三结砷化镓太阳电池真空连续激光损伤效应

采用1 315 nm波长连续激光,在真空环境下辐照三结砷化镓太阳电池,通过对比辐照前后电池IV、QE等表征数据,研究三结砷化镓太阳电池的损伤效应,并对其损伤机理进行分析。结果表明:当激光功率密度为8 W/cm~2、辐照时间为60 s时,三结砷化镓太阳电池辐照后电性能下降显著,转化效率衰降超过70%。损伤机理是在热损伤与应力损伤的综合作用下,引起电池串联电阻(R_s)、并联电阻(R_(sh))的恶化,且Rsh是衡量电池损坏的关键指标。该结果可以为三结砷化镓太阳电池在激光损伤机理与无线能量传输方面的研究提供一定的参考。     

等效位移损伤剂量法预测GaInP2/GaAs/Ge 三结电池在轨性能退化规律

文章首先在辐照条件下测试GaInP2/GaAs/Ge三结太阳电池的光谱响应,确定了三结电池在轨道带电粒子辐照条件下的损伤特征。通过试验获得了在不同粒子辐照条件下电池电性能退化规律,由此确定了高能电子与质子辐照对三结电池损伤的等效参数,建立了三结电池最大输出功率随位移损伤剂量的退化方程。在此基础上,以地球同步轨道服役的太阳电池为例,计算了电池在轨等效位移损伤剂量,并对三结电池的在轨服役行为进行了评价。     

InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs倒装结构三结太阳电池的辐照损伤仿真分析

为了保证倒装结构三结电池在空间辐射环境中使用的可靠性,揭示倒装工艺引入位错缺陷对电池辐射衰减的影响,文章基于泊松方程和载流子传输方程建立了倒装结构InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs三结太阳电池的物理模型,在地面等效实验验证的基础上,研究辐射以及电池内部位错缺陷对电池输出的影响。首先通过模型研究了微观载流子复合与电池电学性能之间的关联,发现当1 MeV电子入射注量达到1014 cm-2时,该电池中少数载流子复合由辐射复合起主要作用转变为由非辐射复合起主要作用。此外,文中还给出了InGaAs底电池的非辐射少数载流子寿命以及电池电学参数与穿透位错密度（TDD）的函数关系,发现随着TDD的增加,辐照对少子寿命和电池性能的影响均减弱。     

GaN基高电子迁移率晶体管的质子辐照效应研究

文章研究了A1GaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）的质子辐照效应。在3MeV质子辐照下,采用三种不同辐照剂量6×10¹⁴,4×10¹⁴和1×10¹⁵protons/cm²。在最高辐照剂量下,漏极饱和电流下降了20%,最大跨导降低了5%。随着剂量增加,阈值电压向正向漂移,栅泄露电流增加。AlGaN/GaN HEMT电学特性的退化主要是由辐照引入的位移损伤引起的。从SRIM软件计算出空位密度,将Ga空位对应的能级引入Silvaco器件仿真软件中,仿真结果与实验结果相匹配。Hall测试结果显示二维电子气（2DEG）浓度和迁移率在辐照后有所降低。     

高能电子辐照对航天器介质材料介电性能的影响

文章选取了航天器上两种常用介质材料--fr-4环氧电路板和聚四氟乙烯为对象,研究了高能电子辐照对两种材料介电性能的影响和变化规律.结果显示,在高能电子辐照后,fr-4环氧电路板的固有电导率和介电常数εr降低,介电损耗tanδ略有上升;而聚四氟乙烯的固有电导率和介电常数εr上升,介电损耗tanδ下降.在此基础上,进一步分析了材料介电性能受高能电子辐照影响的物理机制.     

空间激光通信系统光电器件辐射效应研究

针对空间激光通信系统所用高速半导体激光器、光电探测器、掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)、石英光纤等关键器件,开展电子、质子和γ射线辐照试验。半导体激光器经~(60)Co-γ射线和电子加速器辐照后斜率效率发生轻微下降,下降程度与总剂量大小有关;而光功率在电子辐照后出现严重下降,表明电子辐照比γ射线产生更多的损伤,可以归因于电子造成的位移损伤。PIN光电探测器在质子辐照后,暗电流和电容都明显增大,主要是由于质子造成的位移损伤引入深能级缺陷增加势垒,导致光电探测器性能退化。EDFA系统的掺铒光纤经~(60)Co-γ射线辐照后,对系统的增益和噪声影响很大。石英光纤主要受总剂量效应影响,辐射损耗随光纤通入的光波波长增大而减小,而且光纤损耗的剂量率效应不明显,实际试验可以根据试验条件选择适当的剂量率。研究结果可为空间激光通信系统的元器件选型、辐射效应评估与抗辐射加固设计提供参考数据。     

真空出气对星用聚酰亚胺材料电导率的影响

卫星介质材料在真空环境下的出气有可能对材料本身的介电性能产生显著影响,增加长期服役卫星寿命末期的充放电风险。文章以卫星上常用的聚酰亚胺材料为对象,通过地面90Sr-90Y辐照源加速辐照试验研究了在材料真空出气后其表面充电平衡负电位的变化,并据此计算出材料电导率的变化规律。结果显示,在5 pA/cm2电子辐照强度下,聚酰亚胺样品的电导率随着出气量的增加而明显下降,在总质量损失达到0.5%时,电导率减小一半左右。初步分析了出气导致电导率下降的物理机制。研究结果对卫星寿命末期充放电防护设计有指导意义。     

质子和电子对光学反射镜辐射效应的研究

研究了能量为E=160keV质子和电子单独及综合辐照作用对两种空间反射镜光学表面的影响。观察到在辐照剂量达到Φ=10×105/cm2后反射镜表面形咸了明显的结构缺陷,并导致某些谱段反射率的降低和成像质量的下降。辐照诱发缺陷的类型及分布特征除与粒子种类和反射镜结构有关外,还依赖于试样的接地方式。质子幅照主要引起反射镜表面膜层的起泡现象;电子辐照则使SiO2保护膜着色;综合辐照的影响复杂,尤其是在接近于空间使用条件的第二种接地方式下,起泡现象和静电效应成为镜面损伤的主要机制。     

S781白漆电子辐照后光学性能退化的恢复与保护

为了深入认识和抑制航天器材料空间辐照损伤在地面环境中的恢复,在模拟的空间环境下对S781白漆进行了90keV电子辐照试验。研究了电子辐照后,试样分别在真空环境下、真空室注入空气后和空气中储存几小时后辐照诱发的光谱反射系数和太阳吸收比的变化。结果表明,S781白漆光学性能退化的恢复主要发生于与空气接触的数分钟内。此外,液氮环境对S781白漆的电子辐照损伤和光学性能退化具有保护作用。液氮的保护机制不仅在于它抑制了氧在材料表面的化学吸附,还在于它对辐照诱发缺陷的冻析效应。     

MEO轨道辐射环境对Si太阳电池影响研究

研究MEO轨道Si太阳电池在轨性能衰减规律,为太阳阵设计提供参考依据。利用位移损伤剂 量的方法,研究了电子辐照对Si太阳电池性能参数的影响,并分析了MEO轨道（高度20,000 km, 倾角56°）的电子和质子辐射环境,及其穿过不同厚度的石英玻璃盖片后的 衰减谱。研究发现,在没有玻璃盖片的情况下,MEO轨道一年期质子通量会造成电池最大输 出功率严重衰退,约为初始值的28％,而一年期电子通量影响很小,仅造成约7％的下降。 使用100μm的石英玻璃盖片几乎可以完全阻挡MEO轨道质子辐射的影响,但是对电子辐 射的阻挡作用很小。石英玻璃盖片对于屏蔽低能质子对电池辐照损伤是极其重要的。
     

Relationship between the fluxes of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit and the level of ULF activity on the Earth’s surface and in the solar wind during the 23rd solar activity cycle

We present the results of a cross-correlation analysis made on the basis of Spearman’s rank correlation method. The quantities to correlate are daily values of the fluence of energetic electrons at a geosynchronous orbit, intensities of ground and interplanetary ultra-low-frequency (ULF) oscillations in the Pc5 range, and parameters of the solar wind. The period under analysis is the 23rd cycle of solar activity, 1996–2006. Daily (from 6 h to 18 h of LT) magnetic data at two diametrically opposite observatories of the Intermagnet network are taken as ground-based measurements. The fluxes of electrons with energies higher than 2 MeV were measured by the geosynchronous GOES satellites. The data of magnetometers and plasma instruments installed on ACE and WIND spacecraft were used for analysis of the solar wind parameters and of the oscillations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Some results elucidating the role played by interplanetary ULF waves in the processes of generation of magneospheric oscillations and acceleration of energetic electrons are obtained. Among them are (i) high and stable correlation of ground ULF oscillations with waves in the solar wind; (ii) closer link of mean daily amplitudes of both interplanetary and ground oscillations with ‘tomorrow’ values of the solar wind velocity than with current values; and (iii) correlation of the intensity of ULF waves in the solar wind, normalized to the IMF magnitude, with fluxes of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere.     

Invariance of Charged Particle Time Profiles at Late Stages of SCR Events from the Data of Multisatellite Observations

Based on the data obtained in simultaneous measurements on the Helios-1 and Helios-2 spacecraft, the properties of the spatial and temporal invariance of spectra of protons with energies more than 4 MeV and electrons with energies more than 0.3 MeV are studied during the phase of intensity decay in events initiated by the following associations: a flare—coronal mass ejection—coronal and interplanetary shock waves. Emphasis is placed on research into the fluxes of electrons, whose possibility to be accelerated by shock waves is problematic. It is shown that the spectra and decay times of both protons and electrons are approximately invariant relative to the flare coordinates in a wide angular range. Depending on the western or eastern spacecraft position in relation to the front part of a shock wave, one observes a delay or advance of the onset of the invariant mode relative to the shock wave arrival, which increases with the growth of the corresponding angular distance.     

Excitation of Pc5 pulsations of the geomagnetic field and riometric absorption

We consider in detail the intense Pc5 pulsations of the magnetic field, riometric absorption, and electron fluxes occurred on the recovery phase of the strong magnetic storm on November 21, 2003. The global structure of these disturbances is studied using the world network of magnetometers and riometers supplemented by the data of particle detectors onboard the LANL geosynchronous satellites. The local spatial structure is investigated according to data of the regional network of Finnish vertical riometers and of stations of the IMAGE magnetic network. Though a certain similarity is observed in the frequency composition and time evolution of the variations of magnetic field and riometric absorption, the local spatial structure of these oscillations turns out to be different. It is suggested that these variations can be manifestations of oscillatory properties of two weakly connected systems: the magnetospheric MHD waveguide/resonator and the system cyclotron noise + electrons. The recorded Pc5 oscillations are, presumably, a result of excitation of the magnetospheric waveguide on the morning and evening flanks of the magnetosphere. At high velocities of the solar wind this waveguide can appear in a metastable state. Not only jumps in the solar wind density, but injection of electrons into the magnetosphere as well, can serve as a trigger for the waveguide excitation.     

A Series of Proton Flares in July 1985 from Observations by the Prognoz-10 Satellite and Vega-1, 2 Spacecraft

The enhancements of solar protons with an energy of more than 30 MeV, originating from flares in one active region and observed simultaneously aboard three spacecraft Vega-1, 2 and Prognoz-10 in July 1985, are analyzed and approximated in this work by using the reflection model [2]. The numerical values of several physical parameters (the parameters of distribution of solar cosmic ray (SCR) particles inside heliosphere traps, the coefficients of trap transparency) that are not observed by direct measurements are estimated.     

高能电子辐照引起的纳米器件翻转效应研究

随着电子器件特征尺寸的减小,其翻转阈值也在降低,使得空间中的高能电子或可诱发纳米器件产生翻转效应。文章选用28 nm的V7型FPGA作为研究对象,分别采用能量为0.2 MeV和1.5 MeV、注量率为5×108～1×109/(cm2·s)的电子进行辐照,结果表明试件产生了明显的翻转效应。结合高能电子作用28 nm器件的仿真结果,经分析可知,1.5 MeV能量的单个电子与器件碰撞不能发生核反应;针对高能电子诱发器件存储单元翻转的几种可能机理,初步认为该器件的翻转是由多个电子同时作用到其中形成局部电荷累积导致的。因此可见,对于电子能量高、通量大的木星等星体的辐射带环境,需考虑高能电子诱发纳米器件翻转对航天器的影响。     

空间原子氧环境对太阳电池阵的影响分析

空间原子氧是危害低地球轨道（LEO）航天器在轨性能的最主要空间环境因素之一,其强氧化性能够对包括太阳电池阵在内的航天器外表面暴露材料和组件造成危害。文章分析了某载人航天器在轨原子氧环境、原子氧对不同结构太阳电池阵所用材料的影响以及对太阳电池阵组件电性能的影响,结果表明原子氧对材料的作用能够引起太阳电池阵基板强度降低、电连接可靠性下降及电缆线护套失效等风险,材料的损伤会导致太阳电池组件电性能的下降。鉴于以上结果,作者建议在今后LEO长寿命航天器太阳电池阵研制中,应对原子氧环境条件进行详细设计;同时开展组件级试验,以对电池阵原子氧防护设计的有效性进行验证。     

Statistical Correlation of the Rate of Failures on Geosynchronous Satellites with Fluxes of Energetic Electrons and Protons

A statistical comparison of failures on geosynchronous satellites in the maximum and during the decline of the 22nd solar cycle (1989–1994) with space weather parameters is carried out. A positive correlation of the rate of failures with the flux of relativistic electrons on the geosynchronous orbit and with the proton flux measured before the bow shock front is revealed. The significant positive correlation of the electron flux with the rate of failures is observed during the entire considered interval. The correlation coefficient varies in the solar activity cycle in coordination with the electron flux, and the maxima of the correlation coefficient are observed on the phase of decline of the cycle. A statistically significant positive correlation between the flux of protons with energy of more than 1 MeV and the rate of failures is revealed in the maximum of the solar cycle.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2005, pp. 186–193.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Romanova, Pilipenko, Yagova, Belov.     

The Earth's Magnetosphere Response to Solar Wind Events according to the INTERBALL Project Data

The results of studying the interaction of two types of the solar wind (magnetic clouds and solar wind of extremely low density) with the Earth's magnetosphere are discussed. This study is based of the INTERBALL space project measurements and on the other ground-based and space observations. For moderate variations of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters, the response of the magnetosphere is similar to its response to similar changes in the absence of magnetic clouds and depends on a previous history of IMF variations. Extremely large density variations on the interplanetary shocks, and on leading and trailing edges of the clouds result in a strong deformation of the magnetosphere, in large-scale motion of the geomagnetic tail, and in the development of magnetic substorms and storms. The important consequences of these processes are: (1) the observation of regions of the magnetosphere and its boundaries at great distances from the average location; (2) density and temperature variations in the outer regions of the magnetosphere; (3) multiple crossings of geomagnetic tail boundaries by a satellite; and (4) bursty fluxes of electrons and ions in the magnetotail, auroral region, and the polar cap. Several polar activations and substorms can develop during a single magnetic cloud arrival; a greater number of these events are accompanied, as a rule, by the development of a stronger magnetic storm. A gradual, but very strong, decrease of the solar wind density on May 10–12, 1999, did not cause noticeable change of geomagnetic indices, though it resulted in considerable expansion of the magnetosphere.