绕跨声速三角翼的激波/涡干扰流场数值模拟

 在绕三角翼的跨声速流动中,随着迎角的增加,三角翼上的涡破裂位置会出现突然前移的现象。针对这一与亚声速下不同的流动现象,采用带曲率修正的Spalart-Allmaras(SAR)湍流模型,求解定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,对不同迎角下绕65°后掠尖前缘三角翼的跨声速流动进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用基于SAR湍流模型的脱体涡模拟(DES)方法,对由激波干扰导致的前缘涡破裂位置的运动规律进行了初步探讨。模拟结果与试验结果对比表明:SAR湍流模型能准确地模拟出三角翼上的激波系统和旋涡结构,并能准确模拟出由于激波干扰导致的涡破裂位置突然前移的现象。此外,对涡破裂后流场的非定常数值研究发现,支架前端正激波的干扰作用使得涡破裂位置向下游移动比较突然,而向上游移动则相对缓慢。     

使用RANS/LES混合方法对钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟(英文)

阐述了建立在一方程湍流模型基础上的分离涡模型(DES)和延迟脱体涡模型(DDES),它们很好地模拟了壁面附近的小尺度流动。该方法在大攻角分离流区域,使用了亚格子应力的Smagorinsky大涡数值模拟,模拟亚音速旋涡流动。使用大攻角下的钝前缘65°大后掠三角翼模型,研究了CFD对涡的发展、破裂以及复杂涡的发展和演变的模拟能力。研究结果说明了方法对模拟分离流动是可行的。     

高阶精度格式WCNS在三角翼大攻角模拟中的应用研究

采用5阶精度的加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)数值模拟了65°三角翼的大攻角绕流流场,主要目的是考核高阶精度格式WCNS在大攻角旋涡流动方面以及跨声速流场的激波附面层干扰、涡破裂位置的模拟能力,重点研究不同网格规模和湍流模型对尖前缘三角翼涡系之间的相互作用的影响。通过求解任意坐标系下的雷诺平均N-S方程,采用5阶精度的加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)和多块对接结构网格技术,两种湍流模型分别是一方程SA和两方程SST湍流模型,在与相应试验结果对比的基础上,详细研究了WCNS-E-5格式在跨声速大攻角旋涡流动中的表现,以及不同网格规模、两种湍流模型对主涡二次涡相互作用、涡破裂位置和表面压力分布的影响。本文的研究结果表明,高阶精度格式WCNS-E-5能成功应用于三角翼的跨声速大攻角流动,网格规模的增加进一步提高流场分辨率,SST湍流模型相对SA湍流模型在三角翼大攻角流动中具有更好的适用性。     

Pω增强型k-ω湍流模型在三角翼旋涡流动的应用

在三角翼旋涡绕流数值模拟中,标准 Wilcox k-ω湍流模型生成项未考虑旋度的影响而导致预测的旋涡强度较弱。通过引入探测因子区分剪切层和涡核,在旋涡流动的高旋度区域增加ω方程生成项的方法,基于结构化网格上的 RANS 求解器,加入了 Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型,对绕尖前缘三角翼亚声速和跨声速旋涡流场进行了数值模拟。计算结果与 NASA 的 NTF 风洞和 DLR 的 DNW-TWG 风洞试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明：不论在亚声速还是跨声速自由来流条件下,Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型计算的压力分布、涡破裂位置均与试验数据吻合良好,准确地预测出了三角翼上翼面的主涡、二次涡结构,特别是跨声速条件下激波干扰导致的涡破裂的临界迎角及涡破裂位置,表明 Pω增强型 k-ω湍流模型在绕三角翼旋涡流动数值模拟中具有良好的适用性。     

细长旋成体背风面非对称流场的DES模拟

利用脱体涡模拟DES方法对细长旋成体非对称绕流进行数值模拟,比较了基于S-A湍流模型的DES与RANS方法对背风面非对称分离涡的数值模拟能力,发现在大迎角非对称涡未破裂情况下,DES与RANS均能模拟出与实验相符的非对称绕流;当迎角增大,背风面非对称涡发生破裂时,RANS无法准确捕捉到背风面流场的非定常性,而DES能准确预测非对称涡的飘起与破裂,并与实验值接近。计算结果表明:与RANS方法相比,DES方法具有更好的模拟大攻角,大分离流动的能力,尤其在非对称流场的分离涡破裂模拟方面具有明显优势,能够更真实模拟出细长旋成体背风面分离涡破裂之后的非定常流动特征。     

三角翼跨声速动态失速与涡破裂特性研究

通过数值方法研究了高速气流中细长三角翼作匀速上仰机动飞行时的背风面分离流与涡破裂特性和气动力特性。结果表明,在三角翼匀速上仰非定常绕流中,涡破裂起始攻角与上仰速度关系比较复杂,在本计算速度范围内,涡破裂起始攻角变化很小;动态时涡破裂点发展速度随攻角变化规律与静态结果差别甚大;三角翼大攻角非定常绕流前缘涡涡轴附近的流动以不稳定涡和涡破裂为主要特征;在一定的上仰速度以后即使在中等攻角前非定常升力与定常升力仍有较大差别,与低速情况有所不同;上仰运动使涡破裂点发展速度被延缓,从而提高了失速攻角和最大升力,并使失速攻角与涡破裂起始攻角的间隔进一步拉大,同时不改变升阻比     

扰流片对三角翼脱体涡影响的实验研究

在染色法流动显示实验的基础上,进一步深入研究了扰流片在不同标高攻角和来流速度情况下对70°三角翼脱体涡的影响。PIV测试结果表明,在适当位置,扰流片对三角翼的脱体涡的破裂具有一定的延迟作用,在扰流片的诱导涡与三角翼脱体涡方向一致时,脱体涡破裂延迟越靠后。     

以外加辅助件推迟三角翼上涡破裂的初步水洞实验

对尖锐前缘、后掠角为60°的大攻角平板三角翼模型进行了水洞实验。利用附加的小辅助件,改变翼面上方的流场,使机翼前缘肌体涡推迟破裂。流动显示表明:在翼面上的适当位置安放圆弧形或三角形导流体,或在翼面上方另加一辅助小三角翼,能使涡破裂推迟的效果得到显著提高。此结果可供推迟涡破裂来改善飞机气动性能的研究工作参考。     

尖顶襟翼／涡襟翼干扰对三角翼背风面流动的影响

本文详细地叙述了实验马赫数为０．８和１．５，攻角直到２５°时，尖顶襟翼／涡襟翼干扰对三角翼背风面流动的影响。用蒸汽屏和纹影技术，显示出涡系干扰的流动图像；测量了尖顶襟翼在不同偏角下，三角翼上表面展向压力分布。数据分析表明：偏角、攻角和马赫数对背风面流动特性有重要的影响。指出涡系干扰仅在负偏角下可增大机翼升阻比。     

低雷诺数下50°后掠三角翼的旋涡流动

采用数值模拟和流动显示的方法研究了50°后掠角三角翼在低雷诺数下的旋涡流动,结果表明:低雷诺数下,非细长三角翼在5°攻角时就形成了稳定的前缘涡,较小攻角时前缘主涡就开始破裂,并观察到泡型和螺旋型两种旋涡破裂方式。另外,在一定的攻角范围内,前缘主涡的外侧又生成一对新的集中涡,构成双涡结构;随着攻角的增大,前缘涡涡核不断升高,主再附线向中心移动,二次分离区扩大。     

Unsteady flow phenomena associated with leading-edge vortices

This paper presents selected results from extensive experimental investigations on turbulent flow fields and unsteady surface pressures caused by leading-edge vortices, in particular, for vortex breakdown flow. Such turbulent flows may cause severe dynamic aeroelastic problems like wing and/or fin buffeting on fighter-type aircraft. The wind tunnel models used include a generic delta wing as well as a detailed aircraft configuration of canard-delta wing type. The turbulent flow structures are analyzed by root-mean-square and spectral distributions of velocity and pressure fluctuations. Downstream of bursting local maxima of velocity fluctuations occur in a limited radial range around the vortex center. The corresponding spectra exhibit significant peaks indicating that turbulent kinetic energy is channeled into a narrow band. These quasi-periodic velocity oscillations arise from a helical mode instability of the breakdown flow. Due to vortex bursting there is a characteristic increase in surface pressure fluctuations with increasing angle of attack, especially when the burst location moves closer to the apex. The pressure fluctuations also show dominant frequencies corresponding to those of the velocity fluctuations. Using the measured flow field data, scaling parameters are derived for design purposes. It is shown that a frequency parameter based on the local semi-span and the sinus of angle of attack can be used to estimate the frequencies of dynamic loads evoked by vortex bursting.     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

Detached-Eddy Simulation of the vortical flow field about the VFE-2 delta wing

The numerical simulation of the flow for the VFE-2 delta wing configuration with rounded leading edges is presented using the Cobalt Navier–Stokes solver. Cobalt uses a cell-centered unstructured hybrid mesh approach, and several numerical results are presented for the steady RANS equations as well as for the unsteady DES and DDES hybrid approaches. Within this paper the focus is related to the dual primary vortex flow topology, especially the sensitivity of the flow to angle of attack and Reynolds number effects. Reasonable results are obtained with both steady RANS and SA-DDES simulations. The results are compared and verified by experimental data, including surface pressure and pressure sensitive paint results, and recommendations for improving future simulations are made.     

破裂涡流中非定常现象与频率特性实验研究

通过流动显示、表面动态压力测量及热线测量等实验手段,对三角翼破裂涡流中的多种频率成分进行了分析。频谱分析确定了破裂点脉动和螺旋波的频率特征。实验结果表明,螺旋波主频随着弦向位置的增大先是迅速而后平缓减小。前缘涡破裂点振动具有准周期性,在不同的弦向位置上主频大小几乎没有改变,在靠近破裂点的位置有较大的振动能量。实验分析还表明,在破裂涡的流动状态下,虽然没有形成完全分离流,三角翼绕流流场中已经存在涡脱落的现象。     

考虑顶隙的压气机单转子内三维跨音速粘性流场结构的数值模拟

借助于考虑叶片顶部间隙的压气机转子内跨音速湍流流场的三维数值解,得到了该转子流场中的复杂涡系与波系结构。给出了叶片表面及轮毂面上的壁面流型,分析并揭示了转子叶道内的马蹄涡、通道涡、角涡、尾涡等复杂涡系及其与激波的相互干涉;特别是,分析并揭示了转子叶道内顶隙射流的特点,得到了顶隙附近激波与泄漏流动的干涉形态及泄漏流动的发展,并着重给出了其与激波的干涉形态。     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。