on-board systems. Basic criteria underlining the “Phobos-Grunt” mission scenario, scientific objectives and rationale including Mars observations during the vehicle's insertion into Mars orbit and Phobos approach maneuvers, are discussed and an opportunity for international cooperation is suggested.     

Radiation analysis for manned missions to the Jupiter system.

An analysis for manned missions targeted to the Jovian system has been performed in the framework of the NASA RASC (Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts) program on Human Exploration beyond Mars. The missions were targeted to the Jupiter satellite Callisto. The mission analysis has been divided into three main phases, namely the interplanetary cruise, the Jupiter orbital insertion, and the surface landing and exploration phases. The interplanetary phase is based on departure from the Earth-Moon L1 point. Interplanetary trajectories based on the use of different propulsion systems have been considered, with resulting overall cruise phase duration varying between two and five years. The Jupiter-approach and the orbital insertion trajectories are considered in detail, with the spacecraft crossing the Jupiter radiation belts and staying around the landing target. In the surface exploration phase the stay on the Callisto surface is considered. The satellite surface composition has been modeled based on the most recent results from the GALILEO spacecraft. In the transport computations the surface backscattering has been duly taken into account. Particle transport has been performed with the HZETRN heavy ion code for hadrons and with an in-house developed transport code for electrons and bremsstrahlung photons. The obtained doses have been compared to dose exposure limits.     

长征运载火箭发射地火直接转移轨道研究

针对发射场射向范围和低温入轨级在停泊轨道上最长允许滑行时间严格受限下，工程设计火星探测任务发射轨道时，优化保障2~3周发射日期窗口的困难，以及精确设计拼接探测器分离点时刻轨道6根数耗时周期长等问题，提出了加入滑行时间限制再精确双向微分修正的设计算法（有别于传统B平面矢量法）。由地球影响球边界速度直接解出长征运载火箭入轨点轨道根数，将火箭飞行星下点弧段表示成滑行时间的分析式，快速找到满足诸多设计约束的初始发射轨道；并解决了考虑探测器小幅深空机动后火箭发射轨道的深入优化问题。精确力学模型下数值微分改进后，获得高精度计算结果，同等可比条件下运算精度不低于STK软件。实现了从地面起飞到抵达近火点的飞行轨道整体优化，确保了首次探火工程的顺利实施。      

Design and analysis of an extended mission of CE-2: From lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region

Chang’E-2 (CE-2) has firstly successfully achieved the exploring mission from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region. In this paper, we discuss the design problem of transfer trajectory and at the same time analyze the visible segment of Tracking, Telemetry & Control (TT&C) system for this mission. Firstly, the four-body problem of Sun–Earth–Moon and Spacecraft can be decoupled in two different three-body problems (Sun–Earth + Moon Restricted Three-Body Problems (RTBPs) and Earth–Moon ephemeris model). Then, the transfer trajectory segments in different model are computed, respectively, and patched by Poincaré sections. The full-flight trajectory including transfer trajectory from lunar orbit to Sun–Earth L2 region and target Lissajous orbit is obtained by the differential correction method. Finally, the visibility of TT&C system at the key time is analyzed. Actual execution of CE-2 extended mission shows that the trajectory design of CE-2 mission is feasible.     

月面上升的轨迹优化与参数分析

面向月球采样返回任务分析需求,对月面上升段的轨迹优化及燃料消耗影响因素进行了研究。基于上升器运动模型,建立以燃料消耗最优为目标考虑入轨约束的轨迹优化模型,通过Gauss伪谱法和序列二次规划求解上升过程最优推力方向。改变运动模型中的初始推重比、入轨约束中的目标轨道参数,根据轨迹优化结果得到对应的燃料消耗,分析了这些因素对上升器燃料消耗的影响。针对上升器非共面起飞的问题,提出了上升偏航、升交点调整、倾角调整3种方案,从燃料消耗的角度分析了各方案的适用情况,为未来工程应用提供参考。     

“火星科学实验室”巡航段导航、制导与控制

介绍了美国最近实施的火星着陆任务——"火星科学实验室"在巡航段的姿轨控制和导航系统、巡航轨道控制的约束条件、控制策略设计和执行过程,并对巡航段导航、制导与控制相关经验进行了分析和总结,对于我国即将展开的自主火星探测具有一定的参考价值。可以得到的启示包括:通过蒙特卡洛仿真制定详尽的轨道控制策略,对非引力作用进行精确建模并标定,细化各种故障预案,选择合适的运载火箭入轨瞄准点,并增加海外测控站。     

一种适用于火星气动捕获的自适应预测制导算法

火星探测捕获制动需要的速度增量大,制动消耗燃料多,因此针对火星大气密度低、大气不确定性强等问题,提出一种基于解析及自适应预测校正结合的分段式气动捕获制导算法,实现无人钝头体飞行器由双曲线接近段轨道到目标停泊椭圆轨道的轨道转移.考虑到多约束条件,将制导算法分为高度数值预测校正 高度保持 入轨控制3个阶段,其中第三阶段使用基于一阶特征模型的全系自适应预测校正算法.该方法利用施加控制量的时间与最终半长轴改变量的关系形成动态输入变换,以抵消该系统一阶特征模型输入输出间巨大的动态增益.仿真结果表明,该算法即可满足一定的多约束条件,同时能够克服较强的初始条件不确定性和环境不确定性,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

月球极轨探测器轨道方案设计

首先介绍了一种当前技术较为先进的奔月转移轨道方案－定相环形轨移轨道，指出了其优缺点及可行的轨道修正方案，然后确定了对月观测型探测器轨道设计原则，并采用定相环形奔月转移轨道，从总体方案的角度给出了一个月球探测器轨道设计方案，提出了具体的设计与分析方法，最后以某月球探测器为例进行了计算，给出了设计结果。     

Accurate approximation of in-ecliptic trajectories for E-sail with constant pitch angle

Propellantless continuous-thrust propulsion systems, such as electric solar wind sails, may be successfully used for new space missions, especially those requiring high-energy orbit transfers. When the mass-to-thrust ratio is sufficiently large, the spacecraft trajectory is characterized by long flight times with a number of revolutions around the Sun. The corresponding mission analysis, especially when addressed within an optimal context, requires a significant amount of simulation effort. Analytical trajectories are therefore useful aids in a preliminary phase of mission design, even though exact solution are very difficult to obtain. The aim of this paper is to present an accurate, analytical, approximation of the spacecraft trajectory generated by an electric solar wind sail with a constant pitch angle, using the latest mathematical model of the thrust vector. Assuming a heliocentric circular parking orbit and a two-dimensional scenario, the simulation results show that the proposed equations are able to accurately describe the actual spacecraft trajectory for a long time interval when the propulsive acceleration magnitude is sufficiently small.     

Problems and conception of ensuring radiation safety during Mars missions.

The Mars mission differs from near-Earth manned space flights by radiation environment and duration. The importance of effective using the weight of the spacecraft increases greatly because all the necessary things for the mission must be included in its starting weight. For this reason the development of optimal systems of radiation safety ensuring (RSES) acquires especial importance. It is the result of sharp change of radiation environment in the interplanetary space as compared to the one in the near-Earth orbits and significant increase of the interplanetary flight duration. The demand of a harder limitation of unfavorable factors effects should lead to radiation safety (RS) standards hardening. The main principles of ensuring the RS of the Mars mission (optimizing, radiation risk, ALARA) and the conception of RSES, developed on the basis of the described approach and the experience obtained during orbital flights are presented in the report. The problems that can impede the ensuring of the crew members' RS are also given here.     

航天器交会飞行设计方法研究

针对半自主飞行追踪星,阐述航天器交会总体设计方法。根据对接点的地理位置范围、共面轨道倾角以及目标星轨道周期与追踪星入轨点地理位置,确定交会飞行时间和两星初始相位差范围。考虑最小轨道机动动力要求与飞行轨迹安全性等因素,并兼顾地面测控条件,设计追踪星远程导引段与相对导航段的轨道机动与飞行轨迹,特别是选择与比较不同的初始轨道、调相轨道与漂移轨道以及保持点停泊时间与最终逼近段飞行时间等交会飞行要素,调整飞行时间、相位差与对接点位置,确定最佳交会飞行方案,完成空间交会任务。     

对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器的长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制

研究了绕飞卫星对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器进行长时间绕飞观测的轨道设计与控制问题。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在椭圆轨道上的长期绕飞轨迹设计模型;得到了绕飞轨迹以目标航天器为中心且保持封闭的条件。然后,考虑绕飞轨迹安全性和完成任务的相对距离需求,针对具体目标设计了长期绕飞观测轨道。绕飞过程中存在的摄动和误差影响会使绕飞轨迹不能保持封闭,不满足任务需求,为此采用双脉冲方法对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真结果表明,对运行在异面椭圆轨道上的目标航天器,所建立的绕飞轨迹设计模型和轨迹控制方法可以用于长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制中。     

火星信道衰落特性对通信链路预算的影响

对火星星体段的信道衰落特性进行研究.通过对近火段自然环境因素的分析,提取影响火星通信性能的因素,重点分析火星的大气、云雾、沙尘对通信信道的衰落作用机理;并以NASA实际火星探测任务为例,针对以上衰落因素对UHF,S,X和Ka频段下的通信链路影响情况进行仿真;结合实际探测数据对地球通信链路预算模型进行修正,提出一种适用于火星通信链路预算的模型;明确火星大气衰落、云雾衰落、沙尘衰落的取值范围.研究结果可作为火星及其他深空探测任务的通信系统设计与链路复核复算的参考.