共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,23(11):1875-1878
The soil on Mars is known to contain a ferrimagnetic mineral, the unequivocal identification of which mineral will contribute to understanding the origin of the Martian soil. Mössbauer spectroscopy of magnetically separated dust can give essential information on the iron mineralogy and magnetic properties of the dust. The Mars Surveyor missions in 2001 and 2003 will carry a Mössbauer spectrometer and several permanent magnets, which together should be able to achieve these goals. 相似文献
2.
A E Drysdale S Maxwell 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2003,31(7):1791-1797
Waste technologies for Mars missions have been analyzed, considering equivalent system mass and interface loads. Storage or dumping seems most appropriate for early missions with low food closure. Composting or other treatment of inedible biomass in a bioreactor seems most attractive for moderate food closure (50-75%). Some form of physicochemical oxidation of the composted residue might be needed for increased food closure, but oxidation of all waste does not seem appropriate due to excess of production of carbon dioxide over demand. More comprehensive analysis considering interfaces with other mission systems is needed. In particular, in-situ resource utilization is not considered, and might provide resources more cheaply than waste processing. 相似文献
3.
A E Drysdale M K Ewert A J Hanford 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2003,31(1):51-61
Life support approaches for Mars missions are evaluated using an equivalent system mass (ESM) approach, in which all significant costs are converted into mass units. The best approach, as defined by the lowest mission ESM, depends on several mission parameters, notably duration, environment and consequent infrastructure costs, and crew size, as well as the characteristics of the technologies which are available. Generally, for the missions under consideration, physicochemical regeneration is most cost effective. However, bioregeneration is likely to be of use for producing salad crops for any mission, for producing staple crops for medium duration missions, and for most food, air and water regeneration for long missions (durations of a decade). Potential applications of in situ resource utilization need to be considered further. 相似文献
4.
V V Benghin V M Petrov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2003,31(1):35-38
In this paper a radiation monitoring system for manned Mars missions is described, based on the most recent requirements on crew radiation safety. A comparison is shown between the radiation monitoring systems for Earth-orbiting and interplanetary spacecraft, with similarities and differences pointed out and discussed. An operational and technological sketch of the chosen problem solving approach is also given. 相似文献
5.
P M Sterns L I Tennen 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(3):281-284
The planning and execution of manned and robotic missions to Mars present a wide range of jurisprudential issues. Provisions to prevent the disruption of natural celestial environments, as well as damage to the environment of Earth by the return of extraterrestrial materials, are important components of the law applicable to mankind's activities in outer space, and have been supplemented by scientifically instituted planetary protection policies. However, divergent legal regimes may exist, as the space treaties in force are neither uniform in their provisions, nor identical as to the states which have signed, ratified, or adopted the international agreements. The legal requirements applicable to a specific mission will vary depending on the entities conducting the program and specific mission profile. This article analyzes the divergent international legal regimes together with the factors which will influence the determination of the standards of conduct which will govern manned and robotic missions to Mars. 相似文献
6.
E Chassefière J-L Bertaux J-J Berthelier M Cabane V Ciarletti G Durry F Forget M Hamelin F Leblanc M Menvielle M Gerasimov O Korablev S Linkin G Managadze A Jambon G Manhès Ph Lognonné P Agrinier P Cartigny D Giardini T Pike W Kofman A Herique P Coll A Person F Costard Ph Sarda Ph Paillou M Chaussidon B Marty F Robert S Maurice M Blanc C d'Uston J-Ch Sabroux J-F Pineau P Rochette 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(8):1702-1709
In view to prepare Mars human exploration, it is necessary to promote and lead, at the international level, a highly interdisciplinary program, involving specialists of geochemistry, geophysics, atmospheric science, space weather, and biology. The goal of this program will be to elaborate concepts of individual instruments, then of integrated instrumental packages, able to collect exhaustive data sets of environmental parameters from future landers and rovers of Mars, and to favour the conditions of their implementation. Such a program is one of the most urgent need for preparing human exploration, in order to develop mitigation strategies aimed at ensuring the safety of human explorers, and minimizing risk for surface operations. A few main areas of investigation may be listed: particle and radiation environment, chemical composition of atmosphere, meteorology, chemical composition of dust, surface and subsurface material, water in the subsurface, physical properties of the soil, search for an hypothesized microbial activity, characterization of radio-electric properties of the Martian ionosphere. Scientists at the origin of the present paper, already involved at a high degree of responsibility in several Mars missions, and actively preparing in situ instrumentation for future landed platforms (Netlander--now cancelled, MSL-09), express their readiness to participate in both ESA/AURORA and NASA programs of Mars human exploration. They think that the formation of a Mars Environment working group at ESA, in the course of the AURORA definition phase, could act positively in favour of the program, by increasing its scientific cross-section and making it still more focused on human exploration. 相似文献
7.
C Lindberg G Horneck 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(3):277-280
The ESA MarsNet mission proposal consists most probably of a trio of Mars landers. These landers each contain a variety of scientific equipment. The network of stations demands for a definition of its planetary protection requirements. With respect to the MarsNet mission only forward contamination problems will be considered. Future involvement of European efforts in planetary exploration including sample returns will also raise the problem of back contamination. A tradeoff study for the overall scientific benefit with respect to the approximative cost is necessary. Planetary protection guide-lines will be proposed by an interdisciplinary and international board of experts working in the fields of both biology and planetary science. These guide-lines will have to be flexible in order to be modified with respect to new research results, e.g. on adaptation of microorganisms to extreme (space) conditions. Experiments on the survival of microorganisms at conditions of simulated Mars surface and subsurface will have to be conducted in order to obtain a baseline data collection as a reference standard for future guide-lines. 相似文献
8.
Rocco L Mancinelli 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(12):241-248
Nitrogen is an essential element for life. Specifically, “fixed nitrogen” (i.e., NH3, NH4+, NOx, or N that is chemically bound to either inorganic or organic molecules and is releasable by hydrolysis to NH3 or NH4+) is the form of nitrogen useful to living organisms. To date no direct analysis of Martian soil nitrogen content, or content of fixed nitrogen compounds has been done. Consequently, the planet's total inventory of nitrogen is unknown. What is known is that the N2 content of the present-day Martian atmosphere is 0.2 mbar. It has been hypothesized that early in Mars' history (3 to 4 billion years ago) the Martian atmosphere contained much more N2 than it does today. The values of N2 proposed for this early Martian atmosphere, however, are not well constrained and range from 3 to 300 mbar of N2. If the early atmosphere of Mars did contain much more N2 than it does today the question to be answered is, Where did it go? The two main processes that could have removed it rapidly from the atmosphere include: 1) nonthermal escape of N-atoms to space; and 2) burial within the regolith as nitrates and nitrites. Nitrate will be stable in the highly oxidized surface soil of Mars, and will tend to accumulate in the soil. Such accumulations are observed in certain desert environments on Earth. Some NH4+---N may also be fixed and stabilized in the soil by inclusion as a structural cation in the crystal lattices of certain phyllosilicates replacing K. Analysis of the Martian soil for traces of NO3− and NH4+ during future missions will supply important information regarding the nitrogen abundance on Mars, its past climate as well as its potential for the evolution of life. 相似文献
9.
A consensus approach to planetary protection requirements: recommendations for Mars lander missions.
J D Rummel M A Meyer 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(1-2):317-321
Over the last several years, the nature of the surface conditions on the planet Mars, our knowledge of the growth capabilities of Earth organisms under extreme conditions, and future opportunities for Mars exploration have been under extensive review in the United States and elsewhere. As part of these examinations, in 1992 the US Space Studies Board made a series of recommendations to NASA on the requirements that should be implemented on future missions that will explore Mars. In particular, significant changes were recommended in the requirements for Mars landers, changes that significantly alleviated the burden of planetary protection implementation for these missions. In this paper we propose a resolution implementing this new set of recommendations, for adoption by COSPAR at its 30th meeting in Hamburg. We also discuss future directions and study areas for planetary protection, in light of changing plans for Mars exploration. 相似文献
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11.
V M Petrov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(6):1451-1454
The Mars mission differs from near-Earth manned space flights by radiation environment and duration. The importance of effective using the weight of the spacecraft increases greatly because all the necessary things for the mission must be included in its starting weight. For this reason the development of optimal systems of radiation safety ensuring (RSES) acquires especial importance. It is the result of sharp change of radiation environment in the interplanetary space as compared to the one in the near-Earth orbits and significant increase of the interplanetary flight duration. The demand of a harder limitation of unfavorable factors effects should lead to radiation safety (RS) standards hardening. The main principles of ensuring the RS of the Mars mission (optimizing, radiation risk, ALARA) and the conception of RSES, developed on the basis of the described approach and the experience obtained during orbital flights are presented in the report. The problems that can impede the ensuring of the crew members' RS are also given here. 相似文献
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13.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1987,7(5):95-98
While the Viking mission yielded a wealth of scientific information about Mars, many intriguing new questions were raised about its chemical and physical environment. For many reasons, Mars thus continues to be an object of intense scientific interest. In addition, many scenarios for the further exploration of that planet have been advanced in recent years, and there is also keen public interest in future Mars missions. In looking ahead, one important aspect in planning a strategy for the exploration of Mars is whether or not to assume that Mars is a dead planet and also whether it is capable of supporting the growth of terrestrial organisms. Three very different mission strategies are presented here, depending upon how these assumptions are made. 相似文献
14.
E. I. Friedmann 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1986,6(12):265-268
The cryptoendolithic microorganisms that live inside rocks in the frigid Ross Desert of Antarctica can serve as a terrestrial model for what may have happened to life forms on Mars when the planet became dry and cold. Trace fossils of microbial rock colonization exist in Antarctica, and similar structures could ave formed on Mars. In some respects, such trace fossils could be an easier target for life-detection systems than fossils of cellular structures. 相似文献
15.
D E Schwartz R L Mancinelli 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(6):155-158
Geologic and climatologic studies suggest that conditions on early Mars were similar to early Earth. Because life on Earth is believed to have originated during this early period (3.5 billion years ago), the Martian environment could have also been conducive to the origin of life. To investigate this possibility we must first define the attributes of an early Martian biota. Then, specific geographic locations on Mars must be chosen where life may have occurred (i.e. areas which had long standing water), and within these distinct locations search for key signatures or bio-markers of a possible extinct Martian biota. Some of the key signatures or bio-markers indicative of past biological activity on Earth may be applicable to Mars including: reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds, CO3(2-), SO4(2-), NO3-, NO2- [correction of NO2(2)], Mg, Mn, Fe, and certain other metals, and the isotopic ratios of C, N and S. However, we must also be able to distinguish abiotic from biologic origins for these bio-markers. For example, abiotically fixed N2 would form deposits of NO3- and NO2-, whereas biological processes would have reduced these to ammonium containing compounds, N2O, or N2, which would then be released to the atmosphere. A fully equipped Mars Rover might be able to perform analyses to measure most of these biomarkers while on the Martian surface. 相似文献
16.
Thérèse Encrenaz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The detection of methane on Mars has been reported by three different teams in 2004. Two of them used ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy in the near infrared range. The third one used the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer aboard Mars Express. Among the data sets, two of them reported a mean CH4 mixing ratio of 10 ppb. However, these are marginal detections, which should be considered as tentative. The third (ground-based) data set, unpublished so far, seems to show evidence for strong localized sources of CH4, corresponding to mixing ratios as high as 250 ppb in some cases. However, the high values reported in 2003 were not confirmed by subsequent observations performed by the PFS instrument in 2004. In the absence of a refereed publication, it is difficult to judge if the high values are indeed correct. Assuming that they are, the lack of their confirmation by the PFS could have several explanations, including, among others, localized transient vents, or time variations in the methane destruction rate. A biogenic source was first suggested for the martian methane. However, later studies showed that an abiotic source such as hydrogeology can be just as effective. Further dedicated observations are obviously needed to firm up the detection and distribution of methane on Mars. 相似文献
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18.
J Koike T Oshima K Kobayashi Y Kawasaki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(3):211-214
The ability of living organisms to survive extraterrestrial conditions has implications for the origins of life in the solar system. We have therefore studied the survival of viruses, bacteria, yeast, and fungi under simulated Martian conditions. The environment on Mars was simulated by low temperature, proton irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation, and simulated Martian atmosphere (CO2 95.46%, N2 2.7%, water vapor 0.03%) in a special cryostat. After exposure to these conditions, tobacco mosaic virus and spores of Bacillus, Aspergillus, Clostridium, and some species of coccus showed significant survival. 相似文献
19.
E K Jessberger 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(4):99-100
At the 28th Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) in The Hague, The Netherlands, there was on June 28, 1990, a session of commission MF.1 on Impact of Human Expeditions to Mars, in which, among others, the benefits of manned Mars missions for the geological survey of Mars were discussed. The present commentary does not intend to discuss the pros and cons of manned space flight or of Mars exploration at large, but will reiterate some of the points made in that discussion concerning the justification of manned versus automated Mars exploration in the context of geologic sciences. 相似文献
20.
J D Rummel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(6):181-184
The 1967 treaty on the peaceful uses of outer space reflected both concerns associated with the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the world scientific community to preserve the pristine nature of celestial objects until such times as they could be studied in an effective manner. Since 1967, NASA has issued policy directives that have adopted the guidelines of COSPAR for protecting the planets from contamination by Earth organisms and for protecting the Earth from the unknown. This paper presents the current status of planetary protection (quarantine) policy within NASA, and a prospectus on how planetary protection and back contamination issues might be addressed in relation to future missions envisioned for development by NASA either independently, or in cooperation with the space agencies of other nations. 相似文献